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在

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

在 U+5728, 在
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5728
← 圧
[U+5727] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 圩 →
[U+5729]
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Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

在 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+3, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 大中土 (KLG), four-corner 40214, composition ⿸𠂇⿰丨土)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional derived characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 224, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4881
  • Dae Jaweon: page 455, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 418, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5728

Further reading

[edit]

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 在
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (才) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
茬 *zraː, *zraːʔ, *ʔsrɯ, *zrɯ
材 *zlɯː
才 *zlɯː, *zlɯːs
財 *zlɯː
鼒 *zlɯː, *ʔslɯ
在 *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs
豺 *zrɯː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ).

In the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions, 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) is phonetically borrowed to represent this word; a phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ) was added later. 士 eventually corrupted into 土 (“earth”).

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 在
alternative forms
扗
才 ancient
抂
𡉄
𡉈
扗
才 ancient
抂
𡉄
𡉈
𡉠
𥩴
 

Probably related to 栽 (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note: de4 - modal particle.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • chhai - literary;
    • chhôi - colloquial;
    • ti/tu/tui/to/chhi/thê/thî/tî/chhî/chhô/chhok - colloquial (probably substitute).
  • Meixian:
    • cai4 - literary;
    • coi1 - colloquial;
    • hoi1/hoi4 - colloquial (preposition, also written as 嗨 or 喺).
Note:
  • do6 - colloquial;
  • zai6 - literary.
Note: Tone 4 for lects in which it is present are literary pronunciations.
Note:
  • dou5 - colloquial (preposition);
  • zai5 - colloquial;
  • zai4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 在
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sai⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡sai⁵³/ ～早
    /t͡sai²¹³/ ～家
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    /t͡sai⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡sɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡sai³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡sai⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡sɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sai²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sai³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡sai¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡sai²¹³/ 現～
    /tai²¹³/ ～家
    Kunming /t͡sæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡sae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡se̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡sæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡sɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ze²³/
    Suzhou /ze̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡ze̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /ze³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɛ³⁵/
    /t͡sʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sai⁵⁵/
    /t͡sai¹¹/
    /təu¹¹/ ～屋裡
    Xiangtan /d͡zai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoi⁴⁴/
    /hoi⁴⁴/
    /t͡sʰai⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰɑi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔi²²/
    Nanning /t͡sɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sai²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sɑi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sai⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sai³⁵/
    /to³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /t͡sai³³/
    /ʔdu³³/ 訓
    Rime
    Character 在 在
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 昨宰切 昨代切
    Baxter dzojX dzojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zʌiX/ /d͡zʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zəiX/ /d͡zəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zɒiX/ /d͡zɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zəjX/ /d͡zəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zᴀiX/ /d͡zᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zɒiX/ /d͡zɒiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱɑ̆iX/ /d͡zʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zài zài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zoi6 zoi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 在
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzojX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dz]ˁəʔ/
    English be at, be present

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 在 在
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 1064 1065
    Phonetic
    component         		才 才
    Rime
    group         		之 之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		在 載
    Old
    Chinese         		/*zlɯːʔ/ /*zlɯːs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    在

    1. to exist; to be present; to be alive
      在嗎？／在吗？  ―  Zài ma?  ―  Are you here?
    2. to be at; to be in; to be located
      他在哪裡？／他在哪里？  ―  Tā zài nǎlǐ?  ―  Where is he?
      旅館在新購物中心附近。 [MSC, trad.]
      旅馆在新购物中心附近。 [MSC, simp.]
      Lǚguǎn zài xīn gòuwù zhōngxīn fùjìn. [Pinyin]
      The hotel is located near the new shopping center.
      我在只塊。／我在只块。 [Teochew]  ―  ua2 do6 zi2 go3. [Peng'im]  ―  I am here.
    3. Indicates progressive aspect; be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something
      我在看電視。／我在看电视。  ―  Wǒ zài kàn diànshì.  ―  I'm watching TV.
      他在吃米飯。／他在吃米饭。  ―  Tā zài chī mǐfàn.  ―  He's eating rice.
      我在食飯。／我在食饭。 [Teochew]  ―  ua2 do6 ziah8 beng7. [Peng'im]  ―  I am eating.
    4. (located) in; at
      我住在中國。／我住在中国。  ―  Wǒ zhù zài Zhōngguó.  ―  I live in China.
      我們在當地報紙上登了一則廣告。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们在当地报纸上登了一则广告。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen zài dāngdì bàozhǐ shàng dēng le yī zé guǎnggào. [Pinyin]
      We put an ad in the local paper.
      每天下午他在家裡工作。 [MSC, trad.]
      每天下午他在家里工作。 [MSC, simp.]
      Měitiān xiàwǔ tā zài jiālǐ gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
      Every afternoon he works at home.
      在華／在华  ―  zài Huá  ―  in China
      在日  ―  zài Rì  ―  in Japan
    5. during; in
      你打算在假期裡做什麼？ [MSC, trad.]
      你打算在假期里做什么？ [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ dǎsuàn zài jiàqī lǐ zuò shénme? [Pinyin]
      What do you plan to do during the holidays?
      他的日記在他生前未曾發表過。 [MSC, trad.]
      他的日记在他生前未曾发表过。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā de rìjì zài tā shēngqián wèicéng fābiǎo guò. [Pinyin]
      His diary was not published during his lifetime.
    6. to lie in; to rest with
      事在人為／事在人为  ―  shìzàirénwéi  ―  human effort can achieve everything;
      成功貴在堅持。／成功贵在坚持。  ―  Chénggōng guì zài jiānchí.  ―  Perseverance is vital to success.
      去不去在你自己。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Qù bù qù zài nǐ zìjǐ. [Pinyin]
      It's up to you whether to go or not.
    7. to be at the post
      在職／在职  ―  zàizhí  ―  to be on the job; to be at one's post
      在野  ―  zàiyě  ―  to be out of office
    8. Misspelling of 再 (zài).
    9. a surname
    11. (Hokkien) steady
      坐較在咧 [Hokkien, trad.]
      坐较在咧 [Hokkien, simp.]
      From: https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/su/2128/
      chē khah chāi leh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Sit a little more steadily.
    13. (Singapore Hokkien) solid, confident, and collected under pressure; skilled
      伊真在咧 [Hokkien]  ―  i chin chāi leh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  He's so talented!
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    • (to exist):
    • (in):
    Dialectal synonyms of 在 (“at, in”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 於
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 在
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 在, 挨, 跟, 的
    Taiwan 在
    Harbin 在
    Malaysia 在
    Singapore 在
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 在, 從
    Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 在
    Xi'an 在
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 在
    Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 在
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 在
    Wuhan 在
    Guiyang 在
    Guilin 在
    Liuzhou 在
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 在
    Yangzhou 在
    Rugao 吖
    Hefei 在
    Cantonese Guangzhou 喺, 響
    Hong Kong 喺, 響
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 喺, 在
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 喺, 響
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 在
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 在
    Macau 喺
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 喺, 響
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 響, 喺
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 在
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 在
    Foshan 喺, 響
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 喺, 響
    Foshan (Shunde) 喺
    Foshan (Sanshui) 喺
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 喺, 響
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 在
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 在
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 響, 揀
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 揀
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 喺
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 喺
    Taishan 到, 響
    Kaiping (Chikan) 到, 響
    Enping (Niujiang) 到, 響
    Heshan (Yayao) 響
    Dongguan 響, 在, 喺
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 在
    Yangjiang 在
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 喺, 響
    Ipoh (Guangfu) 喺
    Singapore (Guangfu) 喺
    Gan Nanchang 在
    Lichuan 在
    Pingxiang 在
    Hakka Meixian 嗨
    Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 在
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 在
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 在
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 在
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 在
    Yudu 在
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 在
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 在
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 在
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 在
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 在
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 在
    Hong Kong 在
    Senai (Huiyang) 在
    Kuching (Hepo) 在
    Singapore (Dabu) 在
    Jin Taiyuan 在
    Xinzhou 在
    Northern Min Jian'ou 到
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 著, 在, 洽
    Fuqing 著, 洽
    Singapore (Fuqing) 著
    Southern Min Xiamen 佇, 踮, 蹛
    Quanzhou 佇, 踮, 蹛
    Zhangzhou 佇, 咧, 蹛
    Zhao'an 佇, 蹛
    Taipei 佇
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 佇
    Kaohsiung 佇
    Yilan 佇
    Changhua (Lukang) 佇
    Taichung 佇
    Tainan 佇, 踮, 蹛
    Hsinchu 佇
    Kinmen 佇
    Penghu (Magong) 佇
    Penang (Hokkien) 佇, 蹛
    Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 壏
    Manila (Hokkien) 佇, 踮
    Chaozhou 在
    Shantou 在
    Shantou (Chenghai) 在
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
    Jieyang 在, 壏, 放
    Haifeng 著
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 在
    Singapore (Teochew) 在, 壏
    Leizhou 佇, 放
    Wenchang 佇
    Singapore (Hainanese) 佇
    Puxian Min Putian 著
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 佇
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 在
    Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪
    Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 垃該, 拉
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 立垃, 勒嵌
    Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 垃, 垃垃
    Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) 垃該
    Shanghai (Fengxian) 垃該
    Shanghai (Jinshan) 有垃, 垃該
    Shanghai (Qingpu) 勒拉
    Shanghai (Jiading) 勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭
    Shanghai (Chongming) 勒勒, 勒
    Suzhou 勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤
    Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪
    Wuxi 勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡
    Changshu 勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪
    Kunshan 勒, 勒浪, 勒海
    Qidong 勒
    Qidong (Lüsi) 在, 來, 來該
    Nantong (Haimen) 勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒
    Haimen (Sijia) 來, 來到
    Rudong 勒, 勒勒
    Pinghu 勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化
    Haining (Xiashi) 有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍
    Haiyan 勒, 勒勒
    Changzhou 勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏
    Liyang 立
    Changzhou (Jintan) 在, 則
    Danyang 在, 則
    Jingjiang 來, 勒
    Jiangyin 勒, 勒勒
    Nanjing (Gaochun) 來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱
    Huzhou 拉
    Deqing 垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好
    Deqing (Geting) 拉
    Hangzhou 勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在
    Hangzhou (Lin'an) 來, 來埭, 來同
    Hangzhou (Fuyang) 勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底
    Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
    Tonglu 來, 來裡, 來夯
    Shaoxing 來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯
    Shaoxing (Keqiao) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
    Zhuji 來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客
    Shengzhou 來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯
    Xinchang 來固, 來蒙, 來頭
    Ningbo 來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該
    Ningbo (Zhenhai) 來
    Ningbo (Beilun) 來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當
    Ningbo (Yinzhou) 立該, 來, 來的, 來該
    Yuyao 來, 得, 來浪
    Ninghai 來的
    Zhoushan (Dinghai) 勒
    Wenzhou 是
    Xiang Changsha 在
    Loudi 在
    Shuangfeng 在
    • (during):
    Dialectal synonyms of 正在 (“in the process of; currently”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 正在, 刻正
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 正在, 在
    Taiwan 正在, 在
    Malaysia 正在, 在
    Singapore 正在, 在
    Southwestern Mandarin Guilin 在
    Cantonese Guangzhou 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
    Hong Kong 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
    Singapore (Guangfu) 喺度
    Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 在該, 當在
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 當, 在該
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 在該
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 在該
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 在該
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 正在, 在遐
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 著𡅏, 𡅏
    Fuqing 著𡅏
    Singapore (Fuqing) 著𡅏
    Southern Min Xiamen 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
    Quanzhou 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
    Zhangzhou 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時
    Tainan 佇咧, 咧, 當咧
    Penang (Hokkien) 佇
    Klang (Hokkien) 壏咧, 壏
    Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 佇咧
    Manila (Hokkien) 佇咧, 咧
    Medan (Hokkien) 緊
    Shantou 在
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
    Singapore (Teochew) 在
    Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該
    Ningbo 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒
    Wenzhou 是, 是搭
    • (steady):

    在穩／在稳 (chāi-ún), 穩定／稳定 (wěndìng)

    Compounds
    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (在):
    • → Vietnamese: tại (在)

    → English: zai (“skilled”)

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    simp. and trad.
    		 在

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    在

    1. (Hokkien) alternative form of 佇 (“at, in”)

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    在

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    在
    ざい
    Grade: 5
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH). Attested in compounds since at least the 900s.[1]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • IPA(key): [d͡za̠i]
    • (Tokyo) ざい [záꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2] — pitch is specific to use as a standalone noun

    Affix

    [edit]

    在(ざい) • (zai) 

    1. [from at least 900s] (as used in compounds) at, in, located

    Noun

    [edit]

    在(ざい) • (zai) 

    1. [from 1569] clipping of 在郷 (zaigō): countryside or outskirts

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    在
    あ(り)
    Grade: 5
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    有 (common)

    Alternative spelling for 有り (ari), the Classical and Old Japanese copula.

    Definitions

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    For pronunciation and definitions of 在 – see the following entry.
    【有あり】
    [noun] nominalization of 有る (aru): there is, available
    [noun] (colloquial) OK, acceptable
    [verb] stem or continuative form of 有る (aru) [godan]
    [verb] Classical Japanese form of 有る (aru): to be, to exist
    Alternative spellings
    有, 在り
    (This term, 在, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

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    1. ^ “在”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    在 (eumhun 있을 재 (isseul jae))

    1. hanja form? of 재 (“exist”)

    Compounds

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    Old Korean

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    Alternative forms

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    Verb

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    在 (*KYE-)

    1. to exist, to be at
      Synonym: 有叱 (*Is-)
    2. A common auxiliary verb or (more probably) verbal suffix, usually thought to denote the completive aspect, i.e. describing an action which has been completed and remains in such a state. An alternative but minority hypothesis holds that it honored the subject of the verb to a moderate degree, whereas 賜 (*-si) was more highly honorific.

    Usage notes

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    • In both senses, it appears to have been wholly supplanted by the Middle Korean stage by 有叱 (*Is-) > Middle Korean 잇다〮 (ìstá), which is already more common for the independent verbal sense in the early first millennium and is first attested as an auxiliary in 1262. The word is not found in Middle Korean outside the two derived terms given below.

    Reconstruction notes

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    • Conventionally read as *KYE- because Middle Korean Idu script manuals, which commonly preserve Old Korean readings, read this character as 견 (kyen), which is clearly an inflected form with the realis gerund -ㄴ (-n).
    • Although Old Korean writing does not mark pitch, the Middle Korean reflexes show rising pitch, which are the result of a merger of a low-pitch and high-pitch syllable. This means that the Old Korean verb stem was not in fact monosyllabic *kye- but really consisted of two syllables. However, this original pronunciation cannot be reconstructed.

    Descendants

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    • ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯시다〮 (kyěsìtá, “to exist, to be at”, honorific)
    • ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯집 (kyěcìp, “woman”, literally “stay-at-home”)

    References

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    • 이승재 [iseungjae] (2001), “古(고)代(대) 吏(이)讀(두)의 尊(존)敬(경)法(법) '在(재)[겨]'에 대하여 [On the deferential marker -kye- in Old Korean idu]”, in Eomun yeon-gu, volume 29, number 4, pages 53—70
    • 남풍현 [nampunghyeon] (2004), “시상의 조동사 '在/𠂇/겨'의 발달' [The development of the aspectual auxiliary kye-]”, in Gugeo gukmunhak, volume 138, pages 5—34

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    在: Hán Việt readings: tại
    在: Nôm readings: tại

    1. in
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