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放

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
放 U+653E, 放
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-653E
← 攽
[U+653D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 政 →
[U+653F]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

[edit]

放 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+4, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 卜尸人大 (YSOK), four-corner 08240, composition ⿰方攵)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 469, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13133
  • Dae Jaweon: page 818, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1451, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+653E

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 放
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (方) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
縍 *paːŋ
榜 *paːŋʔ, *praːŋs, *braːŋ
蒡 *paːŋʔ, *braːŋ
牓 *paːŋʔ
螃 *paːŋʔ, *paːŋs, *baːŋ
搒 *paːŋs, *braːŋ
舫 *paːŋs, *paŋs
謗 *paːŋs
雱 *pʰaːŋ
磅 *pʰaːŋ, *pʰraːŋ
霶 *pʰaːŋ
滂 *pʰaːŋ
鎊 *pʰaːŋ
髈 *pʰaːŋʔ, *baːŋ
彷 *baːŋ, *pʰaŋʔ
趽 *baːŋ, *paŋ, *paŋs
房 *baːŋ, *baŋ
篣 *baːŋ, *braːŋ
騯 *baːŋ, *praːŋ, *braːŋ
傍 *baːŋ, *baːŋs
膀 *baːŋ
旁 *baːŋ
徬 *baːŋs
閍 *praːŋ
祊 *praːŋ
嗙 *praːŋ
方 *paŋ, *baŋ
汸 *paŋ
坊 *paŋ, *baŋ
邡 *paŋ, *pʰaŋs
枋 *paŋ
鈁 *paŋ
蚄 *paŋ
肪 *paŋ, *baŋ
鴋 *paŋ, *baŋ
牥 *paŋ
昉 *paŋʔ
瓬 *paŋʔ
放 *paŋʔ, *paŋs
倣 *paŋʔ
芳 *pʰaŋ
淓 *pʰaŋ
妨 *pʰaŋ, *pʰaŋs
紡 *pʰaŋʔ
仿 *pʰaŋʔ
髣 *pʰaŋʔ
鶭 *pʰaŋʔ
訪 *pʰaŋs
防 *baŋ, *baŋs
魴 *baŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *paŋʔ, *paŋs): phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ) + semantic 攵 (“hand, action”) – an action, release.

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 放

Compare Tibetan སྤོང (spong, “to abandon; to let go”), Burmese ဖင့် (hpang., “to delay”) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • piong - vernacular;
  • fong - literary.
Note:
  • bo̤̿ng - vernacular;
  • huo̤̿ng - literary.
Note:
  • bóng - vernacular;
  • huóng - literary.
Note:
  • bang4 - vernacular;
  • horng4 - literary.
Note:
  • pàng - vernacular;
  • hàng - vernacular (“to swell”, also written as 胮);
  • hòng - literary.
Note:
  • bang3 - vernacular;
  • huang3 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: bang3 / bhang3
      • Sinological IPA: /paŋ²¹/, /baŋ²¹/
Note:
  • bang3 - vernacular;
  • bhang3 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 放
Mandarin Beijing /fɑŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /faŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /fɑŋ⁵³/
Jinan /faŋ²¹/
Qingdao /faŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /faŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /faŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /fɔ̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /fɑŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /fɑ̃¹³/
Ürümqi /fɑŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /faŋ³⁵/
Chengdu /faŋ¹³/
Guiyang /faŋ²¹³/
Kunming /fã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /faŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /fɑ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /fɒ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuɑŋ³⁵/
/xuə³⁵/
Hohhot /fɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /fɑ̃³⁵/
Suzhou /fɑ̃⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /fɑŋ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /huɔ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /fo³²⁴/
Tunxi /fau⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /hɔn⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɔŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /foŋ⁵³/ 開～
/pioŋ⁵³/ ～學
Taoyuan /foŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fɔŋ³³/
Nanning /fɔŋ³³/
Hong Kong /fɔŋ³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ²¹/
/paŋ²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /pouŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pɔŋ³³/
/xuɔŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /huaŋ²¹³/
/paŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /faŋ³⁵/
/ʔbaŋ³⁵/
Rime
Character 放
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 陽 (106)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 甫妄切
Baxter pjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pʉɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pʷiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piuɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/piuaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/pĭwaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/piwaŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fong3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 放
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*paŋ-s/
English release; let go

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 放
Reading # 2/2
No. 3038
Phonetic
component 		方
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		放
Old
Chinese 		/*paŋs/

Definitions

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放

  1. to release; to free; to liberate
  2. to let out; to let go; to launch; to shoot
    放鞭炮  ―  fàng biānpào  ―  to set off firecrackers
  3. to put; to place; to set down
    把書本放在桌子上。 [MSC, trad.]
    把书本放在桌子上。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bǎ shūběn fàng zài zhuōzi shang. [Pinyin]
    Place the books on the desk.
  4. to lay aside
  5. (of a flower) to open out
  6. to expand; to enlarge; to extend
  7. to cause to fall down; to knock down
  8. to put on; to play (a recording)
    放音樂／放音乐  ―  fàng yīnyuè  ―  to play music
  9. to take livestock out to feed on grass; to graze; to put out to pasture; to herd
  10. to ignite; to set on fire; to light; to kindle
  11. to distribute; to hand out; to issue; to dispense
  12. to lend (to allow to be used temporarily)
  13. (Cantonese) unbridled; without restraints or limits
    佢哋尋晚玩得好放。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢哋寻晚玩得好放。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 dei6 cam4 maan5 waan2 dak1 hou2 fong3. [Jyutping]
    They played without limits last night.
  14. (Sichuanese) to betroth (one's daughter) to somebody
  15. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to cause; to make
  16. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to banish; to exile
  17. (Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) at (used after a verb)
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to put):
Dialectal synonyms of 放 (“to put; to place”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 置
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 放
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 擱, 放
Taiwan 放
Singapore 放, 擺
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 擱, 放
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 擱, 放
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 擱, 放
Wuhan 放, 擱, 頓, 擺
Guilin 放
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 擺, 放
Hefei 擱, 放
Cantonese Guangzhou 放, 擠, 躉, 擺
Hong Kong 放, 擠, 躉, 擺
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 放
Macau 擠
Guangzhou (Panyu) 擠
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 擠
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 放
Foshan 擠
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 擠
Foshan (Shunde) 擠
Foshan (Sanshui) 擠
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 擠
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 安
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 擠
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 擠
Jiangmen (Baisha) 放
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 放
Taishan 放, 跌, 躉
Kaiping (Chikan) 放
Enping (Niujiang) 放
Heshan (Yayao) 放
Dongguan 𠱂
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 放
Yangjiang 𠱂, 放
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 放, 擠, 擺
Singapore (Guangfu) 擺
Gan Nanchang 擱, 擺, 放
Hakka Meixian 放
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 放
Dongguan (Qingxi) 放
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 放
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 放
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 放
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 放
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 囥
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 放
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 放
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 放
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 囥
Kuala Lumpur (Huiyang) 放
Jin Taiyuan 擱, 放
Northern Min Jian'ou 架, 放
Eastern Min Fuzhou 放, 廮
Matsu 放, 廮
Southern Min Xiamen 𣹇, 下
Quanzhou 𣹇, 下
Zhangzhou 𣹇, 下
Tainan 囥
Penang (Hokkien) 下
Singapore (Hokkien) 放
Manila (Hokkien) 下
Chaozhou 放
Shantou 放
Singapore (Teochew) 放
Singapore (Hainanese) 放
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 安
Wu Shanghai 擺, 放
Shanghai (Songjiang) 安, 放, 擺, 擱
Suzhou 擺, 放
Wuxi 放
Changshu 安
Kunshan 放
Jiaxing 擺
Jiashan 擺
Pinghu 擺
Changzhou 放
Huzhou 擺
Hangzhou 擺
Shaoxing 擺
Zhuji 擺
Ningbo 安, 擺
Zhoushan 擺, 安
Wenzhou 囥
Xiang Changsha 放, 擺
Shuangfeng 放
  • (to cause to fall down): 放倒 (fàngdǎo)
  • (to take livestock out to feed on grass): 放牧 (fàngmù)
  • (to ignite):
  • (to distribute):
  • (to betroth one's daughter to somebody): 許配／许配 (xǔpèi)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (放):
  • → Vietnamese: phóng (放)

Others:

Etymology 2

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 放

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 放
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 陽 (106)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 分网切
Baxter pjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pʉɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pʷiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piuɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puaŋX/
Li
Rong 		/piuaŋX/
Wang
Li 		/pĭwaŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/piwaŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fǎng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fong2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 放
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fǎng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjangX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*paŋʔ/
English imitate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 放
Reading # 1/2
No. 3036
Phonetic
component 		方
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		昉
Old
Chinese 		/*paŋʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

放

  1. alternative form of 仿 (“to imitate; to resemble”)
  2. to base on
  3. to reach
  4. a surname, Fang

Etymology 3

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 放 – see 方 (“side; aspect; party; joined boats; a raft; to cross by raft or boat; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 方).

Etymology 4

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 放

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

放

  1. (Hokkien) alternative form of 囥 (khǹg)

References

[edit]
  • “放”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Putian City CPPCC Committee on Culture, History and Learning], editor (2021), “放”, in 《莆仙方言大词典》 [Comprehensive Dictionary of the Puxian Topolect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), 厦门大学出版社 [Xiamen University Press], →ISBN, page 25.
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Putian City CPPCC Committee on Culture, History and Learning], editor (2021), “放”, in 《莆仙方言大词典》 [Comprehensive Dictionary of the Puxian Topolect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), 厦门大学出版社 [Xiamen University Press], →ISBN, page 276.
  • 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “放”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 464.

Japanese

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Kanji

[edit]
放

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. set free
  2. release
  3. fire
  4. shoot
  5. emit
  6. banish
  7. liberate

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 放 (MC pjangH). Recorded as Middle Korean 방 (pang) (Yale: pang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (in 방학 (放學, banghak)):
  • (to release; to shoot; to banish; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pa̠(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [방(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

放 (eumhun 놓을 방 (no'eul bang))

  1. hanja form? of 방 (“to release; to let go; to emit”)
  2. hanja form? of 방 (“to shoot; to fire”)
  3. hanja form? of 방 (“to banish; to exile”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

放: Hán Việt readings: phóng[1]
放: Nôm readings: phúng[2], phưng[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of phóng (“to emit; to launch; to throw; to release”)
  2. chữ Hán form of phóng (“to rush along”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Trần (1999).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hồ (1976).
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