Pertempuran Berlin

Pertempuran Berlin
	Sebahagian daripada Barisan Timur Perang Dunia II
	; Gerbang Brandenburg di tengah runtuhan Berlin, Jun 1945
Tarikh	16 April – 2 Mei 1945
Lokasi	Berlin, Jerman52°31′U 13°23′T / 52.517°U 13.383°T
Keputusan	Kemenangan Mutlak Soviet Adolf Hitler membunuh diri dan kematian pegawai tinggi Nazi yang lain.; Penyerahan kalah garison Berlin pada 2 Mei. Tentera Jerman yang masih bertempur di luar Berlin meletakkan senjata pada 8/9 Mei (selepas penyerahankalah tanpa syarat seluruh tentera Jerman—lihat Akhir Perang Dunia II di Eropah);
Perubahan; wilayah	Kemusnahan Jerman Nazi; Pihak Soviet menduduki Jerman Timur.
Pihak yang terlibat
Soviet Union; Poland;	Jerman Nazi
Komandan dan pemimpin
Barisan Pertama Belorussia: Georgy Zhukov; Vasily Chuikov; Barisan Ke-2 Belorussia: Konstantin Rokossovsky; Barisan Pertama Ukraine: Ivan Konev;	Kepimpinan:; Adolf Hitler (sehingga 30 April); Joseph Goebbels (30 April – 1 Mei); Lutz von Krosigk(dari 1 Mei); Kumpulan Tentera Darat Vistula: Gotthard Heinrici; Kurt von Tippelskirch(Menyerah); Kumpulan Tentera Darat Tengah: Ferdinand Schörner; Kawasan Pertahanan Berlin: Helmuth Reymann,; then Helmuth Weidling(Menyerah);
Kekuatan
Jumlah kekuatan:; 196 divisyen[perlu rujukan] 2,500,000 askar (155,900 – c.200,000 Tentera Rakyat Poland); ; 6,250 kereta kebal dan meriam gerak sendiri; 7,500 kapal terbang; 41,600 pucuk artileri.; Untuk pengepungan dan serangan keatas Kawasan Pertahanan Berlin: hampir 1,500,000 askar;	Jumlah kekuatan:; 36 divisyen; 766,750 askar; 1,519 AFV; 2,224 kapal terbang; 9,303 pucuk artileri; Di Kawasan Pertahanan Berlin: hampir 45,000 askar, ditambah dengan pasukan polis, Belia Hitler, dan 40,000 Volkssturm;
Kerugian dan korban
Kajian arkib ; (jumlah operasi); 81,116 mati atau hilang; 280,251 sakit atau cedera; 1,997 kereta kebal; 2,108 pucuk artileri; 917 kapal terbang;	Anggaran: ; 92,000–100,000 terkorban; 220,000 tercedera; 480,000 ditangkap; Didalam Kawasan Pertahanan Berlin:; hampir 22,000 askar terbunuh; 22,000 orang awam terkorban;

Pertempuran Berlin, di namakan Operasi Serangan Strategik Berlin oleh Kesatuan Soviet, adalah penyerangan besar terakhir dalam kancah Eropah Perang Dunia II.^[f]

Bermula pada 12 Januari 1945, Tentera Merah memecahkan barisan Jerman hasil dari Penyerangan Vistula–Oder dan mara kearah barat, sepantas 40 kilometer (25 batu) sehari menerusi Prusia Timur, Lower Silesia, Pomerania Timur, dan Upper Silesia, berhenti sementara di sempadan 60 km (37 bt) timur Berlin disepanjang Sungai Oder.^[14] Apabila serangan tersebut bersambung, dua barisan (kumpulan tentera darat) Soviet menyerang Berlin dari arah timur dan selatan, manakala barisan ketiga menyerang tentera Jerman yang berada di utara Berlin. Pertempuran didalam kota bermula dari 20 April hingga pagi 2 Mei.

Persiapan defensif pertama di pinggir Berlin telah dibuat pada 20 Mac, setelah panglima baru Kumpulan Tentera Darat Vistula, Jeneral Gotthard Heinrici, dengan tepat menjangkakan bahawa kemaraan utama Soviet akan berlaku di atas Sungai Oder. Sebelum pertempuran utama di Berlin bermula, pihak Soviet berjaya mengepung kotaraya tersebut sebagai hasil daripada kejayaan mereka didalam pertempuran Seelow Heights dan Halbe. Semasa 20 April 1945, Barisan Pertama Belorussia yang dipimpin oleh Marsyal Georgy Zhukov mula mengebom pusat bandar Berlin, manakala Barisan Pertama Ukraine Marsyal Ivan Konev telah mara dari selatan melepasi formasi terakhir Kumpulan Tentera Darat Tengah. Pertahanan Jerman sebahagian besarnya dipimpin oleh Jeneral Helmuth Weidling dan terdiri daripada beberapa divisyen Wehrmacht dan Waffen-SS yang serba kekurangan, tidak dilengkapi dengan baik, dan tidak tersusun, waima SS merangkumi ramai sukarelawan asing SS, serta anggota Volkssturm dan Belia Hitler yang tidak terlatih. Di dalam masa beberapa hari, pihak Soviet dengan pantas mara kedalam kotaraya itu dan menghampiri pusat bandar yang mana berlakunya pertempuran jarak-rapat.

Sebelum pertempuran berakhir, Führer Jerman Adolf Hitler dan beberapa pengikutnya membunuh diri. Askar-askar pertahanan ibu negara itu akhirnya menyerah diri pada 2 Mei; walau bagaimanapun, pertempuran berterusan hingga ke barat laut, barat, dan barat daya Berlin sehingga penghujung perang di Eropah pada 8 Mei (9 Mei di Soviet Union) sambil unit-unit Jerman berjuang ke arah barat supaya mereka boleh menyerah kepada Sekutu Barat bukannya kepada pihak Soviet.^[15]

Lihat juga

Pertempuran dalam Berlin

Nota

Nota kaki

↑ Heinrici was replaced by General Kurt Student on 28 April. General Kurt von Tippelskirch was named as Heinrici's interim replacement until Student could arrive and assume control. Student was captured by the British and never arrived (Dollinger 1967, m/s. 228).
↑ Weidling replaced Oberstleutnant Ernst Kaether as commander of Berlin who only held the post for one day having taken command from Reymann.
↑ Initial Soviet estimates had placed the total strength at 1 million men, but this was an overestimate (Glantz 1998, m/s. 258–259).
↑ A large number of the 45,000 were troops of the LVI Panzer Corps that were at the start of the battle part of the German IX Army on the Seelow Heights.
↑ German estimate (Müller) based on incomplete archival data: 92,000 for Seelow, Halbe and inside Berlin; 100,000 for the whole Berlin area. Initial Soviet casualties estimates are 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured, but these were based on kill claims and an incorrect number of total German strength (Glantz 1998, m/s. 258–259). For information about the genesis of the "Das Deutsch Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg" project under the Military History Research Office of the Bundeswehr, refer to Ziemke 1983, halaman 398–407.
↑ The last offensive of the European war was the Prague Offensive on 6–11 May 1945, when the Red Army, with the help of Polish, Romanian, and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Centre which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia. There were a number of small battles and skirmishes involving small bodies of men, but no other large scale fighting that resulted in the death of thousands of people. (See the end of World War II in Europe for details on these final days of the war.)
The Soviets later estimated the number as 180,000, but this included many unarmed men in uniform, such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service (Beevor 2002, m/s. 287).
A number of sources cited in this article derive their casualty numbers from Krivosheev's archival work. They include Hamilton, who uses the figure of 361,367 without further breakdown (Hamilton 2008, m/s. 372). Beevor lists the casualties as 78,291 killed and 274,184 wounded for a total of 352,475 (Beevor 2002, m/s. 424). Max Hastings uses 352,425 Soviet casualties (1st Belorussian Front: 179,490, 2nd Belorussian Front: 59,110, 1st Ukrainian Front: 113,825), but increases the number killed to over 100,000 (Hastings 2005, m/s. 548).
Captured prisoners included many unarmed men in uniform, such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service (Beevor 2002, m/s. 287).
Bellamy states that most of the rapes occurred between 23 April and 8 May, after which the number of rapes gradually subsided (Bellamy 2007, m/s. 670). Due to deprivations suffered by the civilian population, some women secured the necessities of life by engaging in varying degrees of coerced sex (Ziemke 1969, m/s. 149, 153).
During the months preceding to the battle, as the Red Army began its offensives into Germany proper, the STAVKA recognised the potential for lapses in discipline among vengeful troops as the Red Army began offensives in Germany proper in the months preceding the battle, and were able to check such behaviour to a certain extent. In a 27 January order near the conclusion of the Vistula-Oder Offensive, Marshal Konev supplied a long list of commanders to be reassigned to penal battalions for looting, drunkenness, and excesses against civilians (Duffy 1991, m/s. 275).

Although all sources agree that rapes occurred, the numbers put forward are estimates. A frequently quoted number is that 100,000 women in Berlin were raped by soldiers of the Red Army (Helke Sander & Barbara Johr: BeFreier und Befreite, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005). Russian historians, while not denying that Soviet forces committed rape, question whether the crimes were widespread (Lavrenov & Popov 2000, halaman 374–375; Rzheshevsky 2002; Gareev 2005).

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "SovietPrisoners" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Casualties" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "CapturedPrisoners" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Rapes" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Petikan

↑ Zaloga 1982, m/s. 27.
1 2 3 Glantz 1998, m/s. 261.
↑ Ziemke 1969, m/s. 71.
↑ Murray & Millett 2000, m/s. 482.
1 2 Beevor 2002, m/s. 287.
↑ Antill 2005, m/s. 28.
1 2 Glantz 1998, m/s. 373.
↑ Wagner 1974, m/s. 346.
↑ Bergstrom 2007, m/s. 117.
1 2 Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 219, 220.
↑ Müller 2008, m/s. 673.
↑ Glantz 2001, m/s. 95.
↑ Antill 2005, m/s. 85.
↑ Hastings 2004, m/s. 295.
↑ Beevor 2002, m/s. 400–405.
Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 7 мая 2007 г. N 68-ФЗ "О Знамени Победы", rg.ru, 8 May 2007, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 May 2011, dicapai pada June 2011 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (bantuan)

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "rg.ru" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Rujukan

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Beevor, Antony (2002), Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Viking-Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5
Beevor, Antony (2003), Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-028696-0
Bellamy, Chris (2007), Absolute war: Soviet Russia in the Second World War, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4
Bergstrom, Christer (2007), Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945, Ian Allan, ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8
Bullock, Alan (1962), Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (bantuan)
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Duffy, Christopher (1991), Red Storm on the Reich, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-03589-7
Fischer, Thomas (2008), Soldiers of the Leibstandarte, J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, ISBN 978-0-921991-91-5
Gareev, Makhmut; Tretiak, Ivan; Rzheshevsky, Oleg (21 July 2005). "Насилие над фактами". Trud (Temu ramah) (dalam bahasa Russian). Ditemuramah oleh Sergey Turchenko. {{cite interview}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Glantz, David M. (1998), When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-0899-7
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Gregory, Don A.; Gehlen, William R. (2009), Two Soldiers, Two Lost Fronts: German War Diaries of the Stalingrad and North Africa Campaigns (ed. illustrated), Casemate Publishers, m/s. 207, 208, ISBN 978-1-935149-05-7
Grossmann, Atina (2009), Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-14317-0
Hamilton, A. Stephan (2008), Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945, Helion & Co., ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5
Hastings, Max (2004), Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-90836-5
Hastings, Max (2005), Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945, Pan, ISBN 978-0-330-49062-7
Isaev, Aleksey (26 July 2010). "Seelow Heights" (Temu ramah) (dalam bahasa Russian). Ditemuramah oleh Vitaly Dymarsky. Dicapai pada December 2012. {{cite interview}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan); Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan); Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (bantuan); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Komorowski, Krzysztof (2009), "Boje polskie 1939–1945: przewodnik encyklopedyczny", Wojskowe Biuro Badań Historycznych, Poland: Bellona, m/s. 65–67, ISBN 978-83-7399-353-2, dicapai pada 12 May 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
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Bacaan lanjut

Antill, P. Battle for Berlin: April& |nbsp;– May 1945. Includes the Order of Battle for the Battle for Berlin (Le Tissier, T. The Battle of Berlin 1945, Jonathan Cape, London, 1988.
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RT (TV network), (official channel on YouTube). "Fall of Berlin: Stopping the Nazi Heart" di YouTube. 27 June 2010. 26-minute video.

[StudentTippelskirch-1] Heinrici was replaced by General Kurt Student on 28 April. General Kurt von Tippelskirch was named as Heinrici's interim replacement until Student could arrive and assume control. Student was captured by the British and never arrived (Dollinger 1967, m/s. 228).

[Weidling-2] Weidling replaced Oberstleutnant Ernst Kaether as commander of Berlin who only held the post for one day having taken command from Reymann.

[SovietEsts-12] Initial Soviet estimates had placed the total strength at 1 million men, but this was an overestimate (Glantz 1998, m/s. 258–259).

[GermanTroops-13] A large number of the 45,000 were troops of the LVI Panzer Corps that were at the start of the battle part of the German IX Army on the Seelow Heights.

[GermanCasualties-16] German estimate (Müller) based on incomplete archival data: 92,000 for Seelow, Halbe and inside Berlin; 100,000 for the whole Berlin area. Initial Soviet casualties estimates are 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured, but these were based on kill claims and an incorrect number of total German strength (Glantz 1998, m/s. 258–259). For information about the genesis of the "Das Deutsch Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg" project under the Military History Research Office of the Bundeswehr, refer to Ziemke 1983, halaman 398–407.

[LastOffensive-19] The last offensive of the European war was the Prague Offensive on 6–11 May 1945, when the Red Army, with the help of Polish, Romanian, and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Centre which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia. There were a number of small battles and skirmishes involving small bodies of men, but no other large scale fighting that resulted in the death of thousands of people. (See the end of World War II in Europe for details on these final days of the war.)

[SovietPrisoners-22] The Soviets later estimated the number as 180,000, but this included many unarmed men in uniform, such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service (Beevor 2002, m/s. 287).

[Casualties-23] A number of sources cited in this article derive their casualty numbers from Krivosheev's archival work. They include Hamilton, who uses the figure of 361,367 without further breakdown (Hamilton 2008, m/s. 372). Beevor lists the casualties as 78,291 killed and 274,184 wounded for a total of 352,475 (Beevor 2002, m/s. 424). Max Hastings uses 352,425 Soviet casualties (1st Belorussian Front: 179,490, 2nd Belorussian Front: 59,110, 1st Ukrainian Front: 113,825), but increases the number killed to over 100,000 (Hastings 2005, m/s. 548).

[CapturedPrisoners-24] Captured prisoners included many unarmed men in uniform, such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service (Beevor 2002, m/s. 287).

[Rapes-25] Bellamy states that most of the rapes occurred between 23 April and 8 May, after which the number of rapes gradually subsided (Bellamy 2007, m/s. 670). Due to deprivations suffered by the civilian population, some women secured the necessities of life by engaging in varying degrees of coerced sex (Ziemke 1969, m/s. 149, 153).
During the months preceding to the battle, as the Red Army began its offensives into Germany proper, the STAVKA recognised the potential for lapses in discipline among vengeful troops as the Red Army began offensives in Germany proper in the months preceding the battle, and were able to check such behaviour to a certain extent. In a 27 January order near the conclusion of the Vistula-Oder Offensive, Marshal Konev supplied a long list of commanders to be reassigned to penal battalions for looting, drunkenness, and excesses against civilians (Duffy 1991, m/s. 275).

Although all sources agree that rapes occurred, the numbers put forward are estimates. A frequently quoted number is that 100,000 women in Berlin were raped by soldiers of the Red Army (Helke Sander & Barbara Johr: BeFreier und Befreite, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005). Russian historians, while not denying that Soviet forces committed rape, question whether the crimes were widespread (Lavrenov & Popov 2000, halaman 374–375; Rzheshevsky 2002; Gareev 2005).

[FOOTNOTEZaloga198227-3] Zaloga 1982, m/s. 27.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz1998261-4] 1 2 3 Glantz 1998, m/s. 261.

[FOOTNOTEZiemke196971-5] Ziemke 1969, m/s. 71.

[FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2000482-6] Murray & Millett 2000, m/s. 482.

[FOOTNOTEBeevor2002287-7] 1 2 Beevor 2002, m/s. 287.

[FOOTNOTEAntill200528-8] Antill 2005, m/s. 28.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz1998373-9] 1 2 Glantz 1998, m/s. 373.

[FOOTNOTEWagner1974346-10] Wagner 1974, m/s. 346.

[FOOTNOTEBergstrom2007117-11] Bergstrom 2007, m/s. 117.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997219,_220-14] 1 2 Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 219, 220.

[FOOTNOTEMüller2008673-15] Müller 2008, m/s. 673.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz200195-17] Glantz 2001, m/s. 95.

[FOOTNOTEAntill200585-18] Antill 2005, m/s. 85.

[FOOTNOTEHastings2004295-20] Hastings 2004, m/s. 295.

[FOOTNOTEBeevor2002400–405-21] Beevor 2002, m/s. 400–405.

[rg.ru-26] Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 7 мая 2007 г. N 68-ФЗ "О Знамени Победы", rg.ru, 8 May 2007, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 May 2011, dicapai pada June 2011 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (bantuan)

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