de

See also: Appendix:Variations of "de"

Languages (107)

Ahtna • Akan • Albanian • Alemannic German • Asturian • Babine-Witsuwit'en • Bambara • Barapasi • Basque • Bavarian • Beja • Catalan • Cebuano • Central Franconian • Chavacano • Cimbrian • Cornish • Dalmatian • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Fala • Faroese • French • Galician • Haitian Creole • Hoia Hoia • Hungarian • Hunsrik • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Ipiko • Irish • Italian • Jamaican Creole • Japanese • Jersey Dutch • Ladin • Ladino • Latin • Ligurian • Lombard • Louisiana Creole • Low German • Luxembourgish • Manchu • Mandarin • Mauritian Creole • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Middle French • Mirandese • Mòcheno • Mubami • North Frisian • Northern Kurdish • Northern Ndebele • Northern Sami • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Nupe • Occitan • Old French • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Old Occitan • Old Spanish • Palula • Papuan Malay • Pennsylvania German • Polish • Portuguese • Romanian • Romansh • Sardinian • Saterland Frisian • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Seychellois Creole • Southern Ndebele • Spanish • Sranan Tongo • Swedish • Tabaru • Tagalog • Talysh • Tarantino • Tok Pisin • Turkish • Ufim • Volapük • Welsh • West Frisian • West Makian • Wyandot • Xhosa • Xibe • Ye'kwana • Yoruba • Zande • Zealandic • Zhuang • Zulu • ǃKung

Page categories

Translingual

English Wikipedia has an article on:

de

Wikipedia

Etymology 1

Clipping of German Deutsch.

Symbol

de

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for German.
Coordinate term: deu

Etymology 2

From French de.

Symbol

de

(radio slang) from (operator), this is (operator)

English

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Latin deder.

Russian дэ (dɛ)bor.

English de

Borrowed from Russian дэ (dɛ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdɛ/

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Noun

de (plural des)

The name of the Cyrillic script letter Д / д.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

dee (Northumberland)

Pronunciation

(Northumbria) IPA^(key): /diː/
- (interrogative) IPA^(key): /dɪ/
- (interrogative, before a vowel) IPA^(key): /dɪv/

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Rhymes: -iː

Verb

de (third-person singular simple present diz, present participle dein, simple past did, past participle dyun)

(Northumbria) Alternative form of dee (“to do”).

References

Frank Graham, editor (1987), “DE”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN.
Scott Dobson, Dick Irwin, “de”, in Newcastle 1970s: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group‎^[2], archived from the original on 5 September 2024.
Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4
Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “de”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN.

Etymology 3

Article

de

(African-American Vernacular, Bermuda, Caribbean, Jamaica) Pronunciation spelling of the.
- 1964 [1929], William Faulkner, Sartoris (The Collected Works of William Faulkner), London: Chatto & Windus, page 22:
  “He went to’ds de back, ma’am.” The negro opened the door and slid his legs, clad in army O.D. and a pair of linoleum putties, to the ground. “‘I’ll go git ’im.”’
- 2013 April 12, “Exclusive: Meet Derpuntae - Bermuda's first meme”, in The Bermuda Sun‎^[3], archived from the original on 12 December 2022:
  So I'll prolly say de biggest threat to Bermy is de new selfish mentality like, she ank helpin no one in de end.

Etymology 4

Interjection

de

A meaningless unstressed syllable used when singing a tune or indicating a rhythm.
“Dum de dum, dum de dum”, he hummed as he sauntered down the road.

Etymology 5

Borrowed from French de (“of”).

Preposition

de

(historical) Used in the titles of French nobility; of.
- 2009 November 5, Alex von Tunzelmann, “The Affair of the Necklace: nothing to get hot under the collar over”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian‎^[4], London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 10 June 2023:
  Conwoman Jeanne de La Motte stole a 2,800-carat diamond necklace, The Slave's Collar, by convincing the Cardinal de Rohan that Queen Marie-Antoinette wanted it.
- 2014, Alina García-Lapuerta, La Belle Créole: The Cuban Countess Who Captivated Havana, Madrid, and Paris, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Review Press, →ISBN, page 236:
  When Prosper Mérimée had next seen Mercedes after Spain, in March 1846, he told the Countess de Montijo that Mercedes "looked less well preserved [and] limped a little."

References

“de, prep.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

Anagrams

ed, Ed, E.D., Ed., ED, ed-, -èd, -ed, ed., @ed

Ahtna

Postposition

de

reflexive form of -e

Akan

Verb

de (negative nne) (Twi)

to be named, called
Mede Kofi. ― My name is Kofi. (literally, “I am called Kofi.”)
to own, possess
to be responsible for
to seize
to take hold of
to owe
(often with saa ara) to keep on, at; to do continually
to refer to, mean

Verb

de (negative fa, imperative fa) (Twi)

to use
to take

Usage notes

Used as an auxiliary verb that is not inflected for tense, often translated as with.

Derived terms

de ba
de fra
de frafra
de ma (“to render”)
de sesa (“to exchange”)
de si

Adjective

de (Twi)

own

Albanian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ده (de).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈde/
Rhymes: -e

Interjection

de

Denotes intensity, often after imperatives or some adverbs.
Fol de! ― Speak!
- 1685, Pjetër Bogdani, Cuneus Prophetarum, NT 3.3.5, page 118:
  Deh pra ho i permpcattenuem sodit IESV CHRISCNE mbè Crȣjt, […]
  [Deh pra o i përmpkatënuem sodit Jezu Krishnë mbë Kryjt, ...]
  Well then o sinner, look at Jesus Christ on the Cross, […]
Spurs a horse to move: giddyup

Alternative forms

deh — archaic

Related terms

hajde

References

FGJSSH (1980), page 297b: “de”; Mann (1948), page 68b: “dé”
Çabej SEFSH [1950s–1980], vol. 3, page 177ab: “de”; DPEWA, “de”
Bashkimi (1908), page 81b: “de”; Rossi (1875), page 254b: “deh”

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Latin deus.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Noun

de m (definite deu) (Arvanitika)

God

Derived terms

deuri

References

Mann (1948), page 68b: “dé”
Meyer (1891), page 62: “de”

Etymology 3

Preposition

de (Arvanitika)

alternative form of te

References

Mann (1948), page 68b: “dé”

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

der (preconsonantic & prevocalic)
der (prevocalic, besides preconsonantic de)
d'r, dr (Bern)

Article

de

(definite) the
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 10:
  [...] Fründ der Natur [...]
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 30:
  [...]; der erst und de zweit Stock [...]
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, published in Zürich by Verlag von Orell Füßli & Co., I. Teil, p. 5:
  [...] so luted der erst Atrag, wo bi der Umfrog vom Pfleger Heieri Guetchnecht vorbrocht würd.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 13:
  [...] wo die Flüchtigkeit der Zeit den Ernst des Läbens dem Gemüeti näher bringt.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 34:
  [...] i siner Eigeschaft als Fürst der Höll, der [...]
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 52:
  Was ihr an einem der Ärmsten und Gringste Liebes und Guets tüend,
  Das will ich achte, als heied ihr mir 's tue – so spricht jo der Heiland.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, II. Teil, p. 23:
  Mach mit den ander-n acht Moß, wa d'witt; [...]

Declension

Zürich:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de der (before a vowel)	die, d', d'-	's (at the beginning of a sentence or verse: S')	de, d'
Genitive		der
Dative	dem	der, de	dem	de
Accusative	de der (before a vowel)	de, d', d'-	's	d', d'-

Thurgau:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de (before a consonant, including h) der (before a vowel, also before h)	die, de, d'-	das, 's	die, d'-
Genitive	des	der	des	der
Dative	dem	der	dem	de (before a consonant) den (before a vowel)
Accusative	de (before a consonant) der (before a vowel) den (before a vowel, less common)	die, de, d'-	das, 's	d'-

Asturian

Alternative forms

'i (Patsuezu, with previous vowel)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Asturian de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of; from

Usage notes

The preposition de contracts to d' before a word beginning with a vowel or h-: d'Asturies (“of Asturias”), d'hermanu (“of a brother”).
In most dialects, it is often dropped if the previous word ends in a vowel. In Patsuezu (South-Western dialect), the de turns into 'i, which reflects the original form in all dialects (which later was simplified along with all ei diphtongs in central-eastern dialects).

Derived terms

d'
del

Babine-Witsuwit'en

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *danʸ ("spring").

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /te/

Noun

de

References

Sharon Hargus, Witsuwit’en Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology (2007), page 741.

Bambara

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dè]

Particle

de

emphatic particle (placed directly after the word it modifies)
A ma i wele. A ye ne de wele
He didn't call you. It was me that called

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Barapasi

Noun

de

water

References

Bill Palmer, editor (2018), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area, Berlin: de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 516

Basque

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/ [d̪e]
Rhymes: -e
Hyphenation: de

Noun

de inan

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Declension

Declension of de (inan V-stem)
	indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive	de	dea	deak	deok
ergative	dek	deak	deek	deok
dative	deri	deari	deei	deoi
genitive	deren	dearen	deen	deon
comitative	derekin	dearekin	deekin	deokin
causative	derengatik	dearengatik	deengatik	deongatik
benefactive	derentzat	dearentzat	deentzat	deontzat
instrumental	dez	deaz	deez	deotaz
inessive	detan	dean	deetan	deotan
locative	detako	deko	deetako	deotako
allative	detara	dera	deetara	deotara
terminative	detaraino	deraino	deetaraino	deotaraino
directive	detarantz	derantz	deetarantz	deotarantz
destinative	detarako	derako	deetarako	deotarako
ablative	detatik	detik	deetatik	deotatik
partitive	derik	—	—	—
prolative	detzat	—	—	—

Bavarian

Alternative forms

d' (unstressed form)

Etymology

Cognate with German German die.

Article

de

stressed nominative/accusative singular feminine of der
stressed nominative/accusative/dative plural of der

Pronoun

de

she, her (accusative)
they, them

Synonyms

se

Beja

Alternative forms

enda

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈde/

Noun

de f (plural de)

mother

Declension

Declension of de (feminine weak)

singular	indefinite		definite
singular	isolated	construct	isolated	construct
nominative	de	deetuu-	tuunde	tundeetuu-
accusative	deet	deetoo-	toonde	tundeetoo-
genitive	deeti	deetii-	tundeeti	tundeetii-
plural	indefinite		definite
plural	isolated	construct	isolated	construct
nominative	de	deetaa-	taande	tindeetaa-
accusative	deet	deetee-	teende	tindeetee-
genitive	deeti	deetee-	tindeeti	tindeetee-

Coordinate terms

Beja family terms
dhiwa (“family”)	Male	Female
parent	baaba (“father”)	de (“mother”)
grandparent	ahooba (“grandfather”)	ahu (“grandmother”)
sibling	san (“brother”)	kwa (“sister”)
child	oor (“son”)	oot (“daughter”)
parent's sibling	duura (“uncle”)	duura (“aunt”)
spouse	hiyu (“husband”)	hiyu (“wife”)
relative through marriage	ham (“in-law”)	ham (“in-law”)

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Northern) [ˈde̞]
IPA^(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈde]

Noun

de f (plural des)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [də]
IPA^(key): (Valencia, Northwestern) [de]

Preposition

de (before vowel or h d')

of; from

Etymology 3

Verb

de

inflection of dar:
1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
2. third-person singular imperative

Cebuano

Etymology

From Spanish de.

Preposition

de

(dated) of, from (only in names with Spanish origins or in phrases with Spanish construct)
hopia de Cebu
Cebu's hopia or hopia of/from Cebu

Isabel biyuda de Cortes
Isabel widow of Cortes

Related terms

del, dela

Central Franconian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de (definite, reduced)

the
1. (most dialects) feminine nominative and accusative
2. (most dialects) plural nominative and accusative
3. (many dialects) plural dative
4. (some dialects) masculine nominative
5. (some dialects) masculine accusative
6. (few dialects) feminine dative

Usage notes

(masculine): Three territories must be distinguished: 1.) Ripuarian, in which the accusative takes the form of the nominative; 2.) western Moselle Franconian, in which the nominative takes the form of the accusative; 3.) eastern Moselle Franconian, in which nominative and accusative are distinct.

1.) In Ripuarian, the reduced masculine article in nominative and accusative is de only in a few places, including Bonn; most dialects have der. The full form is always dä.

2.) In western Moselle Franconian, the form is de, but becomes den before vowels, h-, and dental consonants. The full form is dän.

3.) In eastern Moselle Franconian, the reduced masculine article in the nominative is de in many dialects, der in others. The full form is där. The accusative takes den (full form: dän).

(feminine): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced feminine article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in a few dialects of Ripuarian; the general form is der. The full form may be där or dä.
(plural): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced plural article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in most dialects of Ripuarian. In Moselle Franconian the form is the same as the masculine accusative (see above). The full form of the dative plural may be dä, dän, or däne.
Westernmost Ripuarian has no case distinction whatsoever. Only the nominative forms are relevant for these dialects.

Declension

General definite article
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	de (some dialects, also some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) der (some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full)	de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)		de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)
genitive
dative		de (few dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full) där (Moselle Franconian; full)		de (many dialects; reduced) dä (some Ripuarian dialects; full)
accusative	de (some dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full)	de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)		de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)

Ripuarian (scientific transcription by Münich with ę [ɛ] and ꝛ ⁠[ʁ⁠])
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	dę	de	ət	de
genitive	dęs (rare)
dative	dęm	dę(ꝛ)	dęm	dę̄
accusative	dę	de	ət	de

Ripuarian demonstrative pronoun
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	dę̄ꝛ	dē	dat	dē
genitive			des
dative	dęm	dęꝛ	dęm	m or f dęǹə n (fan) dęǹə
accusative	dę̄ (dęǹə)	dē	dat	dē

Ripuarian → Kölsch (as actually used)
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	der, de, dä	die, de	dat, et, -'t	die, de
genitive	des	der	des	der
dative	dem	der	dem	den
accusative	den, dä	die, de	dat, et, -'t	die, de

Quotations

1875, Fritz Hönig, „Geschräppels.“ Humoresken. Erster Band, p. 34:
Ha geiht no noh'm Kobes öm Veetel op Aach,
Verzällt imm dä ganzen Hergang der Saach.

Derived terms

em (en dem)

References

Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen Mundart von Ferdinand Münch. Verlag von Friedrich Cohen, Bonn 1904, p. 138f. & 163f.

Chavacano

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish de (“of”).

Pronunciation

Particle

de

of

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

di (Luserna)

Article

de

(Sette Comuni) the; definite article for four declensions:
1. nominative singular feminine
2. accusative singular feminine
3. nominative plural
  De diarn zeint bille un de puuben noch mèeront.
  The girls are silly, and the boys even more so.
4. accusative plural

References

“de” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974), Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Cornish

Etymology 1

From Middle Cornish de, from Old Cornish doy, from Proto-Brythonic *deh, from Proto-Celtic *gdesi, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés. Cognate with Latin heri, Welsh ddoe, French hier, Sanskrit ह्यस् (hyas), etc.

Adverb

de (triggers soft mutation)

yesterday

Antonyms

a-vorow (“tomorrow”)

Derived terms

de vyttin (“yesterday morning”)
degynsywa (“to impend”)
degynsywek (“impending”)
dygynsete (“on the day before yesterday”)

Mutation

Mutation of de
radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
de	dhe	unchanged	te	te

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

Noun

de

soft mutation of te

Dalmatian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Dalmatian de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of

Related terms

dei

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish thē, from Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai. Usage of this word as a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun is a semantic loan from English they.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/, [d̥i]
Rhymes: -i

Article

de pl

plural definite article
de grønne huse
the green houses

Pronoun

de (as a personal pronoun, it has the forms dem in the oblique case and deres in the genitive; as a determiner, it is uninflected)

(personal pronoun) they (third-person plural)
(personal pronoun, nonstandard) they (gender-neutral third-person singular)
(determiner) those
De kager smager ikke godt.
Those cakes taste not good.
- 2000, Mon farven har en anden lyd?: strejftog i 90'ernes musikliv og ungdomskultur i Danmark, Museum Tusculanum Press →ISBN, page 90
  De huse er meget store, både som sommerhuse og som helårshuse for de gamle hvis de flytter tilbage som pensionister uden børnene.
  Those houses are very large, both as summerhouses and all-year-houses for the old people, if they move back, being retired, without their children.
- 2015, Lynne Graham, Claire Baxter, Den lunefulde kærlighed/Min bedste ven, min elskede, Förlaget Harlequin AB →ISBN
  De borde var normalt forbeholdt VIP'erne og arrangørerne.
  Those tables were usually reserved for the VIP's and the arrangers.

Dutch

Etymology

An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die. See die for more information.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: de
Rhymes: -ə

Article

de (neuter het, indefinite een)

the; definite article, masculine and feminine singular, plural
De man ― The man (masculine singular)

De vrouw ― The woman (feminine singular)

Het boek ― The book (neuter singular)

De boeken ― The books (neuter plural)

De oude man en de zee. ― The old man and the sea.

Usage notes

Placed before masculine and feminine nouns in the singular, and plural nouns of all genders, indicating a specific person or thing instead of a general case.

Declension

Dutch definite article

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	de	de	het	de
genitive¹	des	der	des	der
dative¹	den	der	den	den
accusative¹	den	de	het	de
¹⁾ Archaic

There is also the clitic form 's for des. The oblique cases are archaic and found in contemporary Dutch only in fixed idiomatic phrases (e.g., op den duur or des ochtends).

Derived terms

Descendants

Afrikaans: die
Berbice Creole Dutch: di
Jersey Dutch: de
Skepi Creole Dutch: di, de, the

Preposition

de

(informal, in restricted contexts, mostly with "man") per
Ze namen drie biertjes de man. ― They took three beers per person.

We betaalden vijftien euro de neus. ― We paid fifteen euros per person.

Anagrams

e.d.

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old French de

Middle French de

French debor.

▲

Latin dēbor.

Esperanto de

Borrowed from French de and Latin dē. Compare Spanish de, Italian di, da.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/
Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -e
Syllabification: de

Preposition

de

from
Mi ne aĉetas ion ajn de ĉi tiu vendejo!
I don't buy anything at all from this store!
of, possessed by
La aŭto de Davido estas nigra.
David's car is black.
done, written or composed by
Synonyms: far, fare de

Ĉu vi havas esperantan tradukon de Drakulo de Bram Stoker?
Do you have an Esperanto translation of Dracula by Bram Stoker?

La viro estis mordita de hundo.
The man was bitten by a dog.

Derived terms

desuba (“from below”)

Fala

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Galician-Portuguese de

Fala de

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁. Cognate with Portuguese de.

Preposition

de

of
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
  Español falan millós de persoas.
  Millions of people speak Spanish.

Usage notes

When followed by definite articles, the du/do, da, dus/dos, nds contracted forms may be used. These contractions are optional.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web), 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 105

Faroese

Noun

de n (genitive singular des, plural de)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Declension

n4	singular		plural
n4	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	de	deið	de	deini
accusative	de	deið	de	deini
dative	de, dei	denum	deum	deunum
genitive	des	desins	dea	deanna

French

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old French de

Middle French de

French de

Inherited from Middle French de, from Old French de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
(Paris) IPA^(key): /dø/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ə, -ø
Homophone: deux

Preposition

de

from (used to indicate origin)
Elle vient de France. ― She comes from France.

Ce fromage vient d’Espagne. ― This cheese is from Spain.

Le train va de Paris à Bordeaux. ― The train goes from Paris to Bordeaux.
of (indicates possession, association or relationship)
Paris est la capitale de la France. ― Paris is the capital of France.

Œuvres de Fermat ― Fermat’s Works

le voisin de Gabriel ― Gabriel’s neighbour
of (used to indicate cause)
mourir de faim ― to die of hunger

trembler de peur ― to tremble with fear

rouge de colère ― red with anger
of (indicates an amount)
5 kilos de pommes. ― 5 kilograms of apples.

Un verre de vin ― A glass of wine

Une portion de frites ― A portion of fries
used attributively, often translated into English as a compound word
un jus d'orange ― orange juice

un verre de vin ― a glass of wine

une boîte de nuit ― a nightclub

un chien de garde ― a guarddog

une voiture de sport ― a sportscar

un stade de football ― a football stadium
from (used to indicate the start of a time or range)
De 9:00 à 11:00 je ne serai pas libre. ― From 9 to 11 I won’t be free.

Je travaille de huit heures à midi. ― I work from 8 o’clock to noon.

un groupe de cinq à huit personnes ― a group of [from] five to eight people
by (an amount)
Boire trois tasses par jour réduirait de 20 % les risques de contracter une maladie. ― Drinking three cups a day would reduce the risks of catching an illness by 20%.

Je le dépasse de cinq centimètres. ― I am five centimeters taller than him.
introduces the indirect object of some verbs; variously translated in English
On parlait de notre prochain voyage. ― We were talking about our next trip.

Ils nous privent de nos libertés. ― They are depriving us of our liberties.

Tu te moques de moi ? ― Are you kidding me?
used before infinitive phrases; often corresponding to an English to-infinitive or gerund:
1. after certain verbs
  J’ai arrêté de fumer. ― I stopped smoking.
  
  Il continue de m’embêter. ― He keeps annoying me.
  
  Elle m’a dit de venir. ― She told me to come.
  
  Nous vous exhortons de venir. ― We urge you to come.
2. after a noun, expressing possessive-like association to that noun
  l'heure de partir ― the time to leave
  
  le désir de la revoir ― the desire to see her again
3. after certain adjectives
  Je suis content d'être rentré. ― I am happy to be back home.
4. after impersonal constructions, with il or ce/ça as the subject referring back to the infinitive phrase
  Il est important de le préciser ― It is important to clarify this.
  
  Ce fut un plaisir de faire votre connaissance. ― It was a pleasure to get to know you.
  
  Ça vous dérangerait de venir m'aider ? ― Would it bother you to come help me?
5. optionally when following a predicative verb
  L'important, c'est de participer. ― What matters is participating.
  
  Le mieux reste d'y aller demain. ― It remains best to go there tomorrow.
6. (literary) in narration, introduces an action made by a character, especially as part of a dialogue
  - 1848, Chateaubriand, Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, vol. 4, page 288:
    Les aides de camp de M. Dubourg éclatent en gros rires; et la tourbe de rire à l'unisson, et le général de piquer sa mazette qui caracolait comme une bête éreintée...
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Et tout le monde de rire. ― And everybody laughed.
used before attributive adjectives:
1. modifying indefinite and interrogative pronouns, pronominal phrases and other non-nominal substantives
  Vous avez vu quelqu'un d'autre? ― Have you seen anyone else?
  
  sous le soleil, rien de nouveau ― Nothing new under the Sun
  
  il n'y a que ça de vrai ! ― There's nothing like it!
2. past participles modifying indefinite noun phrases in a passive voice construction with the auxiliary omitted
  Voilà une bonne chose de faite ! ― That's one thing sorted!
  
  un de perdu, dix de retrouvés ― There's plenty of fish in the sea (lit. "one lost, ten found")
3. used in miscellaneous idiomatic phrases
  pour de vrai ― for real
  
  pour de bon ― for good

Usage notes

Expresses possession, origin, source, material, contents, cause, manner, or means, and can correspond to English of, 's, from, about, or other prepositions depending on context.
When de is followed by a definite article, the two combine to give the following combined forms:

de + article	Combined form
de + le	du
de + la	unchanged (de la)
de + l'	unchanged (de l')
de + les	des

Before a word beginning with a vowel sound, de elides to d’.
The contractions du and des occur only when de is followed by the definite articles le and les. They do not occur when le, la, or les are object pronouns.

J'essaie de le convaincre. ― I'm trying to convince him.

Logically following the previously described rule, de combines with the relative pronouns, which themselves contain an element of the definite article, producing these forms:

de + article	Combined form
de + lequel	duquel
de + laquelle	de laquelle
de + lesquels	desquels
de + lesquelles	desquelles

Certain French verbs require de after them, either as part of a fixed construction or to distinguish a particular meaning or usage. In many cases, English translations do not use a corresponding preposition. Some de + infinitive constructions are fixed expressions selected by particular verbs, nouns, or adjectives, such as avoir besoin de (“to need to”) and avoir envie de (“to want to”).
De is commonly used after expressions of quantity: beaucoup de, trop de, assez de, peu de, etc.

Descendants

Mauritian Creole: de
→ English: de

Article

de (indefinite)

Used in the plural with prepositioned adjectives.
Ce sont de bons enfants. ― They are good children.

Il y a d’autres exemples. ― There are other examples.
Used in negated sentences with the grammatical object.
Elle n’a pas de mère. ― She doesn’t have a mother.

Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn’t eat meat.

Il n’y a pas de problèmes. ― There are no problems.

Usage notes

Before an adjective, de is not used when the adjective and noun form a coherent noun phrase:
de petits pois ― small peas

des petits pois ― green peas

In informal speech, de is not always used over des before adjectives.

In negative sentences, de often replaces the indefinite (un, une and des) and partitive articles (du, de la, des); it does not replace definite articles (Je ne comprends pas la question.), nor is it used when the object has no article (Je n'ai plus faim.). However, there are situations where the indefinite or partitive articles are retained. For example^[1]:
- when the nominal element is an attributive complement to the negated verb être
  Il n'est pas un menteur. ― He isn't a liar.
- when the complement of the negated verb is followed by a contradistinctive element (not X, but Y)
  Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn't eat meat.
  
  Il ne mange pas de la viande, mais du pain. ― He doesn't eat meat, but bread.
The pronoun en can replace an object introduced by de.

Derived terms

compounds and contractions

locutions and syntagma

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dam/

Noun

d^e f (plural d^es)

abbreviation of dame

References

^ Banque de dépannage linguistique

“de”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

ed, éd.

Galician

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Galician-Portuguese de

Galician de

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁. Cognate with Portuguese de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/ [d̪ɪ]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -e
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

of; from
Veño de Lugo.
I come from Lugo.
of; -'s (belonging to)
Socorro é a avoa de Clara e de Daniel.
Socorro is Clara and Daniel's grandmother

Usage notes

The preposition de contracts to d- before articles, before third-person tonic pronouns, and before the determiners algún and outro.

Contractions of de

De + article	Combined form
de + o	do
de + a	da
de + os	dos
de + as	das
de + un	dun
de + unha	dunha
de + uns	duns
de + unhas	dunhas

De + pronoun	Combined form
de + ela	dela
de + elas	delas
de + el	del
de + eles	deles

De + dem. pronoun	Combined form
de + aquela	daquela
de + aquelas	daquelas
de + aquel	daquel
de + aqueles	daqueles
de + aquilo	daquilo
de + ese	dese
de + esa	desa
de + eses	deses
de + esas	desas
de + este	deste
de + esta	desta
de + estes	destes
de + estas	destas
de + iso	diso
de + isto	disto
de + outra	doutra
de + outras	doutras
de + outro	doutro
de + outros	doutros

De + adverb	Combined form
de + estoutra	destoutra
de + estoutro	destoutro

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

dê (reintegrationist)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈde/ [ˈd̪e]
Rhymes: -e
Hyphenation: de

Noun

de m (plural des)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Haitian Creole

Etymology

Inherited from French deux (“two”), from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Numeral

de

two

Related terms

dezyèm

References

Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎^[5], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 42

Hoia Hoia

Noun

de

tree

References

Andrew Pawley et al., "The Trans New Guinea family", in The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide (2018, →ISBN)

Hungarian

Etymology

For the adverbial use, compare Polish ale.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈdɛ]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -dɛ

Adverb

de (not comparable)

how!, very much
Synonyms: (dated, poetic) be, milyen, mennyire

De szép ez a ház! ― Oh, how beautiful that house is!

Conjunction

de

but
Synonyms: viszont, azonban, ám, ugyanakkor, ellenben
(oh) yes!, surely! (used as a positive contradiction to a negative statement)
Synonym: de igen

Nem voltál itt! – De ott voltam. ― You weren’t here! – Yes I was!

Derived terms

Compound words

Expressions

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

te (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

From Middle High German der, from Old High German der, ther, replacing the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tə/

Article

de (definite)

inflection of där:
1. unstressed nominative/accusative singular masculine
2. unstressed dative singular feminine
3. unstressed dative plural all genders

Declension

Hunsrik definite articles
		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative/ accusative	stressed	där	die /ˈtiː/	das	die /ˈtiː/
nominative/ accusative	unstressed	de	die /ˈti/	das/'s	die /ˈti/
dative	stressed	dem /ˈtɛm/	där/denne	dem /ˈtɛm/	denne
dative	unstressed	dem /ˈtəm/	de	dem /ˈtəm/	de

Ido

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/, /dɛ/

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French de and Spanish de.

Preposition

de

from (indicating departure, dependency, starting point, origin or derivation)
Me kompris la frukti de la merkato.
I bought the fruits from the market.
of (with a noun: indicating measurement, quantity, amount, content)
Me esis un de kin en la konkurso.
I was one of five in the competition.

Me prizas tre multe tasego de kafeo ye la matino.
I really like a big cup of coffee in the morning.
of (with an adjective: indicating measurement, dimension)
Me havas tri boteli plena de aquo.
I have three bottles of water.
with a title of nobility
Rejio de Anglia
Queen of England

Antonyms

ad (“to”)
til (“until, till”)

Derived terms

de-
del (“from the”)

Related terms

di (“of (indicates possession or association)”)
da (“by”)

Etymology 2

From d +‎ -e.

Noun

de (plural de-i)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch dee.

Pronunciation

(Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /de/ [de]
Rhymes: -e
Syllabification: de

Noun

dé (plural de-de)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Synonyms

di (Standard Malay)

Interlingua

Preposition

de

Ipiko

Noun

de

tree

References

Andrew Pawley et al., "The Trans New Guinea family", in The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide (2018, →ISBN)

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish di (“of, from”).

Alternative forms

d’ (used before a vowel sound)
dhe (Munster, Cois Fharraige)
go (Connacht)
dae (Donegal, rare)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲɛ/, /dʲə/
(Galway) IPA^(key): /ɡə/
(Ulster, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/^[1]

Preposition

de (plus dative, triggers lenition, used only before consonant sounds)

from
of

Inflection

Inflection of de
	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		díom	díomsa
	second		díot	díotsa
	third	m	de	desean
	third	f	di	dise

plural	first		dínn	dínne
	second		díbh	díbhse
	third		díobh	díobhsan

Derived terms

Irish preposition contractions
	contracted with							copular forms
base form	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	before a consonant	before a vowel
base form	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	before a consonant	present/future	past/conditional
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded, det	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod, dot	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id, it	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led, let	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód, ót	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh

*dialectal

Etymology 2

From Old Irish de (“of/from him”).

Alternative forms

dhe, dó, dhó

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲɛ/
(Ulster) IPA^(key): /dʲɛh/^[2]

Pronoun

de (emphatic desean)

third-person singular masculine of de

References

^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73
^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 19

Italian

Etymology 1

Initial part of the combined forms of preposition di (“of”) with definite articles: del, dello, della, dell', dei, degli, delle. By surface analysis, inherited from Latin de.^[1] Compare Portuguese d'.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/^*^[2]
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

(before a quoted string (a title, a band name, &c) that starts with a defined article) alternative form of di
Michael Radford è il regista de «Il postino».
Michael Radford is the director of "Il Postino: The Postman".

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/^[2]
Homophone: de'
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

Marche, Milan, Rome, and Venice form of di

References

^ “de”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 “de” in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Anagrams

ed, ed.

Jamaican Creole

Etymology 1

From Igbo dị. Compare Nigerian Pidgin dey.

Particle

de

present progressive tense marker used before verbs
Im de kom.
She is coming.

Torkl de swim.
The turtle is swimming.

Pikni dem de nyam di fuud.
The children are eating food.

Etymology 2

Inherited from English there.

Adverb

de

there
uova de
over there

Japanese

Romanization

de

The hiragana syllable で (de) or the katakana syllable デ (de) in Hepburn romanization.

Jersey Dutch

Etymology

From Dutch de (“the”). Cognates include Afrikaans die.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de

the
- 1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:
  De v'lôrene zön
  The prodigal (literally "lost") son

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of; from

Derived terms

(de + i) di
(de + l) dl
(de + l) dl'
(de + la) dla
(de + les) dles

Ladino

Alternative forms

di (Sarajevo)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Spanish de

Ladino de

Inherited from Old Spanish de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁. Cognate with Spanish de.

Pronunciation

Audio (Netanya): (file)

Preposition

de (Hebrew spelling די)^[1]

of; -'s (indicates ownership) [ca. 1510^[2]]
- 2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi‎^[8]:
  Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.
  Sunday night we’re going to light the first candle of our Hanukiyas.
from; of (with the source or provenance of or at) [16th c.]
Coordinate term: desde
- 2000, La Lettre Sépharade‎^[9], numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 6:
  Kuando vyenen de Israel los paryentes i amigos, syempre fazemos notchadas a mi kaza […]
  When relatives and friends come from Israel, we always throw night parties at my house.
of (expressing composition or substance) [16th c.]
- 1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca‎^[10], Editions Vidas Largas, page 71:
  En un bokal de vidro avia manos de abutargo estifadas las unas sovre las otras.
  There were dry caviar hands in a glass vase, one compressed over the other.
about (concerning or with regard to) [ca. 1510^[2]]
- 2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar‎^[11], page 401:
  […] i el ke izo mas empresión fue naturalmente Haím Refael, ke kontó de la Shoá i de estadía en Auschwitz i de komo kedó en vida.
  And the one who made the biggest impression was, naturally, Haím Refael, who recounted the Shoah, the stay in Auschwitz, and how he kept alive.
of; from (indicating cause)
- 2020 November 25, Eliz Gatenyo, “Ko-Abitasyones”, in Şalom Gazetesi‎^[12]:
  Mösyö Ehrlich era lehli (ashkenazi) komo ya se entiende de su nombre.
  Mösyö Ehrlich was Lehli (Ashkenazi), as is already understood from his name.
from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)
- 1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur‎^[13], Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:
  Si mis vizinos (goliian) mis defectos
  Si aleşavan⁵) de mi como de muertos.
  If my neighbours sense my defects, if they keep away from me like the dead.
- 2000, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, translated by Avner Perets, במחנות המות‎^[14], מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 47:
  Staran por siempre libres de teles, de kadenas, […] de ambre i de penas.
  Forever shall they be free from iron wires, from chains, from hunger and from pains.
than (in certain phrases)
Coordinate term: ke
- 2018 January 17, Dora NİYEGO, “Nunka Te Olvides”, in Şalom:
  Kada anyo, mas de un milion de personas se van a Auschwitz para rekordar los ke murieron.
  Every year, more than a million people go to Auschwitz to remember those who died.
indicates a time of day or period of someone’s life
- 1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika‎^[15], Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 592:
  Aspera un poko, bwen djidyó. Es virgwensa de yirse de noche. Amanyana de manyana, aydes. Aséntese en su lugar.
  Wait a minute, [my] good Jew. It’s a shame to leave at night. The day after tomorrow, go forth. May one settle in one’s place.
used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive [ca. 1510^[2]]
- 1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca‎^[16], Editions Vidas Largas, page 163:
  Era el uzo en akeya notche de komer en los balkones o las terrasas.
  It was habitual in that night to dine on the balconies or the flat roofs.

Usage notes

Sometimes before a word beginning with a vowel sound, de elides to d’. Before the article el, it frequently contracts with the article into del. Nevertheless, these contractions are not compulsory in Judezmo as they are in French and Spanish.

Derived terms

Related terms

References

^ “de”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola [Treasury of the Judeo-Spanish Language] (in Ladino, Hebrew, and English), Instituto Maale Adumim
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dov Cohen and Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald (19 June 2019), “Coṃpendio delas šeḥiṭót (Constantinople ca. 1510): The First Judeo-Spanish Printed Publication”, in Journal of Jewish Languages, volume 7, number 1, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →DOI, →ISSN, page 4651

Latin

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Italic *dē (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁ (“towards”), from *de (“to, towards”) + *-h₁ (instrumental suffix). Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈdeː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈdɛː]

Preposition

dē (+ ablative)

of; concerning; about
actum est de aliquo ― It is over for someone, someone’s fate is sealed

de rebus mathematicis libri ― books concerning mathematics, mathematics books
- c. 1772, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ‎^[17], page 1:
  De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.
  Of the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.
from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds
Synonyms: ex, ab

De digito anulum detraho. ― From the finger I pull the ring.

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere ― to rip and drag someone away from the embrace of their mother

de caelo aliquid demittere ― to bring down something from the sky

aliquid mercari de aliquo ― to buy something from someone

aliquid de aliquo quaerere ― To inquire from someone.

De mausoleo exaudita vox est. ― A voice was heard from the mausoleum.

Nomen suum de tabula sustulit. ― He removed his name from the tablet.

Iuris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest. ― The utility of a law is able to be produced either from an expert or from books.
1. with petere, of a place
  De vicino terra petita solo. ― Earth brought from the nearby soil
2. (Late Latin) of persons
  Peto de te. ― I beg of thee.
3. (chielfy with possessive determiners, elliptic) indicates the one from whose property something is payed for: from one's purse
  - c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Bacchides 97–98:
    Ego opsonabo, nam id flagitium meum sit, mea te gratia
    et operam dare mi et ad eam operam facere sumptum de tuo.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 160 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Adelphoe 117:
    opsonat potat, olet unguenta: de meo
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 16.16.5:
    Atticus, qui civitatem conservatam cuperet, pecuniam numeravit de suo.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 6.15.9:
    sed quid ego vos de vestro impendatis hortor?
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws
Animam de corpore mitto. ― I release the spirit from the body.

Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. ― He persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions.

decedere de provincia ― to retire from office

de vita decedere ― to withdraw from life, to die

de triclinio exire ― to step away from a triclinium

Decido de lecto praeceps. ― I fall down from the bed headlong.

de muro se deicere ― to throw oneself down from the wall

de sella exsilire ― to jump from the stool

De altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet. ― He ordered the Sequani to withdraw from another third part.
(expressing location) indicates the place from which anything is done or takes place: off, from, on
Synonyms: ab, ex

nec ex equo vel de muro etc., hostem destinare ― to aim at the enemy from neither horse nor wall
(expressing composition) indicates the composition of something:
Synonym: ex
(expressing cause) because of, by, on account of, owing to
Synonym: ex
(expressing reference) indicates the thing with reference to which any thing is done: with respect to, as for, as to
1. over, (in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a victory)
  dē Germānīs triumphāre ― to triumph over the Germans
(expressing agreement) in a way consistent with: according to, after, in keeping with, in conformity with, as becoming (something)
Synonyms: secundum, ex

alicuius dē sententiā ― according to one; according to one's plan
(idiomatic) with adjectives and participles, forms various adverbial phrases:
Synonyms: ex, ab

dē integrō ― anew, again

dē imprōvīsō ― unexpectedly

dē trānsversō ― unexpectedly

Usage notes

Dē denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point (it occupies a middle place between ab (“away from”) which denotes a mere external departure, and ex (“out of”) which signifies from the interior of a thing). Hence verbs compounded with dē are constructed not only with dē, but quite as frequently with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by dē.

Derived terms

Postposition

de (+ accusative)

on this side, from
Synonyms: secus, -c

Derived terms

Descendants

Aragonese: de
Asturian: de
Aromanian: di
Old Catalan: de
- Catalan: de
Corsican: di
Dalmatian: de
→ Esperanto: de
Franco-Provençal: de
Old French: de
- Middle French: de
  - French: de
Friulian: di
Old Galician-Portuguese: de
- Galician: de
- Portuguese: de
→ Ido: de
→ Interlingua: de
Italian: di, de
Judeo-Italian: דֵי (de)
Ladin: de
Old Lombard: de
- Lombard: de
- Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di
Mozarabic: ד (d)
Neapolitan: 'e
Old Occitan: de
- Occitan: de
Romanian: de
Romansh: da
Sicilian: di
Old Spanish: de
- Ladino: de, di, די
- Spanish: de

Etymology 2

Derived from Etruscan. Etruscan names of stops were the stop followed by /eː/.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈdeː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈdɛː]

Noun

dē n or f (indeclinable)

The name of the letter D.

Coordinate terms

(Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References

“de, adv.”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“de, adv.”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
“de, prep.”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“de, prep.”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
"de", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
“de”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[18], London: Macmillan and Co.
- the vegetable kingdom: arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque (De Fin. 5. 11. 33)
- to take root: radices agere (De Off. 2. 12. 73)
- to be struck by lightning: de caelo tangi, percuti
- to turn aside from the right way; to deviate: de via declinare, deflectere (also metaphorically)
- make way for any one: (de via) decedere alicui
- weary with travelling; way-worn: fessus de via
- to leave a place: discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo
- to quit a place for ever: decedere loco, de, ex loco
- to throw oneself from the ramparts: se deicere de muro
- to throw some one down the Tarpeian rock: deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio
- while it is still night, day: de nocte, de die
- late at night: multa de nocte
- a fine, practised ear: aures elegantes, teretes, tritae (De Or. 9. 27)
- to pass a thing from hand to hand: de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid
- to wrest from a person's hand: ex or de manibus alicui or alicuius extorquere aliquid
- to slip, escape from the hands: e (de) manibus effugere, elābi
- the world of sense, the visible world: res sensibus or oculis subiectae (De Fin. 5. 12. 36)
- to free one's mind from the influences of the senses: sevocare mentem a sensibus (De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21)
- from one's entry into civil life: ab ineunte (prima) aetate (De Or. 1. 21. 97)
- to dream of a person: somniare de aliquo
- to depart this life: (de) vita decedere or merely decedere
- to depart this life: de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare
- to remove a person: e or de medio tollere
- I'm undone! it's all up with me: perii! actum est de me! (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)
- for valid reasons: iustis de causis
- to comfort a man in a matter; to condole with him: consolari aliquem de aliqua re
- to deserve well at some one's hands; to do a service to..: bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri de aliquo
- to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly: male mereri de aliquo
- to expostulate with a person about a thing: conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re
- to inform a person: certiorem facere aliquem (alicuius rei or de aliqua re)
- to mention a thing: mentionem facere alicuius rei or de aliqua re
- to mention a thing incidentally, casually: mentionem inicere de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf.
- to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person: de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere
- to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
- to do work (especially agricultural): opus facere (De Senect. 7. 24)
- to exert oneself very considerably in a matter: desudare et elaborare in aliqua re (De Senect. 11. 38)
- to study the commonplace: cogitationes in res humiles abicere (De Amic. 9. 32) (Opp. alte spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum suspicere)
- vague, undeveloped ideas: intellegentiae adumbratae or incohatae (De Leg. 1. 22. 59)
- to give up one's opinion: de sententia sua decedere
- to give up one's opinion: (de) sententia desistere
- to be forced to change one's mind: de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri
- to make a man change his opinion: de sententia aliquem deducere, movere
- to judge others by oneself: de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere
- to form a plan, make a resolution: consilium capere, inire (de aliqua re, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely ut)
- to deliberate together (of a number of people): consilium habere (de aliqua re)
- to deliberate, consider (of individuals): consultare or deliberare (de aliqua re)
- designedly; intentionally: de industria, dedita opera (opp. imprudens)
- from memory; by heart: ex memoria (opp. de scripto)
- to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing: ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid (De Or. 2. 11. 44)
- to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
- to be a man of great learning: doctrina abundare (De Or. 3. 16. 59)
- abstruse studies: studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur (De Or. 1. 2. 8)
- to have a thorough grasp of a subject: penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid (De Or. 1. 23. 108)
- for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
- to civilise men, a nation: homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere (De Or. 1. 8. 33)
- to obtain a result in something: aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re (De Or. 1. 33. 152)
- he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
- to take a lesson from some one's example: sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo or exemplum capere de aliquo
- to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis)
- to teac: tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)
- dialectical nicety: disserendi subtilitas (De Or. 1. 1. 68)
- moral science; ethics: philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus (Acad. 1. 5. 19)
- moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
- to systematise: ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid (De Or. 1. 41)
- to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion: constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur
- the points on which proofs are based; the grounds of proof: loci (τόποι) argumentorum (De Or. 2. 162)
- to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically: disputare (de aliqua re, ad aliquid)
- to discuss both sides of a question: in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare (De Or. 1. 34)
- to be contested, become the subject of debate: in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire (De Or. 2. 72. 291)
- the point at issue: id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam
- a twofold tradition prevails on this subject: duplex est memoria de aliqua re
- to write poetry with facility: carmina , versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50)
- to learn to play a stringed instrument: fidibus discere (De Sen. 8. 26)
- the melody: modi (De Or. 1. 42. 187)
- the art of painting: ars pingendi, pictura (De Or. 2. 16. 69)
- the dramatic art: ars ludicra (De Or. 2. 20. 84)
- to retire from the stage: de scaena decedere
- to be fluent: disertum esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)
- to be a capable, finished speaker: eloquentem esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)
- flow of oratory: flumen orationis (De Or. 2. 15. 62)
- incorrect language: oratio inquinata (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7)
- flowers of rhetoric; embellishments of style: lumina, flores dicendi (De Or. 3. 25. 96)
- to give an account of a thing (either orally or in writing): exponere aliquid or de aliqua re
- to make a character-sketch of a person: de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere
- graphic depiction: rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3. 53. 202)
- to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully: multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re) (De Or. 2. 4. 17)
- to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully: fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re
- to interpolate, insert something: interponere aliquid (De Am. 1. 3)
- to digress, deviate: digredi (a proposito) (De Or. 2. 77. 311)
- a rather recondite speech: oratio longius repetita (De Or. 3. 24. 91)
- to read a speech: de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria)
- the arrangement of the subject-matter: dispositio rerum (De Inv. 1. 7. 9)
- to set some one a theme for discussion: ponere alicui, de quo disputet
- to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- the question at issue: res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur
- to answer every question: percontanti non deesse (De Or. 1. 21. 97)
- a far-fetched joke: arcessitum dictum (De Or. 2. 63. 256)
- to be silly, without tact: ineptum esse (De Or. 2. 4. 17)
- to be united by having a common language: eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo (De Or. 3. 59. 223)
- to translate from Plato: ab or de (not ex) Platone vertere, convertere, transferre
- a linguist, philologian: grammaticus (De Or. 1. 3. 10)
- to employ carefully chosen expressions: lectissimis verbis uti (De Or. 3. 37)
- to say not a syllable about a person: ne verbum (without unum) quidem de aliquo facere
- to speak on a subject: verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem)
- to begin with a long syllable: oriri a longa (De Or. 1. 55. 236)
- to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
- there exists a book on..: est liber de...
- the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
- to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
- humour; disposition: animi affectio or habitus (De Inv. 2. 5)
- I am pained, vexed, sorry: doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de and ex aliqua re
- not to trouble oneself about a thing: non laborare de aliqua re
- to disconcert a person: animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere (more strongly depellere, deturbare)
- to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de statu suo or mentis deici (Att. 16. 15)
- to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de gradu deici, ut dicitur
- what will become of me: quid (de) me fiet? (Ter. Heaut. 4. 3. 37)
- it's all over with me; I'm a lost man: actum est de me
- to hope well of a person: bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo (Nep. Milt. 1. 1)
- to fulfil expectation: exspectationem explere (De Or. 1. 47. 205)
- to be touched with pity: misericordia moveri, capi (De Or. 2. 47)
- to have enthusiasm for a person or thing: studio ardere alicuius or alicuius rei (De Or. 2. 1. 1)
- to undermine a person's loyalty: de fide deducere or a fide abducere aliquem
- to make a thing credible: fidem facere, afferre alicui rei (opp. demere, de-, abrogare fidem)
- to be answerable for a person, a thing: praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf.
- to suspect a person: suspicionem habere de aliquo
- to be separated by a deadly hatred: capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo (De Am. 1. 2)
- to vent one's anger, spite on some one: virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem (De Amic. 23. 87)
- his vices betray themselves: vitia erumpunt (in aliquem) (De Amic. 21. 76)
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- apparently; to look at: specie (De Amic. 13. 47)
- to neglect one's duty: de, ab officio decedere
- to follow one's inclinations: studiis suis obsequi (De Or. 1. 1. 3)
- moral precepts: praecepta de moribus or de virtute
- to give moral advice, rules of conduct: de virtute praecipere alicui
- by divine inspiration (often = marvellously, excellently): divinitus (De Or. 1. 46. 202)
- to observe the sky (i.e. the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.: de caelo servare (Att. 4. 3. 3)
- to escort a person from his house: deducere aliquem de domo
- to be a strict disciplinarian in one's household: severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere (De Sen. 11. 37)
- to dispossess a person: demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione
- to live on one's means: de suo (opp. alieno) vivere
- a sociable, affable disposition: facilitas, faciles mores (De Am. 3. 11)
- to turn the conversation on to a certain subject: sermonem inferre de aliqua re
- the conversation turned on..: sermo incidit de aliqua re
- to converse, talk with a person on a subject: sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re (De Am. 1. 3)
- to exchange greetings: inter se consalutare (De Or. 2. 3. 13)
- to congratulate a person on something: gratulari alicui aliquid or de aliqua re
- to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman): nuntium remittere alicui (De Or. 1. 40)
- disinherited: exheres paternorum bonorum (De Or. 1. 38. 175)
- to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing: in nostros mores inducere aliquid (De Or. 2. 28)
- to transact, settle a matter with some one: transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo or inter se
- to subtract something from the capital: de capite deducere (vid. sect. XII. 1, note Notice too...) aliquid
- to demand an account, an audit of a matter: rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re (Cluent. 37. 104)
- credit has disappeared: fides (de foro) sublata est (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)
- to have pecuniary difficulties: laborare de pecunia
- as you sow, so will you reap: ut sementem feceris, ita metes (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)
- to plant trees: arbores serere (De Sen. 7. 24)
- to have the good of the state at heart: bene, optime sentire de re publica
- to have the good of the state at heart: omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire
- the head of the state: rector civitatis (De Or. 1. 48. 211)
- statesmanship; political wisdom: prudentia (civilis) (De Or. 1. 19. 85)
- to foresee political events long before: longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae (De Amic. 12. 40)
- one of the people: homo plebeius, de plebe
- one of the crowd; a mere individual: unus de or e multis
- to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere
- to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu) deicere
- deposed from one's high position: de principatu deiectus (B. G. 7. 63)
- to contend with some one for the pre-eminence: contendere cum aliquo de principatu (Nep. Arist. 1)
- to record in the official tablets (Annales maximi): in album referre (De Or. 2. 12. 52)
- to have the same political opinions: idem de re publica sentire
- to form a conspiracy: coniurare (inter se) de c. Gerund. or ut...
- to banish a person, send him into exile: de, e civitate aliquem eicere
- to expel a person from the city, country: exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem (Mil. 37. 101)
- a returning from exile to one's former privileges: postliminium (De Or. 1. 40. 181)
- to shake hands with voters in canvassing: manus prensare (De Or. 1. 24. 112)
- to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office): de potestate decedere
- men of rank and dignity: viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)
- a man who has held many offices: honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1. 45)
- to officially proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul: aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260)
- to consult the senators on a matter: patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re (Sall. Iug. 28)
- the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for..: senatus sententia inclīnat ad... (De Sen. 6. 16)
- what is your opinion: quid de ea re fieri placet?
- to waive one's right: de iure suo decedere or cedere
- to hold an inquiry into a matter: quaerere aliquid or de aliqua re
- to examine a person, a matter: quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem
- to have a person tortured: quaerere tormentis de aliquo
- to examine slaves by torture: de servis quaerere (in dominum)
- counsel; advocate: patronus (causae) (De Or. 2. 69)
- to strike a person's name off the list of the accused: eximere de reis aliquem
- to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted): postulare aliquem repetundarum or de repetundis
- to accuse some one of illegal canvassing: accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu
- to accuse a person of violence, poisoning: accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis
- to decide on the conduct of the case: iudicare causam (de aliqua re)
- to exact a penalty from some one: supplicium sumere de aliquo
- to atone for something by..: luere aliquid aliqua re (De Sen. 20)
- to execute the death-sentence on a person: supplicium sumere de aliquo
- to congratulate a person on his victory: victoriam or de victoria gratulari alicui
- to triumph over some one: triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)
- to triumph over some one: triumphum agere de or ex aliquo or c. Gen. (victoriae, pugnae)
- to treat with some one about peace: agere cum aliquo de pace
- to stop rowing; to easy: sustinere, inhibere remos (De Or. 1. 33)
- to land, disembark: exire ex, de navi
- not to mention..: ut non (nihil) dicam de...
- this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc dici potest de aliqua re
- I have a few words to say on this: mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re
- more of this another time: sed de hoc alias pluribus
- so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: atque haec quidem de...
- so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est
- I am sorry to hear..: male (opp. bene) narras (de)
- but enough: sed manum de tabula!
dē in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2026), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."

^ Geoffrey Sampson (1985), Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. →ISBN, page 109.

Ligurian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Ligurian de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of
from

de + article	Combined form
de + o	do
de + a	da
de + i	di
de + e	de

Etymology 2

de (“of, from”, preposition) + e (“the (fem. plur.)”, article)

Contraction

de

of the, from the (followed by a plural feminine noun)

Lombard

Etymology 1

From Old Lombard de, from Latin dē.

Preposition

de

from
by, of

Etymology 2

Noun

de

(Cremish) alternative form of dì

References

Bonifacio, Samarani (1852), Vocabulario cremasco-italiano‎^[19] (in Italian), Crema

Louisiana Creole

**Louisiana Creole cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : de Ordinal : sègon Multiplier : doub Collective : toulédé

Etymology

Inherited from French deux (“two”), from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dø/
Rhymes: -ø

Numeral

de

alternative form of dé (“two”)

Low German

Alternative forms

dee (for the pronoun), (in Dutch Low Saxon also) dij
dei
dai (East Pomeranian)
dé (´ denoting a raising of the voice), dè (` denoting a swallow up or shorting) (all three used together; Grafschaft Bentheim)

Etymology

From Middle Low German dê, from Old Saxon thē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/, /deɪ̯/, /dɛɪ̯/

Article

de m or f (neuter dat, plural de)

the
De Mann gat hen. ― The man walks [lit. goes] there.

De Fru geiht hen. ― The woman walks [lit. goes] there.

dat Sakramänt der Eihe (Paderbornisch) ― the sacrament of marriage

Usage notes

Dative and accusative are sometimes called 'object case'. However, most (if not all) dialects have not actually merged these two.
There is the only plural article and like English 'the' is used for nouns of every gender and class. Indefinite nouns in plural are used without article, again as in English.

Declension

	A user suggests that this Low German entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “manual inflection table should be moved to a template”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup⁽⁺⁾ or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	de	de	dat	de
genitive	des	der		der
dative	dem den	der de		den
accusative	den	de	dat	de

Pronoun

de m or f (neuter dat)

(relative) which, that
de Mann, de dår güng ― the man, which walked there

de Mann, den wi hüert häbben ― the man, which we hired

de Fru, de wi hüert hębben ― the woman, which we have hired

dat Schipp, dat wi sailt hębben ― the ship that we have sailed

Usage notes

The use as a relative pronoun might not be present in all dialects.

Declension

	Sg. m.	Sg. f.	Sg. n.	Pl.
Nom.	de	de	dat	de
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.	den	de	dat	de

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [də]

Pronoun

de

unstressed form of du

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns
				nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
				stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	reflexive
singular	1st person			ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	like dat. and acc.
	2nd person	informal		du	de	dech	—	dir	der	like dat. and acc.
	2nd person	formal		Dir	Der	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech
	3rd person		m	hien	en	hien	en	him	em	sech
			f	si	se	si	se	hir	er	sech
			n	hatt	et ('t)	hatt	et ('t)	him	em	sech
plural	1st person			mir	mer	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)
	2nd person			dir	der	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech
	3rd person			si	se	si	se	hinnen	en	sech

Manchu

Romanization

de

romanization of ᡩᡝ

Mandarin

Romanization

de (de⁵ / de⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄉㄜ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 地
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 底
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 得
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 的
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脦
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠵨
Hanyu Pinyin reading of の

Romanization

de

nonstandard spelling of dē
nonstandard spelling of dé
nonstandard spelling of dè
nonstandard spelling of dê̄

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Mauritian Creole

**Mauritian Creole cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : de Ordinal : deziem Adverbial : ledoub

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Etymology 1

Inherited from French deux, from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Numeral

de

two

Derived terms

de trwa

Etymology 2

From French de.

Preposition

de

of
from

References

Baker, Philip; Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. (1987), Diksiyoner kreol morisyeṅ [Mauritian Creole Dictionary] (in French and English), Paris: L'Harmattan, →ISBN, page 73
Carpooran, Arnaud (2011), Diksioner Morisien [Mauritian Dictionary] (in Mauritian Creole), second edition, Éditions Le Printemps, →ISBN, page 229

Middle Dutch

Article

de

inflection of die:

Middle English

Etymology 1

Pronoun

de

alternative form of þe (“thee”)

Etymology 2

Noun

de

alternative form of dee

Etymology 3

Verb

de

(Early Scots, West Riding) alternative form of deyen (“to die”)

Middle French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old French de

Middle French de

Inherited from Old French de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Preposition

de

of
from
(Can we add an example for this sense?)

Descendants

French: de
- Mauritian Creole: de
- → English: de

Mirandese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Mirandese de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of; from
Pertual ye un paíç localizado ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa. ― Portugal is a country located in the south-west of Europe.

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German diu, from Old High German diu, from Proto-Germanic *þō, an alteration of *sō. Cognate with German die, obsolete English tho.

Article

de (singular masculine der, singular neuter s)

the, nominative singular feminine definite article
the, nominative plural definite article

References

“de” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Mubami

Noun

de

tree

References

Andrew Pawley et al., "The Trans New Guinea family", in The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide (2018, →ISBN)

North Frisian

the (masculine singular, full form)
Coordinate term: (reduced form) a

Alternative forms

di (Mooring, Sylt)

Northern Kurdish

Postposition

de

an element of several circumpositions

Related terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.

Adjective

-de

tall

Inflection

Adjective concord, tone L
	modifier	copulative
1st singular	engimude	ngimude
2nd singular	omude	umude
1st plural	esibade	sibade
2nd plural	elibade	libade
class 1	omude	mude
class 2	abade	bade
class 3	omude	mude
class 4	emide	mide
class 5	elide	lide
class 6	amade	made
class 7	eside	side
class 8	ezinde	zinde
class 9	ende	inde
class 10	ezinde	zinde
class 11	olude	lude
class 14	obude	bude
class 15	okude	kude
class 17	okude	kude

Northern Sami

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈte/

Conjunction

de

then, after that
then, in that case

Adverb

de

yes

Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:

Pronomen

Wikipedia ^no

Etymology 1

PIE word
*só

Inherited from Middle Norwegian the, also their,^[1] from Old Norse þeir (“they; those”), the nominative masculine plural of sá (“that”), from Proto-Germanic *þai, from Proto-Indo-European *tóy, the nominative masculine plural of *só. The masculine plural form was generalized to all genders.

The singular gender-neutral sense is a semantic loan from English they.^[2]

Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk dei, Danish de, Swedish de, Icelandic þeir, Faroese teir and German die (“those”). Compare English they, borrowed from Old Norse.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/, [diː]
(unstressed) IPA^(key): /di/, [di]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -iː
Homophones: di, De
Hyphenation: de

Determiner

de pl (masculine and feminine singular den, neuter singular det)

those; pointing to or recalling particular people or things.
Jeg vil ha de bøkene. ― I want those books.

De husene der er gamle. ― Those houses over there are old.
- 1884, Henrik Ibsen, Vildanden‎^[21], page 109:
  der er store skabe med bøger i; og i mange af de bøgerne er der billeder
  there are large cupboards with books in them; and in many of those books there are pictures
- 1884, Henrik Ibsen, Vildanden‎^[22], page 169:
  jeg har jo aldrig sådan egentlig været gift; så jeg tør ikke dømme om de ting
  I have never really been married, after all; so I dare not judge such matters
- 1890, Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler‎^[23], page 32:
  Hedda (tar buketten på pianoet): «De blomster stod ikke her inat da vi kom.»
  Hedda (taking the bouquet from the piano): ‘Those flowers were not here last night when we arrived.’
- 1909, Henrik Ibsen, Efterladte Skrifter‎^[24], volume I, page 265:
  de dages publikum var […] for lidet kritisk udviklet
  the audiences of those days were […] insufficiently developed in their critical judgment
- 1914, Sigrid Undset, Vaaren‎^[25], page 199:
  «de der mimoserne er fra mig,» sa Torkild
  ‘Those mimosas there are from me,’ said Torkild
1. Indicating familiarity or an attitude toward the referents.
  Å, de ungene! ― Oh, those children!
  - 1884, Henrik Ibsen, Vildanden‎^[26], page 63:
    se så; er det nu de kopierne igen?
    now then; is it those copies again?
  - 1885, Henrik Ibsen, Brand‎^[27], page 12:
    det er svært, hvor livet er de godtfolk kært!
    it's remarkable how dear life is to those good people!
  - 1896, Henrik Ibsen, John Gabriel Borkman‎^[28], page 107:
    å, de kvinder! De fordærver og forvansker livet for os!
    oh, those women! They ruin and distort life for us!
2. (colloquial, emphatic) such; what.
  Han har de fantastiske foreldrene! ― He has such wonderful parents!
  - 2004, Siri Kristiansen, Siris dagbok‎^[29], page 30:
    så har jo Line de dødsgreie foreldra òg, da
    and Line has such incredibly nice parents too, of course
the; specified by a following clause.
Vi besøkte de stedene hun anbefalte. ― We visited the places she recommended.
- 1873, Henrik Ibsen, Hærmændene på Helgeland‎^[30], page 51:
  får du ikke de tanker, at jeg må være død […] og at det er en genganger, som her står hos dig?
  don't you get the idea that I must be dead […] and that it is a ghost standing here beside you?
- 1874, Henrik Ibsen, Peer Gynt‎^[31], page 182:
  man får tude med de ulve, som er ude
  one must howl with the wolves that are abroad
In de og de or de eller de: such and such.
Hun sa at vi måtte besøke de og de stedene. ― She said we had to visit such and such places.
- 2001, Ketil Bjørnstad, Jæger‎^[32], page 179:
  under de eller de indre eller ytre omstendigheter
  under such and such internal or external circumstances

Usage notes

De is plural; the corresponding singular forms are masculine and feminine den (“that”) and neuter det (“that”). The following noun normally takes its definite form: de husene ("those houses").
Disse (“these”) normally indicates nearer referents. Colloquial de her and de der can occur before or around a noun: de her husene, de husene her ("these houses").

Pronoun

de (objective dem, genitive deres)

they; referring to people or things in the third person plural.
Barna er hjemme. De lager middag. ― The children are home. They are making dinner.

Hvor er bøkene? De ligger på bordet. ― Where are the books? They are on the table.
- 1873, Henrik Ibsen, Kejser og Galilæer‎^[33], page 32:
  [alle troende] falder fra og bliver spottere. Og ikke de alene. Hans [filosofens] ord bæres fra mund til mund lige ind i kejserslottet
  [all believers] fall away and become mockers. And not only they. His [the philosopher's] words are carried from mouth to mouth right into the imperial palace
- 1874, Henrik Ibsen, Peer Gynt‎^[34], page 31:
  ([Peer] lytter mod bryllupsgården:) «De spiller til dans!»
  ([Peer] listens towards the wedding farm:) ‘They're playing dance music!’
- 1913, Olaf Bull, Nye digte‎^[35], page 23:
  han tømmer den festlige julesnaps, just som de slukker i sjappen
  he drains the festive Christmas dram just as they turn out the lights in the shop
- 1919, Kristian Elster d.y., Av Skyggernes Slegt‎^[36], page 39:
  over i borstuen hadde de lagt sig
  they had gone to bed over in the servants' room
- 1930, Arbeiderbladet, number 199, page 1:
  guttene har en liten sportsplass i nærheten […] og her driver de på av hjertens lyst med all slags idrett
  the boys have a small sports ground nearby […] and here they pursue all kinds of sport to their hearts' content
1. Repeating a detached subject, or reinforcing alle or begge.
  Barna, de sover ennå. ― The children are still asleep.
  
  Alle var de enige. ― They were all in agreement.
  
  Barna vet mye, de. ― The children certainly know a lot.
  - 1872, Henrik Ibsen, Kongs-Emnerne‎^[37], page 80:
    presterne derinde de sagde, at alle mine synder skulde være mig forladt
    the priests in there said that all my sins would be forgiven me
  - 1874, Henrik Ibsen, Peer Gynt‎^[38], page 216:
    alle viser har samme slut; og alle er de gamle
    all songs have the same ending, and all of them are old
  - 1875, Henrik Ibsen, Digte‎^[39], page 52:
    Guds engle små, de våger for vuggebarnets fred
    God's little angels watch over the cradle child's peace
  - 1884, Henrik Ibsen, Vildanden‎^[40], page 80:
    kunde nok være det, at vi har duer! De har rugekasserne sine der oppe under tagskægget, de
    you can be sure we have pigeons! They have their nesting boxes up there under the eaves, they do
  - 1918, Gunnar Heiberg, Samlede dramatiske verker‎^[41], volume III, page 63:
    disse som her ligger, de fældte sig selv
    those who lie here brought themselves down
  - 1930, Morgenbladet, number 199, page 5:
    viserne […] de er saltet i revyen
    the songs […] are the salt of the revue
2. (colloquial) In og de: and their family, companions, or associates.
  Kari og de kommer på besøk. ― Kari and her family are coming to visit.
  - 1994, Truls Horvei, Blå strenger‎^[42], page 24:
    […] utenfor blokken til Stilken og de
    […] outside the block of flats where Stilken and his friends lived
those; the people or things indicated or specified.
De som vil være med, må melde seg på. ― Those who want to join must sign up.

De i nabohuset er på ferie. ― The people next door are on holiday.
- 1846, P. Chr. Asbjørnsen, edited by Anders Krogvig, Fra det nationale gjennembruds tid. Breve fra Jørgen Moe til P. Chr. Asbjørnsen og andre‎^[43], published 1915, page 301:
  jeg [er] bleven fortrolig med og hærdet mod helbreden truende uleiligheder af lignende art som de man udsætter sig for ved arbeide i de kolde bibliothekslokaler om vinteren
  I [have] become familiar with and hardened against health-threatening inconveniences of a kind similar to those to which one exposes oneself by working in cold library rooms in winter
- 1880, Jonas Lie, Rutland‎^[44], page 91:
  han fik uddele af den daarligste sæk samt af de, der vare at bortsortere som bedærvede
  he was obliged to hand out supplies from the worst sack, as well as from those that were to be discarded as spoiled
- 1882, Henrik Ibsen, En folkefiende‎^[45], page 179:
  jeg bryr mig ikke så stort om buxerne, skønner du; for de kan du altid snurpe sammen for mig
  I don't care much about the trousers, you see; you can always stitch those up for me
- 1891, Arne Garborg, Trætte Mænd‎^[46], page 53:
  de, som stjæler i stort, dem faar man uvilkaarlig en vis agtelse for
  those who steal on a large scale command a certain involuntary respect
- 1892, Henrik Ibsen, Bygmester Solness‎^[47], page 14:
  gi plads for de, som yngre er
  make room for those who are younger
- 1923, Bernhard Folkestad, Blaa hjul‎^[48], page 90:
  [jeg] fant mine sæler. […] De fæstet jeg til døren
  [I] found my braces. […] I fastened them to the door
- 1926, Hans E. Kinck, Foraaret i Mikropolis‎^[49], page 76:
  derinde pleiet de fra Hovland og bønder andenstedsfra holde til og veide
  the people from Hovland and farmers from elsewhere used to stay and hunt in there
- 1968, Eilert Sundt, Om Piperviken og Ruseløkbakken‎^[50], page 72:
  jeg har angivet fødestedet for de af Mangelsgårdens lemmer, som var hjemmehørende i Christiania
  I have stated the birthplace of those inmates of Mangelsgården who were resident in Christiania
- 1994, Ivar Kleiven, Brev til Decorah-Posten‎^[51], page 69:
  mange botemidler [for å opprettholde landbruket] har vært anvist, og som et av de, man anså for det virksomste, var arbeiderbrugene
  many remedies [for maintaining agriculture] have been proposed, and among those considered most effective were the smallholdings for labourers
(colloquial) they; people generally or an unspecified group.
De sier at vinteren blir kald. ― They say the winter will be cold.
- 1888, Henrik Ibsen, Fruen fra havet‎^[52], page 141:
  han er jo en velhavendes mand, siger de
  he is a wealthy man, they say
- 1896, Henrik Ibsen, John Gabriel Borkman‎^[53], page 34:
  de siger, folk, at hun skal være skilt fra sin mand
  people say that she is separated from her husband
- 1904, Jacob B. Bull, Folkelivsbilleder, volume I, page 253:
  paa vidderne sydunder Sølenfjeld huserte […] en fjeldrøver, som de kaldte for Taterkristen
  on the uplands south of Mount Sølen there lived […] a mountain robber whom they called Taterkristen
(dialectal) them.
Jeg så de i går. ― I saw them yesterday.
- 1943, H. Wiers-Jenssen, Jan Herwitz‎^[54], page 79:
  jeg skal ta imot de og jeg skal leste være blid
  I shall welcome them and pretend to be cheerful
(nonstandard, singular, gender-neutral) they; referring to one person without specifying their gender, or to someone who uses this pronoun.
Alex kommer senere. De måtte jobbe overtid. ― Alex is coming later. They had to work overtime.
- 2024 July 25, Erlend Lundgård, “Spiller skurken i Deadpool & Wolverine: "Et rop etter oppmerksomhet"”, in Filmweb‎^[55]:
  […] var Corrin bekymret for at de måtte matche energien hans.
  […] Corrin was worried that they would have to match his energy.

Usage notes

De normally marks the subject; dem (“them”) marks an object or follows a preposition. Word order does not change this distinction.
Before a relative clause, de may also occur in object position or after a preposition: Jeg hjelper de som trenger det ("I help those who need it"). Språkrådet recommends dem in these positions. The same applies when som is omitted.
Both de and dem occur after copular verbs and in comparisons: Det var de/dem ("It was them"), eldre enn de/dem ("older than them"). Both are also possible in cleft and existential constructions: Det var de/dem jeg møtte ("It was them I met"), Det finnes de/dem som mener noe annet ("There are those who think otherwise").
The reflexive pronoun is seg: De vasker seg ("They wash themselves").
Singular gender-neutral use is found in contemporary writing but is not part of the official Bokmål norm.^[2] For formal second-person address, see De (“you”).

Article

de pl (masculine and feminine singular den, neuter singular det)

the; with plural nouns modified by adjectives or determiners.
De gamle husene er fredet. ― The old houses are protected.
- 1877, Henrik Ibsen, Samfundets støtter‎^[56], page 14:
  [han] standser ved synet af de mange damer
  [he] stops at the sight of the many ladies
- 1885, Henrik Ibsen, Brand‎^[57], page 214:
  for mig ej passer de statens tusend sjælekasser
  those thousand state-run boxes for souls do not suit me
- 1888, Henrik Ibsen, Fruen fra havet‎^[58], page 205:
  jeg tør jo ikke tænke på sligt noget i de første årene
  I dare not think of anything like that for the first few years
- 1890, Knut Hamsun, Sult‎^[59], page 25:
  jeg havde de underligste plager paa alle kanter
  I had the strangest troubles on all sides
- 1926, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Samlede Digte‎^[60], volume I, page 40:
  over de høje fjelde
  over the high mountains
- 1926, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Samlede Digte‎^[61], volume I, page 38:
  hun fletted ham en [krans] af de blomster blaa
  she wove him a [wreath] of the blue flowers
- 1927, Johan Bojer, Samlede verker‎^[62], volume I, page 136:
  flaggene smaldt fra de høie stænger
  the flags snapped from the tall poles
With a substantivized adjective or determiner: the ... ones.
Hun hjelper de eldre. ― She helps the elderly.

Jeg valgte de største. ― I chose the largest ones.
- 1872, Henrik Ibsen, Kongs-Emnerne‎^[63], page 85:
  de hellige er med mig
  the saints are with me
- 1875, Henrik Ibsen, Catilina‎^[64], page 123:
  de dødes land
  the land of the dead
- 1879, Henrik Ibsen, Et dukkehjem‎^[65], page 178:
  jeg vil ikke se de små
  I do not want to see the little ones
- 1882, Henrik Ibsen, En folkefiende‎^[66], page 50:
  det er alle de rige, alle dem med de gamle ansete navne i byen […] som styrer og råder over os
  it is all the rich, all those with the old respected names in town […] who govern and rule over us
- 1892, Henrik Ibsen, Bygmester Solness‎^[67], page 141:
  de fleste er lige så store skrælinger, som jeg
  most of them are just as great weaklings as I am
- 1909, Henrik Ibsen, Efterladte Skrifter‎^[68], volume I, page 276:
  7 forestillinger [ble forandret], hvoraf de 4 ved røde plakater
  seven performances [were changed], four of them by means of red posters
- 1909, Henrik Ibsen, Efterladte Skrifter‎^[69], volume I, page 296:
  alle vilde være de første i bådene
  everyone wanted to be the first into the boats
- 1926, Erling Winsnes, Veien vi ikke gaar‎^[70], page 39:
  en ekspedisjonssjef vil naturlig forsøke aa beskytte sine, de eldste paa kontoret, og de som man deler kjedelige hemmeligheter med
  a director general will naturally try to protect his own people, the oldest in the office, and those with whom he shares tiresome secrets
Before numerals, emphasizing a quantity or an age.
Han nærmer seg de femti. ― He is approaching fifty.
- 1874, Henrik Ibsen, Fru Inger til Østråt‎^[71], page 132:
  jeg var bleven henimod de fem og tyve år
  I had reached almost twenty-five years of age
- 1877, Henrik Ibsen, Samfundets støtter‎^[72], page 63:
  jeg er nu oppe i de femti år
  I am now in my fifties
- 1885, Henrik Ibsen, Brand‎^[73], page 17:
  [du] kunde visst de tusend sange!
  [you] surely knew a thousand songs!
- 1888, Henrik Ibsen, Fruen fra havet‎^[74], page 32:
  jeg har såmæn allerede, med skam at sige, fyldt de syv og tredive
  I have already, I must admit with shame, turned thirty-seven
- 1896, Henrik Ibsen, John Gabriel Borkman‎^[75], page 116:
  engang. For de mange – mange år siden
  once. Many, many years ago
- 1920, Peter Egge, Inde i Fjordene‎^[76], page 18:
  Borg er paa henimot de tretti kjør
  Borg has nearly thirty cows
- 1927, Johan Bojer, Samlede verker‎^[77], volume IV, page 15:
  en halvblind far paa de sytti
  a half-blind father in his seventies
(archaic) the; directly before a noun without an adjective.
Jeg ber de herrer ta plass. ― I ask the gentlemen to take their seats.
- 1853, Henrik Wergeland, Samlede Skrifter‎^[78], volume III, page 510:
  af ege fra de saxers tid beskygget, var et slags theater bygget
  sheltered by oaks dating from the days of the Saxons, a sort of theatre had been built
- 1862, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Sigurd Slembe‎^[79], page 121:
  hvad vælter de bølger i stille vejr?
  what makes the waves surge in calm weather?
- 1882, Alexander L. Kielland, Skipper Worse‎^[80], pages 256–257:
  saaledes som apostelen siger i brevet til de romere andet kapitel, fjerde vers
  just as the apostle says in the Epistle to the Romans, chapter two, verse four
- 1883, Henrik Ibsen, Gildet på Solhaug‎^[81], page 41:
  de småfugle kviddred fra busker og grene
  the little birds twittered from bushes and branches
- 1906, Hans E. Kinck, Agilulf den Vise‎^[82], page 173:
  de gangere staar sadlet, herre konge
  the steeds stand saddled, my lord king

Usage notes

The article is normally unstressed. The following noun normally has its definite suffix: de gamle husene ("the old houses"). Names, fixed expressions and formal or literary usage may lack this suffix.
The archaic construction before an unmodified noun follows a German pattern.
The determiner and article remain de when the whole noun phrase is an object: Jeg møtte de nye naboene ("I met the new neighbours").

Related terms

De (“you, in formal address”)
dem (“them; those”)
den (“that; it; the”)
deres (“their; theirs”)
det (“that; it; the”)
disse (“these”)

Etymology 2

PIE word
*yúHs

Inherited from Middle Norwegian ther, from Old Norse þér (“you, plural”), a variant of ér with initial þ- generalized from preceding verb forms ending in -ið, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a Northwest Germanic variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you, plural”).

In many Norwegian dialects, the corresponding pronoun instead continues Middle Norwegian thit, from þit (“you two”), a variant of it, from Proto-Germanic *jut. The old dual and plural forms merged as the dual distinction disappeared.^[3]

Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk de, Danish I, Swedish ni, Icelandic þér, German ihr (“you, plural”) and English ye.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/, [diː]
(unstressed) IPA^(key): /di/, [di]
Rhymes: -iː
Homophones: di, De
Hyphenation: de

Pronoun

de pl (objective dere, genitive deres)

(dated or dialectal) you; second-person plural.
Synonym: dere

Vil de komme inn, gutter? ― Will you come in, boys?
- 1907, Alexander L. Kielland, Samlede værker‎^[83], volume I, page 239:
  Per kom […] ind og sagde: «Værsaagod! – naa maa de spise!»
  Per came […] in and said: ‘Please! Now you may eat!’

Usage notes

This is an older subject form corresponding to modern dere (“you, plural”). It is distinct from the capitalized polite form De (“you”).

Etymology 3

PIE word
*de

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē (“from; of; concerning”), retained in Latin expressions, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, an instrumental formation from the particle Proto-Indo-European *de (“to; towards”) with *-h₁.

Compare French de, Spanish de, Portuguese de, Catalan de, Romanian de and Italian di (“of; from”).

Pronunciation

(in de facto and de jure) IPA^(key): /de/, [de]
(in de profundis) IPA^(key): /deː/, [deː]
(long-vowel pronunciation) Rhymes: -eː
(long-vowel pronunciation) Homophones: d, D, det
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

(in Latin expressions) of; from.
Grensen er de facto stengt. ― The border is de facto closed.
- 1881, Ludvig Daae, Norske bygdesagn‎^[84], page 62:
  naar St. Olafs minne var drukket, skulde oplæses alle afdøde brødres og søstres navne med requiem og de profundis
  when a toast had been drunk to St Olaf's memory, the names of all deceased brothers and sisters were to be read aloud, with a requiem and De profundis
- 1969, Dagbladet‎^[85], number 178, page 5, column 1:
  stormakter som de facto om enn ikke de jure ønsker å kolonisere månen
  great powers that, de facto if not de jure, wish to colonize the Moon

Derived terms

de facto (“de facto; in practice”)
de jure (“de jure; in law”)
de profundis (“De profundis; Psalm 130; a work inspired by that psalm”)

Etymology 4

PIE word
*de

Unadapted borrowing from French de (“of; from”), retained in French expressions and names, from Middle French de, from Old French de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, an instrumental formation from Proto-Indo-European *de (“to; towards”) with *-h₁.

Compare Spanish de, Portuguese de, Catalan de, Romanian de and Italian di (“of; from”).

Pronunciation

(as in eau de cologne) IPA^(key): /də/, [də]
(as in crème de la crème) IPA^(key): /dø/, [dø]
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

(in French expressions and names) of; from; in.
Hun bruker eau de cologne hver morgen. ― She uses eau de cologne every morning.

Han drømmer om å vinne Tour de France. ― He dreams of winning the Tour de France.
- 1898 August 19, Stavanger Aftenblad‎^[86], page 1:
  [han] indgjød tillid overalt hos Madrids selskabelige crème de la crème
  [he] inspired trust everywhere among the crème de la crème of Madrid society
- 1968, Bjørg Vik, Det grådige hjerte‎^[87], page 88:
  når hun likte en eau de cologne brukte hun den begeistret døgnet rundt
  when she liked an eau de cologne, she enthusiastically used it around the clock

Derived terms

crème de la crème (“crème de la crème; the best of the best”)
eau de cologne (“eau de cologne; cologne”)
eau de parfum (“eau de parfum”)
eau de toilette (“eau de toilette”)

References

^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum, volume IV, no. 827, 7 May 1425, pages 602–603.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 “Kjønnsnøytrale pronomen: personlig og politisk”, in Kilden, 31 October 2025, quoting Språkrådet.
^ Eric Papazian (2008), “De – dykk – dere. Andre person flertall i nordisk, særlig norsk”, Maal og Minne, no. 1, pages 70–71, 76–79.

“de” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“de” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
“De eller dem” in Språkrådet.
“De eller dem som?” in Språkrådet.
Mari Lund Eide (24 August 2023), “De – en kjønnsnøytral utfordrer til hen?”, in Språkprat.

Anagrams

De, de-, ed

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Middle Norwegian ther (“you”) and thit (“you two”), from Old Norse þér, a variant of ér (“you”) and þit, a variant of it (“you two”), from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Alternative forms

dokker
di, did (dialectal and/or nonstandard)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/, /diː/

Pronoun

de (objective case dykk, possessive dykkar)

you (second-person plural)

Synonyms

dokker

Etymology 2

From French de, Latin dē.

Preposition

de

used in set expressions (such as de jure); translates to "from" and "of"

Etymology 3

Pronoun

de

(Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)

Article

de n

(Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)

Etymology 4

Pronoun

de

(dialectal or eye dialect, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) pronunciation spelling of deg

References

“de” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
“de” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring
Ivar Aasen (1850), “did”, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog‎^[88] (in Danish), Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000

Nupe

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dē/

Verb

de

to have
Mi de etun à ― I don't have a job

Occitan

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Occitan de

Occitan de

Inherited from Old Occitan de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of
from

Alternative forms

d' (before a vowel)

Etymology 2

Noun

de f (plural des)

dee (the letter d, D)

Old French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old French de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Preposition

de

of
from
(Can we add an example for this sense?)

Usage notes

before a vowel, either remains as a separate word or becomes d'

Derived terms

del (de + le)
des (de + les)

Descendants

Middle French: de
- French: de
  - Mauritian Creole: de
  - → English: de

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

d- (elided form when followed by a word which begins with a vowel)
D- (elided form when followed by a capitalised word which begins with a vowel)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Galician-Portuguese de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Preposition

de

of
- a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de Toledo, cantiga 5 (facsimile):
  Eſta ·xviiii· é como ſṫa maria aiudou · á emperadriz de roma · a ſofrer as grãdes coitaſ per que paſſou.
  This 19th is how Holy Mary helped the empress of Rome suffer the great pains she underwent.

Descendants

Fala: de
Galician: de
Portuguese: de

References

Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “de”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “de”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Ferreiro, Manuel (2014–2026), “de”, in Universo Cantigas: edición crítica da poesía medieval galego-portuguesa [Universo Cantigas: critical edition of Galician-Portuguese medieval poetry] (in Galician), A Coruña: University of A Coruña, →ISSN

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̠ʲe/

Preposition

de

alternative form of di (“of, from”)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:de.

Pronoun

de

third-person singular masculine/neuter of di (“of, from”)
Used after the comparative degree of an adjective in the meaning of English “the” before a comparative
lía de ― the more (literally, “more of it”)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:de.

Old Occitan

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Occitan de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of
from

Old Spanish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Spanish de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de

of; -'s (indicates ownership)
- c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 1v:
  […] Rey don alfonso […] Sennor de caſtiella de Toledo de Leon de Gallizia de Seuilla de cordoua de Murcia de Jahen. ⁊ del Algarbe.
  King don Alfonso, lord of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaén and of the Algarve.
from; of (with the source or provenance of or at)
- c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 77v. b.:
  alli luego guio el eſtrella alos tres reyes magos que uinjeron de orient.
  There the star later guided the Three Wise Men that came from the east.
of (expressing composition or substance)
- c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.:
  e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.
  And their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.
about (concerning or with regard to)
- c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 118v:
  Et dixieron los ſabios en el libro de las piedras que la uerde atal uirtut. que quien la engaſtonare en ſortija. la traxiere conſigo. nõ aura la enfermedat a que dizen ydropiſia.
  And in the Book of Stones the wise men claimed that the green stone possesses such virtue that he who mounts it on a ring and has it with him will not suffer from the illness they call dropsy.
of (indicates a quality or characteristic)
- ca. 1429, Alfonso Chirino, Menor daño de la medicina (Escorial, b.IV.34) 115r:^[1]
  […] vn pañezuelo de buen diaquilon
  A cloth piece of good diachylon.
than (in certain phrases)
Coordinate term: que
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:
  Al dia ſeteno dixierõ lo ellos aſãſõ. Q̃ es mas dulce q̃ la miel o q̃l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſãpſõ. Si nõ araſſedes cõ mẏ uaq̃ella. nõ ſoltariedes mi adeuinãçiella.
  On the seventh day, they said to Samson, “What is sweeter than honey? Or what is stronger than a lion?” Samson said, “If you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my little riddle!”

Derived terms

del

Descendants

Ladino: de / די
Spanish: de

References

^ as shown in the RAE's Diachronic Corpus of Spanish (CORDE), accessed 2021-02-27

Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946), “de”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume I, Chapel Hill, page 163

Palula

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Verb

de (Arabic spelling دےۡ)

(auxiliary) past tense marker

References

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “de”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[89], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Papuan Malay

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Pronoun

de

he, she, it
De pukul sa kemarin.^[1] ― He hit me yesterday.

Usage notes

De is the short form of dia. It cannot always replace the latter. For instance, in the example below, 'by him' must be expressed by the full pronoun.

Sa dapa pukul (dari dia)^[1] ― I was hit (by him/her).

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sawaki, Yusuf (2007), Does Passive exist in Melayu Papua?‎^[1] (in Papuan Malay)

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German den.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de pl (definite)

dative plural of der (“the”)

Declension

	singular			plural
	m	f	n	plural
nominative	der	die	es	die
dative	dem, em	der	dem, em	de
accusative	der, den	die	es	die

Pronoun

de

you

Declension

Pennsylvania German personal pronouns
Number	singular						plural
Person/ Gender	1st	2nd person		3rd person			1st	2nd	3rd
Person/ Gender	1st	familiar	polite/formal	m	f	n	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ich	du de¹	dihr der¹ Sie	er	sie se¹	es	mir mer¹	dihr der¹	sie
dative	mir mer¹	dir der¹	eich Ihne Ne¹	ihm em¹	ihre re¹	ihm em¹	uns	eich	ihne ne¹
accusative	mich	dich	eich Sie	ihn en¹	sie se¹	es	uns	eich	sie

¹ unstressed

Polish

Etymology

From the first letter of dupa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdɛ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ
Syllabification: de

Noun

de n (indeclinable)

(minced oath) ass, arse, butt

Portuguese

Alternative forms

d' (archaic, except for fixed terms)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Galician-Portuguese de

Portuguese de

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁. Cognate with Galician de.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒi/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨ/

(Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): /di/
(Caipira) IPA^(key): /di/
Audio (Brazil (São Paulo)): (file)
Audio (Portugal (Porto)): (file)
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

of (in relation to)
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 138:
  O protesto de Hermione foi abafado por uma risadinha alta.
  Hermione's objection was interrupted by a loud little laugh.
os amigos dele ― his friends (literally, “the friends of him”)
2. of (forms compounds; often untranslated)
  fones de ouvido ― headphones (literally, “phones of ear”)
  
  acampamento de verão ― summer camp
4. of; about (on the subject of)
  Do que estavam falando? ― What were they talking about?
6. of; -'s (belonging to)
  a casa de alguém ― someone's house
8. -'s (made by)
  Você provou o bolo da minha mãe? ― Have you tried my mother’s cake?
10. of (being a part of)
  capa do livro ― cover of the book
12. of (introduces the month a given day is part of)
  Primeiro de janeiro. ― First of January.
14. of (introduces the object of an agent noun)
  Hitler foi um exterminador de judeus. ― Hitler was an exterminator of Jews.
16. of (introduces the name of a place following its hypernym)
  A vila de Iorque. ― The village of York.
of; -en (made or consisting of)
De que é feito? ― What is this made of? (literally, “Of what is made this?”)
2. -long (having the duration of)
  um filme de duas horas ― a two hour-long movie
4. of (indicates the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun)
  Milhares de pessoas vieram. ― Thousands of people came.
6. of (characterised by; having the given quality)
  O templo não é mais um local de paz. ― The temple is no longer a place of peace.
of (introduces the noun that applies a given adjective or past participle)
Um balde cheio de água. ― A bucket full of water.
from (born in or coming out of)
De onde você é? ― Where are you from?
by means of; by
Eu sempre vou trabalhar de ônibus. ― I always go to work by bus.
as (in the role of)
Na festa, ele estava de bruxo. ― At the party, he was dressed as a wizard.
in (wearing)
Homens de Preto ― Men in Black

Usage notes

When followed by an article, a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, or an adverb denoting location, de is combined with the next word to give the following combined forms:

Contractions of de

De + article	Combined form
de + o	do
de + a	da
de + os	dos
de + as	das
de + um	dum
de + uma	duma
de + uns	duns
de + umas	dumas

De + pronoun	Combined form
de + ela	dela
de + elas	delas
de + ele	dele
de + eles	deles

De + dem. pronoun	Combined form
de + aquela	daquela
de + aquelas	daquelas
de + aquele	daquele
de + aqueles	daqueles
de + aquilo	daquilo
de + esse	desse
de + essa	dessa
de + esses	desses
de + essas	dessas
de + este	deste
de + esta	desta
de + estes	destes
de + estas	destas
de + isso	disso
de + isto	disto
de + outra	doutra
de + outras	doutras
de + outro	doutro
de + outros	doutros

De + adverb	Combined form
de + acolá	dacolá
de + algures	dalgures
de + ali	dali
de + além	dalém
de + antes	dantes
de + aqui	daqui
de + aquém	daquém
de + aí	daí
de + entre	dentre
de + estoutra	destoutra
de + estoutro	destoutro
de + onde	donde

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:de.

Romanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Romanian de

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/
Audio (female voice): (file)
Rhymes: -e

Conjunction

de

(informal or literary) if^{[conj note 1]}
Synonyms: dacă (most usual), să (relatively uncommon)
(with the optative mood) if only
(informal) that (to the effect that)^{[conj note 2]}
Synonyms: încât, (informal) că

Am așteptat de ne-am plictisit.
We waited [so much] that we got bored.

E frig de a înghețat râul.
It’s [so] cold that the river froze.

Cum au jucat de au pierdut așa de rău?
How did they play to lose so badly?

Am bani de nu știu ce să fac cu ei.
I have [so much] money that I don’t know what to do with it.
(archaic) while (whereas, despite the fact that)
Synonyms: chiar dacă, deși, cu toate că

Usage notes

^ In the meaning of “if”, de is not typically directly followed by any word other than a verb, a pronoun (accusative or reflexive, but not nominative) or the word nu (“no”). The more common and style-neutral dacă is under no such restrictions.
^ As an informal synonym of încât, de is used in simple constructions without any coordinative adverbs like atât, așa (“so”); therefore, a part of the sentence (“so much”, “so hard”, etc.) is missing and must be inferred. Încât and că, while equivalent in meaning, require a coordinative adverb and so are not readily interchangeable with de. Additionally, in these constructions de is normally directly followed by the predicate (including any reflexive prounouns, direct object pronouns or indirect object pronouns). Thus, Vântul bate de se îndoaie pomii (“The wind is blowing [so hard] that the trees are bending”) is a typical sentence, whereas Vântul bate de pomii se îndoaie is at least unusual.

Preposition

de (+accusative)

of
Beau o ceașcă de ceai. ― I’m drinking a cup of tea.

Este profesor de matematică ― He’s a teacher of mathematics.
(before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of motion: from.^{[prep note 1]}
Apa picură de sus. ― The water drips from above.

De unde vine sunetul? ― Where does the sound come from?

Gloanțele acestea nu sunt bune decât de aproape. ― These bullets are only good from a short distance.

Seara la ora de vârf toată lumea se întoarce de la serviciu.
In the evening during rush hour everybody is returning from work.

Ia plasa de lângă radiator! O să se topească! ― Take the bag away from near the heater! It will melt!

O foaie de hârtie poate fi trasă repede de sub un pahar. ― A sheet of paper can be quickly pulled from under a glass.
(before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of origin: from.^{[prep note 1]}
Mâncarea de acolo e bună. ― The food from there is good.

Pământul de sub Turnul din Pisa este prea moale. ― The earth from under the Leaning Tower of Pisa is too soft.
(with adverbs/prepositions/conjunctions of time or precisely referenced time-related nouns) of, from, ’s
Ziua de mâine va fi mai bună decât ziua de azi.
Tomorrow will be better than today.
(literally, “the day of tomorrow”, “the day of today”)

Întâlnirile de mâine, de marți și de săptămâna viitoare se amână.
Tomorrow’s, Tuesday’s and next week’s meetings are being postponed.

Arhiva este plină cu documente de demult. ― The archive is full of documents from long ago.

Știrile acestea nu sunt de acum, ci de anul trecut. ― These news are not from right now, but from last year.

Mă uit la poze de dinainte să mă fi născut. ― I’m looking at photos from before I was born.

Retrăiesc amintiri de când eram copil. ― I’m reliving memories from when I was a child.

Anii de după Revoluție au fost grei. ― The years from after the Revolution were difficult.
for (intended for a certain destination)
În magazin hainele de bărbați sunt în stânga, iar cele de femei în dreapta.
In the shop, men’s clothes are on the left, while women’s are on the right.

Acestea sunt de începători. ― These are for beginners.

Ai cizme de lucru? ― Do you have work boots?
Introduces a measure or a measurable or describable trait: of
Suma este de zece lei. ― The sum is 10 lei. (literally, “The sum is of ten lei.”)

A fost instalat un stâlp de șase metri înălțime.
A pole six metres in height was installed.
(literally, “of six metres in height”)

Un procent de 40% din populația orașului este de etnie maghiară.
A percentage of 40% out of the town’s population is of Hungarian ethnicity.

― De ce culoare este casa? ― De culoare galbenă.
“What colour is the house?” “Yellow in colour”.

Nu mai cumpăr niciodată energizant de doi lei.
I’ll never buy a two lei energy drink again.
(literally, “an energy drink of two lei”)
Introduces the doer of a passive verb or participle: by.^{[prep note 2]}
Programul este susținut de statul român.
The program is supported by the Romanian state.
Introduces the author of a work: by.
Connects a cardinal numeral who is a multiple of 100 or whose tens are greater than 1 to the determinated noun.^{[prep note 3]}
În cont sunt două sute șaisprezece lei și patruzeci și patru de bani.
In the account there are 216 lei and 44 bani.
Connects most adverbs other than certain basic ones to the determined adjectives or adverbs.
Sunt nemaipomenit de atent să ajung suficient de devreme. ― I’m exceedingly careful to arrive sufficiently early.

Motocicleta merge destul de repede. ― The motorbike is going pretty fast.

E atât de frumos afară. ― It’s so beautiful outside.
Follows certain adverbs of position (as well as the temporal adverb înainte) to form prepositional phrases.
Este bine să locuiești aproape de centrul orașului. ― It is good to live near the city centre.

Stația nu este departe de aici. ― The station is not far from here.

Dincolo de munți se află Transilvania. ― Beyond the mountains lies Transylvania.

Aceste clădiri au fost construite înainte de Primul Război Mondial. ― These buildings were built before the First World War.
Marks the point of action of a force of grip: by.
Nu lua iepurele de urechi. ― Do not grab the rabbit by the ears.

Plăcile se prind numai de margini. ― Vinyls are held by the edges only.

L-a mușcat câinele de mână. ― The dog bit him by the hand.

Pisicii nu îi place să fie trasă de coadă. ― The cat doesn’t like having its tail pulled. (literally, “being pulled by the tail”)
(informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings) for, because of, out of^{[prep note 4]}
Synonyms: de la (colloquial), din cauza

La ora șase încă eram buimac de somn. ― At six I was still groggy for lack of sleep.

Unii prizonieri au murit de foame, iar ceilalți de diverse boli.
Some of the prisoners died of hunger, and the rest of various diseases.

O să îți pierzi capul de zăpăcit ce ești.
You’ll lose your own head for being so absent-minded.
(literally, “for absent-minded that you are”)

În casa asta nu se poate locui de multe ce lipsesc.
One cannot live in this house for how many things are missing.
(literally, “for many that are missing”)

Muncitorii deja sunt obosiți de atâta drum.
The workers are already tired for having come such a long way.
(literally, “because of so much journey”)
(informal, chiefly in the negative) Indicates the cause of a hindrance, physical or otherwise: because of
Unii oameni stau în ușă fără să își dea seama că alții nu pot trece de ei.
Some people stand in the doorway without realising that others cannot pass because of them.

Nu se vede de ceață. ― There is no visibility because of fog.

Mă auzi de zgomot? ― Can you hear me with all this noise?

Pe aici nu se poate trece de minele de teren. ― One cannot pass through here due to landmines.
Forms an adverbial numeral with ori or dăți.
De câte ori a bătut ceasul? De șase ori.
How many times did the pendulum clock strike? Six times.
Precedes numbers and letters when they are themselves counted.
Dacă ai un opt, o să îți trebuiască trei de zece ca să îți iasă media zece.
If you have one grade of 8 (equivalent of a B), you’ll need three 10’s (equivalent of an A) to still get an average grade of 10.

„Nu fi” nu se scrie cu doi de i, ci cu unul.
Nu fi (“don’t be”) isn’t written with two i’s, but with one.
(after indications of position or before numerals, time coordinates, or the word atât) than
Coordinate term: decât (mutually exclusive in use)

Puține orașe se află mai jos de nivelul mării. ― Few cities are situated lower than sea level.

Război și pace are mai mult de o mie de pagini. ― War and Peace has more than a thousand pages.

A trecut mai puțin de jumătate din vacanță. ― Less than half of summer break has passed.

Nu se poate mai devreme de luna viitoare. ― It isn’t possible any earlier than next month.

Poți chiar mai bine de atât. ― You can do even better than that.
Marks the starting point of a state or recurring event: since, starting, as of.
de acum încolo ― from now on

Curentul e tăiat de ieri. ― The power is cut since yesterday.

Noii angajați încep de săptămâna viitoare serviciul. ― The new employees are beginning work starting next week.
Marks the duration of a state or recurring event persisting to the present: for, in
Compania noastră este prezentă în România de șase ani. ― Our company has been present in Romania for six years.

Nu te-am mai văzut de multă vreme. ― I haven’t seen you in a long time.
(only of festive dates) on
Coordinate term: pe (of regular dates)

De Anul Nou sau de 1 Mai se petrece. ― On New Year or May Day one celebrates.

Mi-am luat concediu de ziua mea de naștere. ― On my birthday I took a day off.
(informal) Against a sum of money or the equivalent value of something.
De cincizeci de lei am luat cafea și de restul zahăr. ― I bought fifty lei’s worth of coffee, and sugar with the remainder.

Poftim cinci lei, ia-ți bomboane de ei. ― Here’s five lei, buy yourself candy with it.

De bonuri de masă nu se poate cumpăra alcool. ― One cannot buy alcohol with meal vouchers.
(informal) synonym of despre (“about, of”)^{[prep note 5]}
Ce știe lumea de economie? ― What do people know about economy?

Tocmai vorbeam de tine. ― We were just talking about you.
(informal) Connects an often negative qualifier to a noun or pronoun: of a.
Aici stă un nesuferit de moș. ― Here lives a jerk of an old man.

Prostul de mine, am uitat. ― Foolish me, I forgot.
Stands between two repetitions of a unit of time to mark it as an interval of regular repetition: by.
zi de zi ― day by day, daily

an de an ― year by year, annualy

Minut de minut se aude semnalul. ― The signal is heard every minute. (literally, “minute by minute”)
(colloquial) Stands between two reduplications of a noun, with the resulting construction signifying that said noun is distinguished in its class in an impressive way.
Am văzut azi la magazin pantofi de pantofi. Bine, aveau și niște prețuri de prețuri.
I saw some world-class shoes at the store today. Well, they also had some crazy high prices.

Mi-a venit o idee de idee. ― I’ve just had an excellent idea.

Toți se cred șmecheri de șmecheri. ― They all think they’re some real cool guys.
Indicates a specific train by its origin station.
Trenul de Timișoara face cincisprezece ore până la Iași. ― The Timișoara train takes fifteen hours to Iași.
Indicates the recipients of an equal distribution: per.
Rația e de 2 litri de apă de persoană. ― The ration is 2 litres of water per person.

Usage notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 In the sense of “from”, de must contract into în (“in”) to form din, into între (“between”) to form dintre, and analogously into all adverbs derived from în. The combination de la is lexicalised.
^ When in a passive construction, de can be followed by către for clarification and to no change in meaning. This is typical of, but not restricted to, formal language.
^ The de that connects numerals to nouns may be omitted, but only in very formal, financial or legal language.
^
Of the constructions using de to mean “because of”, those that are not restricted to colloquial language are those referring to common bodily states: de foame (“because of hunger”), de sete (“because of thirst”), de frig (“because of cold”), de cald (“because of heat”), de frică (“for fear”), de somn (“for lack of sleep”), as well as with the name of any disease. Informally, an optional correlative sentence can be added using the connector ce. This meaning of de is very similar to one of the senses of de la. Most of the time, however, they are not interchangeable:
- De can precede either a noun or an adjective, whereas de la only precedes nouns.
- When preceding nouns, a cause introduced by de generally represents a feeling that is experienced, while the cause introduced by de la generally represents an event or an activity that worked to lead to a result in a manner understood by itself. Compare de oboseală (“out of exhaustion”) with de la alergat (“from all the running around”, which is understood to have led to exhaustion).
- The previous point can be disregarded if the determiner atâta (“so much”) is prepended to the noun, in which case de is valid either way: de atâta alergat (“from so much running around”).
- De is more likely to have negative connotations than de la.
^ In the sense of “about”, it can only be used after a verb, and not copulatively (“is about”) or after a noun (“a discussion about”). Despre, however, can be used in any of these situations.

Derived terms

Pronoun

de m or f or n (indeclinable)

(informal or regional) Relative pronoun: who, whom, to whom.
Synonym: care

Usage notes

De can replace any form of care in the nominative, accusative and dative case.

Nominative: omul care a sosit — omul de a sosit (“The man who arrived”)
Accusative: casa pe care o văd — casa de o văd (“the house which I see”)
Dative: unul căruia i-am plătit — unul de i-am plătit (“one to whom I paid”)

Genitive constructions cannot be expressed with de.

Replacement of accusative care preceded by a preposition is done with a resumption of the object: filmul la care ne-am uitat — filmul de ne-am uitat la el (“the film we watched”). Stylistically this is much less desirable.

References

“de”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2026

Romansh

Alternative forms

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader) di, (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) gi

Etymology

Inherited from Latin diēs.

Noun

de m (plural des)

(Surmiran) day

Sardinian

Alternative forms

'e (aphetic)
d' (apocopic)
di (Campidanese)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Preposition

de (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese)

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s
from
by; of; ’s
than
Used in superlative forms; in; of
about; on; concerning
Expresses composition; of; made of; in or more often omitted
(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted
Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006), Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964), “de”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
Hyphenation: de

Article

de

Unstressed form of die
Unstressed form of ju
Unstressed form of do

References

Pyt Kramer (1996), Kute Seelter Sproakleere‎^[91], Mildam, page 10

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

dhe

Etymology

From Old Irish di. Cognates include Irish de and Manx jeh.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̥ʲe/, (some speakers; arises from conflation with do) /d̪̊ə/

Preposition

de (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhen)

of
off

Usage notes

Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form de dh' may be used:
tha gràine de dh'airgead agam ― I have a little bit of money
In colloquial language and certain set phrases, the reduced form a may be used:
chan eil càil a dh'fhios aige ― he has no idea

Inflection

Personal inflection of de
	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		dhìom	dhìomsa
	second		dhìot	dhìotsa
	third	m	dheth	dhethsan
	third	f	dhith	dhithse

plural	first		dhinn	dhinne
	second		dhibh	dhibhse
	third		dhiubh	dhiubhsan

Derived terms

bhàrr (“down from, from off”)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kъdě, *kъde, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰe.

Adverb

de (Cyrillic spelling де)

(Kajkavian, regional) where

Pronoun

de ? (Cyrillic spelling де)

(Kajkavian, regional) where

Synonyms

gdje

Seychellois Creole

Etymology

From French deux, from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Numeral

de

two

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.

Adjective

-de

tall

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (after a pause, 'l', 'm', 'n' and 'ñ') /de/ [d̪e]
- Rhymes: -e
IPA^(key): (elsewhere) /de/ [ð̞e̞]
- Rhymes: -e
IPA^(key): (elsewhere, dialectal, rapid speech) [e̞] (or silent)
- Rhymes:
Audio (Peru): (file)
Audio (Spain): (file)
Syllabification: de
Homophone: dé

Etymology 1

Noun

de f (plural des)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old Spanish de

Spanish de

Inherited from Old Spanish de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁. Cognate with Ladino de.

Alternative forms

d' (archaic, before vowels)
d (Internet slang)

Preposition

de

of; 's; used after the thing owned and before the owner
la cola del perro
the dog’s tail
- 2024 November 8, Kaitlan Collins, “Batallas desde el patio de Mar-a-Lago: cómo el equipo de Trump compite por los puestos”, in CNN en Español‎^[92], archived from the original on 11 November 2024:
  Esas conversaciones en voz baja se convirtieron ahora en una auténtica batalla que se desarrolla directamente desde el patio del club Mar-a-Lago de Trump en Palm Beach, Florida.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
from (with the source or provenance of or at)
Soy de España.
I’m from Spain.

agua de manantial ― springwater
of (expressing composition, substance)
una mesa de madera ― a wooden table
about (concerning; with regard to)
Synonyms: sobre, acerca de

Están hablando del pasado.
They’re talking about the past.

tratarse de ― to be about; to concern
of; from (indicating cause)
Murió de hambre.
He died of hunger.
of (indicates a quality or characteristic)
un hombre de fe
a man of faith
from (with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at)
Synonym: desde

el vuelo de Miami a Chicago
the flight from Miami to Chicago
of (indicates the subject or cause of the adjective)
harto de ― sick of; tired of
from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)
Nos protege del frío.
It protects us from the cold.
than (in certain phrases)
más de ― more than

menos de ― less than, fewer than
used to construct compound nouns (with attributive nouns)
campamento de verano
summer camp
(followed by the infinitive) indicates a conditional desire
De haberlo sabido, no lo habría dicho.
If I had known, I wouldn't have said it.
forms adverbs; indicates a time of day or period of someone's life
de día ― during the daytime

de niño ― as a child; during childhood

(colloquial) de normal ― normally
(after a noun and before a verb) indicates the purpose of an object
Synonym: para

goma de mascar ― chewing gum

caña de pescar ― fishing rod

Usage notes

As a rule, de combines with el to form del. The exceptions to this are titles and other proper nouns, e.g. El Dorado, in which case the contraction must be omitted: de El Dorado.
May form an all-capital ligature .

Derived terms

Related terms

Sranan Tongo

Etymology

From Igbo dị. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/, [dɪ̞], [de̝]

Verb

de

(copula) to be.

Particle

de

(dated) alternative form of e

Swedish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai (with noun ending -r).

Alternative forms

dom (informal)
di (informal, dialectal)

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)
(Sweden) IPA^(key): /dɔm/, (formal) /deː/, (dialectal) /diː/, (dialectal) /dɪ/
Homophone: dem (if pronounced /dɔm/)
Homophones: det, D, d (if pronounced /deː/.)
(Finland) IPA^(key): /diː/
Rhymes: -ɔm, -eː

Pronoun

de (third-person plural nominative, dative and accusative dem, genitive deras, reflexive sig)

they
De ser dem
They see them
misspelling of dem

Usage notes

In most dialects, de (“they”) and dem (“them”) are no longer distinguished in speech. They are regularly mixed up in writing by native speakers, due to lack of grammatical intuition.
/deː/ is not an uncommon pronunciation when read out loud and in songs and the like, but can sound stilted in casual conversation.

Declension

Swedish personal pronouns
Number	Person		nominative	oblique	possessive
Number	Person		nominative	oblique	common	neuter	plural
singular	first	—	jag	mig, mej³	min	mitt	mina
	second	—	du	dig, dej³	din	ditt	dina
	third	masculine (person)	han	honom, han², en⁵	hans
		feminine (person)	hon	henne, na⁵	hennes
		gender-neutral (person)¹	hen	hen, henom⁷	hens
		common (noun)	den	den	dess
		neuter (noun)	det	det	dess
		indefinite	man or en⁴	en	ens
		reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina
plural	first	—	vi	oss	vår, våran²	vårt, vårat²	våra
	second	—	ni	er	er, eran², ers⁶	ert, erat²	era
	second	archaic	I	eder	eder, eders⁶	edert	edra
	third	—	de, dom³	dem, dom³	deras
	third	reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina

¹Neologism. Usage has increased since 2010, though it remains limited.

²Informal

³Colloquial pronunciation spelling.

⁴Dialectal, also used lately as an alternative to man, to avoid association to the male gender.

⁵Informal, somewhat dialectal

⁶Formal address

⁷Discouraged by the Swedish Language Council

Article

de

the, a definite article used in the beginning of noun phrases containing attributive adjectives and nouns in the plural. This article is used together with the definite suffix of the noun to indicate the definiteness of the noun phrase.
de gröna bilarna ― the green cars

Usage notes

The usage notes for den explain how to express "the [adjective] [noun]."
The same type of noun phrases with singular nouns instead use den (common gender) or det (neuter) for this function. Some definite noun phrases with attributive adjectives may skip these preceding articles. This is the case especially for many lexicalized noun phrases and also for many noun phrases working as proper names of organisations, geographical places, TV shows, events and similar.

Brittiska öarna

The British Isles

Han har varit inne i Vita huset

He has been inside the White House (where "Han har varit inne i det vita huset" would be expected were "Vita huset" not a proper noun)

While the personal pronoun de has an object form and a genitive form, the definite article de is unaffected by the syntactic role of the noun phrase.

Related terms

de här

Etymology 2

From the common pronunciation of this word.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/
Homophones: det, D, d

Pronoun

de

(colloquial, text messaging, Internet) pronunciation spelling of det
Synonyms: d, re

Article

de

(colloquial, text messaging, Internet) pronunciation spelling of det
Synonym: d

References

“den”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
“den”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
“den”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

e.d., ed

Tabaru

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [de]

Conjunction

de

coordinating conjunction between two nouns: and
'o 'esa de 'o dea ― mother and father
coordinating conjunction between two clauses: and
'una wigogama de witirine ― he is feverish and he trembles

References

Edward A. Kotynski (1988), “Tabaru phonology and morphology”, in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, volume 32, Summer Institute of Linguistics

Tagalog

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /de/ [d̪ɛ]
Rhymes: -e
Syllabification: de

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish de (“of”), from Old Spanish de, from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.

Preposition

de (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ) (archaic)

of
Synonym: ng

Usage notes

Now only used in some expressions.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish de, the Spanish name of the letter D / d.

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Talysh

Preposition

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Tarantino

Preposition

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

of

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

day
- The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Related terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

References

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Turkish

Alternative forms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 1

From The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors,^[1] from The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.^[2]^[3]

Conjunction

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

as well, too, also
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
however
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

Complies with vowel harmony; takes the form The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors with vowels "a, ı, o, u" and de with vowels "e, i, ö, ü."
Although generally linked with the word before in conversations, the Turkish Language Association considers the joined spelling of the word before with "de" as a misspelling.

Etymology 2

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 3

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

References

^ The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
^ The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
^ The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Ufim

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

tree

References

The Boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian Linguistics (Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Darrell T. Tryon; 2001), page 283: "Ufim de"
ASJP citing McElhanon and Voorhoeve (2004)

Volapük

Preposition

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

of, from
- The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
- The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Welsh

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 1

Contraction of older The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, from The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors. Cognate with The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

The sense "south" comes from the fact that the south is on the right-hand side of a person facing east.^[1] Compare the relationship between The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors and The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Adjective

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

right The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
south, southern (abbreviation: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors)

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

right
south
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors South The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

The noun has masculine gender when used with the sense of "south" and feminine gender when used with the sense "right".

Mutation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Antonyms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

References

^ The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 2

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Mutation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

West Frisian

Etymology

Compare Dutch and Low German The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, English The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, German The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Determiner

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

the; The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

After one-syllable prepositions ending in a consonant, the variant The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors is used.

Inflection

Common singular: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
Neuter singular: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
Plural: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

West Makian

Etymology

Possibly related to the stem found in The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronoun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, I

References

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Wyandot

Etymology

cf. The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Article

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

the

Xhosa

Etymology

From The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Adjective

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

tall

Inflection

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Xibe

Romanization

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Ye'kwana

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors |+ colspan="2" | Variant orthographies |- ! The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsALIV | The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors |- ! Brazilian standard | The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors |- ! New Tribes | The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors |- |- |- |- The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Particle

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

References

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Yoruba

Alternative forms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 1

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to tie down, to constrain
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
to embroider
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

de when coming before a direct object

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 2

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to deputize, to hold a position for someone temporarily
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

Usually used with the word The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
de when coming before a direct object

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 3

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors Cognate with The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to await, to wait for
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Usage notes

de when coming before a direct object noun
Used as a verb-second element

Etymology 4

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to arrive
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to attain, to reach a particular point

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Preposition

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

up to, as far as
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Etymology 5

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors Cognate with The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors to cover, to wear a hat

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Zande

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

woman

Zealandic

Etymology

An unstressed variety of The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors.

Determiner

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

the (definite article)

Inflection

Masculine: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors, The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
Feminine: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
Neuter: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
Plural: The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Zhuang

Etymology

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Proto-Zhuang-Tai *te.A?”

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronunciation

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Pronoun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

he, she, it

Zulu

Etymology

From The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors. The expected reflex would be -le, however it was changed due to analogy with its class 8, 9, and 10 forms (zinde, inde, zinde).

Adjective

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

long
tall, high

Inflection

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Derived terms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Verb

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors always The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

Inflection

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

This verb needs an [[:Category:The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors verb inflection-table templates|inflection-table template]].

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

References

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errorsThe time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

ǃKung

Noun

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

woman

Synonyms

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors
The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

The time allocated for running Lua modules has expired. More information: Wiktionary:Lua timeout errors

[1] Banque de dépannage linguistique

[2] Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73

[3] Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 19

[4] “de”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026

[dipi-5] 2.0 ^2.1 “de” in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

[Folkmasa-6] “de”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola [Treasury of the Judeo-Spanish Language] (in Ladino, Hebrew, and English), Instituto Maale Adumim

[Coṃpendio-7] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dov Cohen and Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald (19 June 2019), “Coṃpendio delas šeḥiṭót (Constantinople ca. 1510): The First Judeo-Spanish Printed Publication”, in Journal of Jewish Languages, volume 7, number 1, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →DOI, →ISSN, page 4651

[8] Geoffrey Sampson (1985), Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. →ISBN, page 109.

[9] Diplomatarium Norvegicum, volume IV, no. 827, 7 May 1425, pages 602–603.

[singular-de-10] 2.0 ^2.1 “Kjønnsnøytrale pronomen: personlig og politisk”, in Kilden, 31 October 2025, quoting Språkrådet.

[11] Eric Papazian (2008), “De – dykk – dere. Andre person flertall i nordisk, særlig norsk”, Maal og Minne, no. 1, pages 70–71, 76–79.

[12] s shown in the RAE's Diachronic Corpus of Spanish (CORDE), accessed 2021-02-27

[Sawaki-13] 1.0 ^1.1 Sawaki, Yusuf (2007), Does Passive exist in Melayu Papua?‎^[1] (in Papuan Malay)

[if-14] In the meaning of “if”, de is not typically directly followed by any word other than a verb, a pronoun (accusative or reflexive, but not nominative) or the word nu (“no”). The more common and style-neutral dacă is under no such restrictions.

[that-15] As an informal synonym of încât, de is used in simple constructions without any coordinative adverbs like atât, așa (“so”); therefore, a part of the sentence (“so much”, “so hard”, etc.) is missing and must be inferred. Încât and că, while equivalent in meaning, require a coordinative adverb and so are not readily interchangeable with de. Additionally, in these constructions de is normally directly followed by the predicate (including any reflexive prounouns, direct object pronouns or indirect object pronouns). Thus, Vântul bate de se îndoaie pomii (“The wind is blowing [so hard] that the trees are bending”) is a typical sentence, whereas Vântul bate de pomii se îndoaie is at least unusual.

[from-18] 1.0 ^1.1 In the sense of “from”, de must contract into în (“in”) to form din, into între (“between”) to form dintre, and analogously into all adverbs derived from în. The combination de la is lexicalised.

[by-19] When in a passive construction, de can be followed by către for clarification and to no change in meaning. This is typical of, but not restricted to, formal language.

[num-20] The de that connects numerals to nouns may be omitted, but only in very formal, financial or legal language.

[due-21] Of the constructions using de to mean “because of”, those that are not restricted to colloquial language are those referring to common bodily states: de foame (“because of hunger”), de sete (“because of thirst”), de frig (“because of cold”), de cald (“because of heat”), de frică (“for fear”), de somn (“for lack of sleep”), as well as with the name of any disease. Informally, an optional correlative sentence can be added using the connector ce. This meaning of de is very similar to one of the senses of de la. Most of the time, however, they are not interchangeable:
De can precede either a noun or an adjective, whereas de la only precedes nouns.

When preceding nouns, a cause introduced by de generally represents a feeling that is experienced, while the cause introduced by de la generally represents an event or an activity that worked to lead to a result in a manner understood by itself. Compare de oboseală (“out of exhaustion”) with de la alergat (“from all the running around”, which is understood to have led to exhaustion).

The previous point can be disregarded if the determiner atâta (“so much”) is prepended to the noun, in which case de is valid either way: de atâta alergat (“from so much running around”).

De is more likely to have negative connotations than de la.

[20] De can precede either a noun or an adjective, whereas de la only precedes nouns.

[21] When preceding nouns, a cause introduced by de generally represents a feeling that is experienced, while the cause introduced by de la generally represents an event or an activity that worked to lead to a result in a manner understood by itself. Compare de oboseală (“out of exhaustion”) with de la alergat (“from all the running around”, which is understood to have led to exhaustion).

[22] The previous point can be disregarded if the determiner atâta (“so much”) is prepended to the noun, in which case de is valid either way: de atâta alergat (“from so much running around”).

[23] De is more likely to have negative connotations than de la.

[bout-22] In the sense of “about”, it can only be used after a verb, and not copulatively (“is about”) or after a noun (“a discussion about”). Despre, however, can be used in any of these situations.

[1]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

[1]

[conj note 1]

[conj note 2]

[prep note 1]

[prep note 2]

[prep note 3]

[prep note 4]

[prep note 5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

Danish personal pronouns
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
	Second	formal (uncommon)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		indefinite	man	en	ens
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
	First	archaic / formal	vi	os	vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
	Third	reflexive	–	sig	deres

Translingual

Etymology 1

Symbol

See also

Etymology 2

Symbol

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Verb

References

Etymology 3

Article

Etymology 4

Interjection

Etymology 5

Preposition

References

Anagrams

Ahtna

Postposition

Akan

Verb

Verb

Usage notes

Derived terms

Adjective

Albanian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Interjection

Alternative forms

Related terms

References

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

References

Etymology 3

Preposition

References

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

Article

Declension

Asturian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Preposition

Usage notes

Derived terms

Babine-Witsuwit'en

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Bambara

Pronunciation

Particle

References

Barapasi

Noun

References

Basque

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

See also

Further reading

Bavarian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Article

See also

Pronoun

Synonyms