ar

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

Languages (53)

Translingual • English

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Abau • Abinomn • Albanian • Aromanian • Azerbaijani • Basque • Breton • Chungli Ao • Chuukese • Cimbrian • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • East Central German • Galician • Hausa • Irish • Italian • Jamaican Creole • Kalasha • Khasi • Latgalian • Latvian • Lithuanian • Livonian • Malay • Mauritian Creole • Megleno-Romanian • Middle English • Middle Welsh • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Old Swedish • Pnar • Polabian • Polish • Portuguese • Romanian • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Swedish • Tagalog • Talysh • Turkish • Welsh • Yola

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Arabic.

Symbol

ar

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Arabic.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Arabic terms

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɑː/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹ/
• (Ireland) IPA^(key): /ˈaɹ/, /ˈäːɹ/
• (African-American Vernacular) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹə/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː, -ɑɹ, -ɔɹ, -ɑɹə

Etymology 1

From Middle English *ar, arres pl, from earlier *er.

Noun

ar (plural ars)

2. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

   All the ars in the inscription.

   • 2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:

     I have drunk en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar from the ef-ell-oh-doubleyou-ee-ar-ess in his gee-ay-ar-dee-ee-en many a time.

   • 2016 CCEB, Communications Instructions Radiotelephone Procedures: ACP125 (G), p. 3-5

     RV [is spoken] as "ar-vee" instead of "I SPELL Romeo Victor".

Derived terms

• ar-dropping
• arless
• Jay Ar

Descendants

• → Malay: ar
• → Tagalog: ar

Translations

name of the letter R, r

• Afrikaans: er (af)
• Arabic: آر m (ʔār)
• Asturian: erre (ast)
• Bengali: আর (bn) (ar)
• Bulgarian: ер m (er)
• Burmese: အာရ် (ar)
• Catalan: erra (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: (English letter names are called as in English, no other standard Mandarin name exists)

• Czech: er (cs)
• Danish: er (da) n
• Dutch: er (nl)
• Esperanto: ro (eo)
• Faroese: err n
• Finnish: är (fi), ärrä (fi)
• French: erre (fr) m
• Galician: erre (gl) m
• Greek: αρ n (ar)
• Hawaiian: rō
• Hindi: आर (hi) (ār)
• Ido: re (io)
• Indonesian: er (id)
• Irish: ear, ruis
• Italian: erre (it) f
• Japanese: アール (ja) (āru)
• Korean: 알 (ko) (al), 아르 (ko) (areu)
• Latin: er (la)
• Malay: ar
• Marathi: आर (ār)
• Occitan: èrra f
• Persian: ار (fa) (er), آر (fa) (âr) (english)
• Portuguese: erre (pt) m
• Russian: ар (ru) n (ar) (English) (usually taught as /ɑː/), эр (ru) n (er)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: ер

  Latin: er (sh)

• Spanish: erre (es) f, letra canina f
• Tagalog: ar, ra (tl) (Abakada), ere (Abecedario alphabet)
• Thai: อาร์ (th) (aa)
• Turkish: re (tr)
• Vietnamese: e-rờ, rờ (vi)
• Welsh: er f

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) letter; a, bee, cee, dee, e, ef, gee, aitch, i, jay, kay, el, em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, ess, tee, u, vee, double-u, ex, wye, zee / zed

Etymology 2

Interjection

ar

1. (UK, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr.

Derived terms

• oh ar

Particle

ar

1. (UK, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr.

Etymology 3

Verb

ar

1. Obsolete spelling of are.
   • 1570, Roger Ascham, The Scholemaster:

     But commonlie, the fairest bodies, ar bestowed on the foulest purposes.

Etymology 4

Spelled as if originally pronounced in a non-rhotic English variety, akin to lor and the Korean surname Park.

Particle

ar

1. (Manglish, Singlish, Hong Kong) Alternative form of ah (question particle).

Anagrams

• 'RA, 'Ra, ra, RA, Ra

Abau

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Noun

ar class V gender m

1. straight swamp tree

References

• SIL International (2020), “Abau Dictionary”, in Webonary.org‎^[1], archived from the original on 16 May 2025

Abinomn

Noun

ar

1. Fijian longan (Pometia pinnata)

Albanian

Alternative forms

• ār (NW Gheg)

Etymology 1

Borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin aurum (“gold”). Considering the rendering of Latin au- as Albanian ā-, it is a relatively archaic borrowing. Although Arbëresh dialects preserve the original Latin neuter, in standard Albanian it is masculine.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aɾ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ar m (definite ari)

1. (chemistry) gold

   Synonyms: flori, dukat

   • 1555, Gjon Buzuku, Meshari:

     Të provuomitë e fesë saj të jetë mā e pāçmuome se ari.

     The temptations of her religion are more precious than (the) gold.

2. (figurative) treasure, gem

   Synonym: thesar

3. golden thread

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	ari
accusative		arin
dative/ablative	ari	arit

Derived terms

• arderdhor
• ardhanës
• arkërkues
• armbajtës
• artar
• artë
• arturinë
• dritartë
• duarartë
• fletartë
• flokartë
• gërshetartë
• harkartë
• jeleartë
• kalliartë
• krahartë
• kryeartë
• kryeartëz
• ngjyrartë
• praroj
• zemërartë

Adjective

ar (feminine are)

1. golden

   Synonyms: artë, flori

   Ai/ajo e ka zemrën ar. ― He/she has a golden heart.

2. (figurative) precious

   Synonym: çmueshëm

3. (figurative) yellow; white, bright

   Synonyms: verdhë, lylc, bardhë, ndritshëm

4. (figurative) blonde, bright, light (hair)

   Synonym: biond

Etymology 2

Probably via French are (“are”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aɾ/

Noun

ar m (plural arë, definite ari, definite plural arët)

1. are (unit of area; abbrev. a)

   (metric unit of measure:) 1 a = 100 (m²) square meters = ~119.6 square yards

   Synonym: a (abbrev.)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	ari	arë	arët
accusative		arin
dative	ari	arit	arëve	arëve
ablative			arësh

Aromanian

Alternative forms

• aru

Etymology

From Latin arō. Compare Daco-Romanian ara, ar.

Verb

ar (third-person singular arã, participle aratã)

1. to plough

Conjugation

Conjugation of ar

long infinitive				arari, arare
gerund				arãnda
past participle				aratã
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	ar, aru	ari	arã	arãm, arãmu	arats, aratsã, aratsi	arã
	imperfect	aram	arai	ara	aram	arats, aratsi	ara
	simple perfect	arai	arash, arashi	arã	arãm	arat	ararã
conditional	present	s-ararim	s-arari, s-ararishi	s-arari, s-arare	s-ararim	s-ararit	s-arari, s-arare
subjunctive	present	s-ar, s-aru	s-ari	s-ari, s-are	s-arãm, s-arãmu	s-arats, s-aratsã, s-aratsi	s-ari, s-are
imperative	present	—	arã	—	—	arats, aratsã, aratsi	—

Related terms

• araci
• arare / arari
• arat
• aratru
• arãtor
• arãturã

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَار (ʕār).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑr/

• Audio (Baku):

  (file)

Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)

1. feeling of shame

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	arlar
definite accusative	arı	arları
dative	ara	arlara
locative	arda	arlarda
ablative	ardan	arlardan
definite genitive	arın	arların

Possessive forms of ar

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arım	arlarım
sənin (“your”)	arın	arların
onun (“his/her/its”)	arı	arları
bizim (“our”)	arımız	arlarımız
sizin (“your”)	arınız	arlarınız
onların (“their”)	arı or arları	arları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arımı	arlarımı
sənin (“your”)	arını	arlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	arını	arlarını
bizim (“our”)	arımızı	arlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	arınızı	arlarınızı
onların (“their”)	arını or arlarını	arlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arıma	arlarıma
sənin (“your”)	arına	arlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	arına	arlarına
bizim (“our”)	arımıza	arlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	arınıza	arlarınıza
onların (“their”)	arına or arlarına	arlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arımda	arlarımda
sənin (“your”)	arında	arlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	arında	arlarında
bizim (“our”)	arımızda	arlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	arınızda	arlarınızda
onların (“their”)	arında or arlarında	arlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arımdan	arlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	arından	arlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	arından	arlarından
bizim (“our”)	arımızdan	arlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	arınızdan	arlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	arından or arlarından	arlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	arımın	arlarımın
sənin (“your”)	arının	arlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	arının	arlarının
bizim (“our”)	arımızın	arlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	arınızın	arlarınızın
onların (“their”)	arının or arlarının	arlarının

Synonyms

• utanma, abır, həya

Derived terms

• arlanmaq
• arsız
  • arsızcasına
  • arsızlıq

Basque

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/ [ar]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar
• Hyphenation: ar

Noun

ar anim or inan

1. male

   Antonym: eme

Declension

Declension of ar (anim/inan C-stem)

		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		ar	arra	arrak	arrok
ergative		arrek	arrak	arrek	arrok
dative		arri	arrari	arrei	arroi
genitive		arren	arraren	arren	arron
comitative		arrekin	arrarekin	arrekin	arrokin
causative		arrengatik	arrarengatik	arrengatik	arrongatik
benefactive		arrentzat	arrarentzat	arrentzat	arrontzat
instrumental		arrez	arraz	arrez	arrotaz
inessive	anim.	arrengan	arrarengan	arrengan	arrongan
	inan.	arretan	arrean	arretan	arrotan
locative	anim.	—	—	—	—
	inan.	arretako	arreko	arretako	arrotako
allative	anim.	arrengana	arrarengana	arrengana	arrongana
	inan.	arretara	arrera	arretara	arrotara
terminative	anim.	arrenganaino	arrarenganaino	arrenganaino	arronganaino
	inan.	arretaraino	arreraino	arretaraino	arrotaraino
directive	anim.	arrenganantz	arrarenganantz	arrenganantz	arronganantz
	inan.	arretarantz	arrerantz	arretarantz	arrotarantz
destinative	anim.	arrenganako	arrarenganako	arrenganako	arronganako
	inan.	arretarako	arrerako	arretarako	arrotarako
ablative	anim.	arrengandik	arrarengandik	arrengandik	arrongandik
	inan.	arretatik	arretik	arretatik	arrotatik
partitive		arrik	—	—	—
prolative		artzat	—	—	—

Further reading

• “ar”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
• “ar”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Breton

Alternative forms

• an (before n, d, t, and vowels)
• al (before l)

Article

ar

1. the

Chungli Ao

Etymology

From Proto-Central Naga *hrəj.

The monosyllable ar is inferred from Gowda and Bruhn. Clark, on the other hand, reports a disyllabic arer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aɾ˥/, [aɾ˥]

Verb

ar

1. to sew, stitch

Inflection

Inflection of ar (Chungli)

		Affirmative	Negative
Past	Simple	ar	mar
	Perfect	arogo	marogo
Present	Simple	arer	marer
	Progressive	ardar ardagi	mardar mardagi
Future/infinitive		artsü	martsü
Imperative		arang	tar
Present participle		ara	mari
Conditional		arra arrabang	marra marrabang

Further reading

• Bruhn, Daniel Wayne (2014), A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga‎^[2], Berkeley: University of California, pages 91, 210
• Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1985), Ao-English-Hindi Dictionary, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, page 17
• Clark, Mary M. (1893), Ao Naga grammar with illustrative phrases and vocabulary, Molung: Assam Secretariat Printing Office, page 158

Chuukese

Determiner

ar

1. third person plural general possessive; their

Related terms

Chuukese possessive determiners

		small objects, concepts	large objects, living things	suffix
singular	first person	ai	nei	-ei
	second person	omw, om	noum	-om
	third person	an	noun	-an
plural	first person	äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive)	nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive)	-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive)
	second person	ämi, ami	noumi	-emi
	third person	ar	nour	-er

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

From Middle High German ahorn, from Old High German ahorn. Cognate with German Ahorn.

Noun

ar m

1. (Luserna) maple, maple tree

Alternative forms

• aorn (Sette Comuni)

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ar

1. (Sette Comuni) short for èar (“he”)

   Ar khimmet lóofanten.

   He comes running.

References

• “ar” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974), Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Cornish

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *ar (“ploughing”), from Proto-Celtic *aros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Cognate with Welsh âr.

Noun

ar m (plural arow)

1. tillage, tilth (the land itself)
2. arable field, open arable land (after reaping, before ploughing; ready for ploughing)

   Synonyms: arys, gwel, tir arader

References

• “ar” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

Czech

Etymology

From French are, created during the French Revolution as a learned formation from Latin area, a piece of level ground.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Noun

ar m inan

1. are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

Declension of ar (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ary
genitive	aru	arů
dative	aru	arům
accusative	ar	ary
vocative	are	ary
locative	aru	arech
instrumental	arem	ary

Related terms

• hektar

Further reading

• “ar”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “ar”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːr/, [ɑːˀ]
• Rhymes: -aːˀr

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ørr.

Noun

ar n (singular definite arret, plural indefinite ar)

1. scar
2. (slang) mouth

Inflection

Declension of ar

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	arret	ar	arrene
genitive	ars	arrets	ars	arrenes

Derived terms

• arre
• arret

Verb

ar

1. imperative of arre

Etymology 2

From French are, from Latin ārea (“open space”).

Noun

ar c (singular definite aren, plural indefinite ar)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Inflection

Declension of ar

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	aren	ar	arene
genitive	ars	arens	ars	arenes

Further reading

• ar on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da
• Ar (sår) on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ar
• Rhymes: -ɑr

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch arre, erre, irre, from Old Dutch *irri, from Proto-Germanic *irzijaz.

Adjective

ar (comparative arder, superlative arst)

1. (obsolete or dialectal) angry, furious
2. (archaic or dialectal) sorry, sad, regrettable

Derived terms

• in arren moede

Etymology 2

Back-formation from arrenslee (see there for further etymology).

Noun

ar m or f (plural arren, diminutive arretje n)

1. (obsolete) sledge

Related terms

• arrenslee

East Central German

Etymology

Compare German er.

Pronoun

ar

1. (Erzgebirgisch) he

Further reading

• Hendrik Heidler (11 June 2020), Hendrik Heidler's 400 Seiten: Echtes Erzgebirgisch: Wuu de Hasen Hoosn haaßn un de Hosen Huusn do sei mir drhamm: Das Original Wörterbuch: Ratgeber und Fundgrube der erzgebirgischen Mund- und Lebensart: Erzgebirgisch – Deutsch / Deutsch – Erzgebirgisch‎^[3] (in German), 3. geänderte Auflage edition, Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 17

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/ [ˈaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese aar, from an older aere, from Latin aēr.

Alternative forms

• aire

Noun

ar m (plural ares)

1. air

Etymology 2

Unknown.

Adverb

ar

1. (archaic) furthermore, in addition
2. (archaic) never

References

• Antón Santamarina, editor (2006–2013), “ar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, Ernesto X. González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Hausa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔár/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [ʔár]
• Hyphenation: ar̃

Interjection

ar̃

1. damn it

Irish

Etymology 1

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

1. ar (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
2. for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
3. íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognates include Manx er and Scottish Gaelic air.

The pronunciation is taken from the third-person singular masculine inflected form air, although the spellings remain distinct in the standard language.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛɾʲ/

Preposition

ar (plus dative, triggers no mutation in general references but lenition in qualified or particularized references, triggers eclipsis in a few fixed expressions)

1. on
2. Used with a variety of nouns to indicate feelings and minor medical conditions

   Tá áthas orm.

   I am glad.

   (literally, “Joy is on me.”)

   Tá ocras orm.

   I am hungry.

   (literally, “Hunger is on me.”)

   Tá slaghdán orm.

   I have a cold.

   (literally, “A cold is on me.”)

3. Used with a verbal noun to indicate a state

   ar crith ― trembling

   ar foluain ― hovering

   ar díol ― for sale

4. upon (with a verbal noun plus personal form of do indicating the subject of the verb)

   ar éirí dom ― when I get/got up; upon my rising

5. upon (with a (“his, her, their”)—indicating the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb—plus verbal noun to indicate completion of an action)

   ar a theacht / arna theacht ― when he comes/came; on his coming

   ar a chríochnú dom / arna chríochnú dom ― when I (had) completed it; upon my completion of it

6. preposition used with certain ambitransitive verbs in order to make them transitive

   Bhí sé ag amharc air tríd an bhfuinneog.

   He was looking at it through the window.

   Féach ar stair. ― View history.

7. (in conjunction with the verb bí) must, have to

   Bhí orainn anailís a dhéanamh ar bhlúirí a bhí bainte as téacs.

   We had to analyse fragments abstracted from a text.

Inflection

Inflection of ar

	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		orm	ormsa
	second		ort	ortsa
	third	m	air	airsean
		f	uirthi	uirthise
plural	first		orainn	orainne
	second		oraibh	oraibhse
	third		orthu	orthusan

Derived terms

• ar aba (“on account of”)
• ar aghaidh (“in front of, opposite, facing”)
• ar ais (“back”)
• ar ala na huaire (“on the spur of the moment”)
• ar amharc (“in sight”)
• ar an gcéad dul síos (“firstly, first of all”)
• ar aon chaoi (“at any rate, anyway, anyhow”)
• ar ball (“a while ago; in a while, presently, by and by”)
• ar bith
• ar buile (“mad, furious, on the warpath”)
• ar bun (“going on, happening, afoot; established, set up”)
• ar chor ar bith (“at all, any at all”)
• ar chúl (“behind, in back of”)
• ar dtús (“at first”)
• ar fad (“still; all, fully; always; quite, clean; altogether; away”)
• ar feadh (“for, during”)
• ar iarraidh (“missing”)
• ar lóistín (“lodging; in lodgings”)
• ar maidin (“in the morning”)
• ar meisce (“drunk”)
• ar na rópaí (“on the ropes”)
• ar ndóiche
• ar ndóigh (“of course”)
• ar nós (“in the style or manner of, like”)
• ar olca le (“to spite”)
• ar oscailt (“open”)
• arna (“upon his/her/their; when he/she/they”)
• arnár (“upon our; when we”)
• cuir ar (“put on”)
• cuir caoi ar (“put in order, fix, repair; fix up”)
• cuir pionós ar (“punish”)
• de bhreis ar (“over and above”)
• de gheall ar (“for the sake of; disposed to, intending to”)
• déan caimiléireacht ar
• déan cneámhaireacht ar
• faigh locht ar (“find fault with/in”)
• feall ar (“cheat”)
• gabh seilbh ar (“confiscate”)
• i ngeall ar (“on account of”)
• mar gheall ar (“on account of, because of, concerning”)
• tabhair ar (“call; make, cause, compel”)

See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "ar"

Etymology 2

an +‎ -r

Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. Used to form direct and indirect questions

   Ar chuala tú mé? ― Did you hear me?

   Níl a fhios agam ar chas sé an t-amhrán. ― I don’t know if/whether he sang the song.

   Ar ól an cat an bainne? ― Did the cat drink the milk?

   Ar cuireadh an síol? ― Was the seed sown?

2. Used to form direct and indirect copular questions; used before consonants

   Ar mhúinteoir tú? ― Were you a teacher?

Related terms

• an (used with non-past tenses and in the past tense of some irregular verbs)

Particle

ar (copular form used before consonants and nouns beginning with vowels; triggers lenition in the past/conditional)

1. Introduces an indirect relative clause; present/future tense

   an fear ar múinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son is a teacher

   an fear ar iascaire a mhac ― the man whose son is a fisherman

2. Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense

   an fear ar mhúinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son was a teacher

3. Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense

   Ar mhaith leat cupán tae?

   Would you like a cup of tea?

   Níl a fhios agam ar mhaith léi cupán tae.

   I don’t know if she would like a cup of tea.

Related terms

Irish copular forms

simple copular forms
present/future		affirmative	negative	interrogative	negative interrogative
main clause		is	ní	an	nach, náchd
relative clause	direct		nach, náchd	—
	indirect	ar, arbv
other subordinate clause		gur, gurbv		an	nach, náchd
past/conditional		affirmative	negative	interrogative	negative interrogative
main clause		ba, b’v	níor, níorbhv	ar, arbhv	nár, nárbhv
relative clause	direct	ba, abv	nár, nárbhv	—
	indirect	ar, arbhv
other subordinate clause		gur, gurbhv		ar, arbhv	nár, nárbhv
present subjunctive		affirmative	negative
—		gura, gurabv	nára, nárabv
compound copular forms
base word		present/future		past/conditional
cá		cár, cárbv		cár, cárbhv
cé		cér, cérbv		cér, cérbhv
dá		—		dá mba, dá mb’v
de/do		dar, darbv		dar, darbhv
faoi		faoinar, faoinarbv		faoinar, faoinarbhv
i		inar, inarbv		inar, inarbhv
le		lenar, lenarbv		lenar, lenarbhv
má		más		má ba, má b’v
mura		mura, murabv		murar, murarbhv
ó (preposition)		ónar, ónarbv		ónar, ónarbhv
ó (conjunction)		ós		ó ba, ó b’v
trí		trínar, trínarbv		trínar, trínarbhv

^v Used before vowel sounds ^d Dialectal

Etymology 3

a +‎ -r

Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. Introduces an indirect relative clause

   an chathaoir ar shuigh an gasúr air ― the chair the boy sat on

   an cailín ar ól a cat an bainne ― the girl whose cat drank the milk

   an gort ar cuireadh an síol ann ― the field the seed was sown in

Related terms

• a (used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

Pronoun

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. all that, whatever

   Sin ar chonnaic mé ann.

   That’s all that I saw there.

   Ar thuig tú ar canadh?

   Did you understand all that was sung?

   Cheannaigh mé ar íoc tú as.

   I bought whatever you paid for.

Related terms

• a (form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

Etymology 4

From Middle Irish ol, from Old Irish ol.

Verb

ar (used only with 3rd-person pronouns, usually emphatic)

1. said, says

   “Tar isteach,” ar seisean.

   “Come in,” he said.

   “Ní thuigim,” ar sise.

   “I don’t understand,” she says.

   “Cén fáth?” ar siadsan.

   “Why?” they said.

Usage notes

• Some grammar books prescribe that arsa is to be used only with first- and second-person pronouns (as well as with nouns), while ar is to be used with third-person pronouns. In practice, however, arsa seisean (“said he”), arsa sise (“said she”) and arsa siadsan (“said they”) are all widely used.

Synonyms

• arsa

Etymology 5

Old Irish ar (“ploughing, ploughed land”), verbal noun of airid (“to plough”).

Noun

ar m (genitive singular air, uncountable)

1. (literary, agriculture) verbal noun of air (“plough”)
2. (literary, agriculture) tillage

Declension

Declension of ar (first declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative ar vocative a air genitive air dative ar forms with the definite article singular nominative an t-ar genitive an air dative leis an ar don ar

Mutation

Mutated forms of ar

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ar	n-ar	har	t-ar

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “ar”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “ar”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “ar”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈar/
• Rhymes: -ar
• Hyphenation: àr

Contraction

ar

1. (Rome) alternative form of al

Jamaican Creole

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aɹ/

Etymology 1

Derived from English or.

Conjunction

ar

1. or
   • 2023, Yuunivorshal Deklarieshan a Yuuman Raits, United Nations, Aatikl 17:

     Evribadi av di rait fi uon prapati bai demself ar wid ada piipl.

     Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

     (literally, “Everybody have the right to own property by themselves or with other people.”)

Etymology 2

Derived from English her.

Pronoun

ar

1. her
   • 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Maak 7:30:

     Wen shi riich uom shi si ar pikni lai dong pan ar bed an di diiman gaan outa ar.

     She went home and found the child lying on the bed, the demon gone.

     (literally, “When she went home she saw her child lying on the bed and the demon had gone out of her.”)

Further reading

• ar at majstro.com

Kalasha

Etymology

From Sanskrit आरा (ārā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óleh₂ (“awl”). Cognate with German Ahle, English awl.

Noun

ar

1. awl

Khasi

Khasi cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : ar

Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʔaːr, from Proto-Austroasiatic *ɓaːr. Cognate with Pnar ar, Blang lál, Bahnar ʼbar, Khmer ពីរ (pii), Vietnamese hai, Santali ᱵᱟᱨ (bar).

Numeral

ar

1. two

Latgalian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ár. Cognates include Latvian ar (“with”) and dialectal Lithuanian ar (“and”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈâr]
• Hyphenation: ar

Preposition

ar [with instrumental]

1. with

References

• Nicole Nau (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- Cognate with Lithuanian ar (“whether, if, and”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).

Preposition

ar (with instrumental)

1. with

Verb

ar

1. inflection of art:
   1. second/third-person singular present indicative
   2. third-person plural present indicative
   3. second-person singular imperative
2. (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of art
3. (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of art

Lithuanian

Alternative forms

• er

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”), thought to be a specialized conjunctional usage of the Proto-Indo-European root's usual "to fit" meaning. Cognate with Latvian ar (“whether, if, with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [²ˈɐrˑ]
• Rhymes: -ɐrˑ
• Syllabification: ar̃

Conjunction

ar̃

1. (interrogative) whether, if
2. or

   Nežinau, ar tai tiesa, ar ne. ― I don't know whether that is true or not.

3. (dialectal) and

Particle

ar̃

1. precedes an interrogative sentence

   Ar norite valgyti? ― Do you want to eat?

Usage notes

Although commonly placed at the start of a sentence to form a yes/no question, it is not necessary to use ar to form such a question. Intonation alone can accomplish that. Additionally, there are other particles that can be used for the same purpose: ar̃gi, bè, benè, gál, kaži̇̀n, nègi, nejaũ, nejaũgi.

See also

• czy (word with the same function in Polish, which has significant historical presence in Lithuania)

Further reading

• “ar”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2026
• “ar”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2026

Livonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hara.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑˀr/, [ˈɑˀr]

Noun

a’r

1. branch
2. direction

Declension

Declension of a’r (84)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	a’r	arūd
genitive (genitīv)	a’r	arūd
partitive (partitīv)	a’rtõ	arīdi
dative (datīv)	a’rrõn	arūdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	a’rkõks	arūdõks
illative (illatīv)	a’rrõ	arīž
inessive (inesīv)	a’rsõ	a’rši
elative (elatīv)	a’rstõ	a’ršti

References

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “a’r”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[4] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Malay

Etymology 1

From English ar.

Pronunciation

• (Johor) IPA^(key): /ˈa(r)/ [ˈʔa(r)]

• (Literary Standard, Penang) IPA^(key): /ˈar/ [ˈʔar]

Noun

ar (plural ar-ar)

1. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

Synonyms

• er (Indonesian)
• ra (Jawi letter name)

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

Etymology 2

Particle

ar

1. (text messaging, Internet slang) alternative form of -lah
   • 2024 June 25, @rizamZam7, X‎^[5] (post), archived from the original on 23-1-2026:

     Biar lah haiwan tu Nak hidup juga..jangan ar bunuh

     [Biarlah haiwan itu nak hidup juga, janganlah bunuh.]

     Let the animal go, it also wants to live. Don't kill it.

Derived terms

• 2r2

Mauritian Creole

Preposition

ar

1. with

   Synonyms: avek, ek

   Antonym: san

References

• Baker, Philip; Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. (1987), Diksiyoner kreol morisyeṅ [Mauritian Creole Dictionary] (in French and English), Paris: L'Harmattan, →ISBN, page 33
• Carpooran, Arnaud (2011), Diksioner Morisien [Mauritian Dictionary] (in Mauritian Creole), second edition, Éditions Le Printemps, →ISBN, page 144

Megleno-Romanian

Etymology

From Latin arō. Compare Romanian ara, ar.

Verb

ar

1. plough

Related terms

• ărari
• ărat

References

• Atasanov, Petar (1990), Le mégléno-roumain de nos jours: Une approche linguistique, Hamburg: Buske

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ar

1. (chiefly Kent and West Midland) alternative form of here (“their”)

Etymology 2

Noun

ar

1. (Northern) alternative form of ore (“honour”)

Middle Welsh

Alternative forms

• er

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *ar (“in front of”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

Preposition

ar (triggers lenition)

1. on, upon
2. over, of (of a ruler with respect to the area ruled)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

Inflection

Inflected forms

	singular	plural
first person	arnaf	arnam
second person	arnat	arnawch
third person	arnaw m arnei / erni f	arnunt

Derived terms

• ar hynny (“thereupon”)
• y ar (“from upon”)

Descendants

• Welsh: ar

Further reading

• Evans, D. Simon (1964), A Grammar of Middle Welsh (Medieval and Modern Welsh Series; supplementary volume), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 63 (a), page 58

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ar

1. he/she who, whoever
2. that which, whatever

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

Further reading

• Evans, D. Simon (1964), A Grammar of Middle Welsh (Medieval and Modern Welsh Series; supplementary volume), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 75, pages 70–71

Northern Kurdish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːɾ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Iranian *āθ(a)r-, from *HáHtr̥š, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”).

Noun

ar m (Arabic spelling ئار)

1. fire

   Synonyms: agir, alav, pêt

2. ash, ashes

Declension

Declension of ar

definite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ar
construct	arê	arên
oblique	arî	aran
demonstrative oblique	wî arî	wan aran
vocative	aro	arino
indefinite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	arek	arin
construct	arekî	arine
oblique	arekî	arinan

Derived terms

• ardû

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ar m (Arabic spelling ئار)

1. alternative form of ard (“flour”)

Declension

Declension of ar

definite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ar
construct	arê	arên
oblique	arî	aran
demonstrative oblique	wî arî	wan aran
vocative	aro	arino
indefinite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	arek	arin
construct	arekî	arine
oblique	arekî	arinan

Etymology 3

Noun

ar ?

1. shame, disgrace

   Synonym: 'ar

2. are (square decametre, 100 m²)
3. abbreviation of argon

References

• Chyet, Michael L. (2020), “ar I”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 10
• Chyet, Michael L. (2020), “ar II”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 10

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“a piece of level ground, vacant ground, house ground”), either from Proto-Italic *āzeā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-e-yeh₂, from *h₂eHs- (“to become dry, burn; hearth, ashes”), or from Proto-Italic *āreā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂r-e-yeh₂, from *h₂eh₂rh₃- (“threshing tool”).

Noun

ar n (definite singular aret, indefinite plural ar, definite plural ara or arene)

1. an are, area of 100 square metres

Derived terms

• dekar

References

• “ar” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “ar” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From French are, from Latin area.

Noun

ar n (definite singular aret, indefinite plural ar, definite plural ara)

1. an are, area of 100 square metres

Derived terms

• dekar

References

• “ar” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːr/
• Rhymes: -ɑːr

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu (“respect, honour”). Cognate with German Ehre.

Alternative forms

• āre

Noun

ār f

1. honour, glory, grace
   • Exeter Book, The Wanderer

     Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
     Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ

     A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
     Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ār	āra, āre
accusative	āre	āra, āre
genitive	āre	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Derived terms

• ārhwæt (“active in glory”)
• ārlīċe (“honorably”)
• ārstafas (“help, kindness”)
• woroldār (“worldly honour”)

Descendants

• Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *aiz. Cognate with Old Norse eir (“brass, copper”), German ehern (“of metal, of iron”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz, “ore”), from Proto-Indo-European *áyos, h₂éyos. Compare Dutch oer (“iron-holding earth”). Compare Latin aes (“bronze, copper”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (aiiah), Sanskrit अयस् (áyas, “copper, iron”).

Alternative forms

• ǣr

Noun

ār n

1. ore, brass, copper

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ār	ār
accusative	ār	ār
genitive	āres	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Descendants

• Middle English: ore, oure, or, oor, nore, noure (merged with ōra)
  • English: ore
  • Scots: ure, uir

Etymology 3

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“oar”), from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old Norse ár, Danish åre, Swedish åra.

Noun

ār f

1. oar

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ār	āra, āre
accusative	āre	āra, āre
genitive	āre	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Descendants

• Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
  • English: oar
  • Scots: air

Etymology 4

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Noun

ār m

1. messenger, herald
   • 8^th-11^th century, Beowulf, ll. 335-6:

     Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.

     I am Hrothgar's herald and officer.

2. angel
3. missionary

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ār	āras
accusative	ār	āras
genitive	āres	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

• er

Etymology

from Latin re- (“again”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/

Adverb

ar

1. also
   • a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 90 (facsimile):

     & ar ſẽ (com)panneira u a de(us) (con)cebiſte

     and also without equal when you conceived God

2. again
   • a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 274 (facsimile):

     na obra que leyxara / por fazer ar começou

     (He) started working again on his unfinished work

Descendants

• Portuguese: er

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).

Preposition

ar [with accusative or dative]

1. for, for the sake of, because of

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

Inflection

Inflection of ar

	Person:		normal	emphatic
singular	first		airium, erum, erumm, erom	erumsa
	second		airiut, aurut, erut, ærut, airut	erutsu
	third m or n	dative	airiu
		accusative	airi
	third f	dative
		accusative	airri, airre
plural	first		airiund, erunn, erund, erond, eronn, airriun, airund
	second		airib	airibsi, airiu(i)bsi, eruibsi
	third	dative	airib, airaib
		accusative	air(r)iu, err(i)u, erro, erthu, airthiu, airtho	air(r)iusom, err(i)usom

Forms combined with the definite article:

• masculine/feminine accusative singular: arin
• neuter accusative singular: ara
• dative singular all genders: arin(d), airind(í)
• accusative plural all genders: arna
• dative plural all genders: a(i)rnaib

Forms combined with a possessive determiner:

• first person singular: armo
• third person singular and plural: ara

Form combined with the relative particle: ara

Derived terms

• cid ara

Descendants

• Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

Conjunction

ar

1. alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ar (‘for’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, pages 275–76, 497–99; reprinted 2017

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.

Determiner

ar (triggers eclipsis)

1. our

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

Descendants

• Irish: ár
• Scottish Gaelic: ar

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 440, pages 277–78; reprinted 2017

Etymology 3

From Proto-Celtic *arom, whence also Welsh âr; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”).

Noun

ar n (genitive aire, no plural)

1. verbal noun of airid: ploughing, tilling
2. ploughed land, cultivated land

Inflection

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	arN	arN	arL, ara
vocative	arN	arN	arL, ara
accusative	arN	arN	arL, ara
genitive	airL	ar	arN
dative	arL	araib	araib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Neuter s-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	arN	arN	aireL
vocative	arN	arN	aireL
accusative	arN	arN	aireL
genitive	aireL	aire	aireN
dative	airL	airib	airib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• airem

Descendants

• Middle Irish: ar m
  • Irish: ar m

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “4 ar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 268.3., page 172; reprinted 2017

Mutation

Mutation of ar

radical	lenition	nasalization
ar (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	ar	n-ar

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *jērą.

Noun

ār n

1. year

Declension

Declension of ār (strong a-stem)

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ār	ārit	ār	ārin
accusative	ār	ārit	ār	ārin
dative	āri, āre	ārinu, āreno	ārum, ārom	ārumin, āromen
genitive	ārs	ārsins	āra	āranna

Descendants

• Swedish: år

Pnar

Pnar cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : ar     Ordinal : wa ar

Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʔaːr, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓaar. Cognate with Khasi ar, Blang lál, Bahnar ʼbar, Khmer ពីរ (pii), Vietnamese hai, Santali ᱵᱟᱨ (bar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔar/

Numeral

ar

1. two

Polabian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Low German or.

Conjunction

ar

1. or

   Synonym: cĕ

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Low German her.

Adverb

ar

1. here

Alternative forms

• er

References

• Lehr-Spławiński, T.; Polański, K. (1962), “I. ar”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 1 (A – ďüzd), Wrocław; Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 19
• Lehr-Spławiński, T.; Polański, K. (1962), “II. ar||er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 1 (A – ďüzd), Wrocław; Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 19
• Polański, Kazimierz; James Allen Sehnert (1967), “ar I.”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 34
• Polański, Kazimierz; James Allen Sehnert (1967), “ar//er II.”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 34
• Olesch, Reinhold (1962), “ar”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 7
• Olesch, Reinhold (1962), “Err”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 266

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈar/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar
• Syllabification: ar

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French are.

Noun

ar m inan (abbreviation a)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ary
genitive	ara	arów
dative	arowi	arom
accusative	ar	ary
instrumental	arem	arami
locative	arze	arach
vocative	arze	ary

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ar f pl

1. genitive plural of ara

Further reading

• “ar”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[6] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “ar”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[7] (in Polish)

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese aar, from Latin āēr, borrowed from Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr, “air”), from Proto-Hellenic *auhḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér, from *h₂ews- + *-r.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈaʁ/ [ˈaχ]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈaɻ/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɾi/

• (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈaɹ/

• Audio (São Paulo):

  (file)

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: ar

Noun

ar m (plural ares)

1. air
2. look, air (aspect)

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

Derived terms

• ao ar livre
• ar comprimido
• ar condicionado

Related terms

• aéreo
• airoso
• aragem
• arejar

Further reading

• “ar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “ar”, in Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2026
• “ar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026
• “ar”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2026, →ISBN

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Etymology 1

From older Romanian ară, are, presumably from Latin habēret (for the singular) and habērent (for the plural). See also are.

Verb

(el/ea) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person singular form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)

1. (he/she) would

Verb

(ele/ei) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person plural form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)

1. (they) would

Related terms

• ai
• am
• aș
• ați

Etymology 2

Verb

ar

1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive of ara

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French are.

Noun

ar m (plural ari)

1. an are (a unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	ar	arul	ari	arii
genitive-dative	ar	arului	ari	arilor
vocative	arule		arilor

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ar. Cognates include Irish ár.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əɾ (n)/

Determiner

ar (triggers eclipsis)

1. our

   ar n-athair. ― our father.

   Tha ar nighean ruadh. ― Our daughter is red-haired.

   Tha ar n-oilthigh ùr. ― Our university is new.

See also

Scottish Gaelic possessive determiners

		singular		plural
		+ C	+ V	+ C	+ V
first person		moL	m'	ar	arN
second person		doL	d'	ur	urN
third person	m	aL	—	an, am1	an
	f	a	aH

^L Triggers lenition; ^H Triggers H-prothesis; ^N Triggers eclipsis
¹ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aɾ/

Verb

ar (defective)

1. think

Usage notes

• Only has the present and past tense, which both have the same form ar.
• Always followed by the preposition le or a prepositional pronoun:

  ar le mòran nach fhaod seo a bhith ― many thought this can't be

  ar leam gun... ― it seems/seemed to me that...

Etymology 3

Adjective

ar (comparative aire)

1. slow, sluggish

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

ȃr m inan (Cyrillic spelling а̑р)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ȃr	ȃri
genitive	ȃra	árī
dative	ȃru	árima
accusative	ȃr	ȃre
vocative	ȃre	ȃri
locative	ȃrom	árima
instrumental	áru	árima

Swedish

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Latin area, probably via French are. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Noun

ar c or n

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

Declension of ar

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	ar	ars
	definite	aren	arens
plural	indefinite	ar	ars
	definite	aren	arens

Declension of ar

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	ar	ars
	definite	aret	arets
plural	indefinite	ar	ars
	definite	aren	arens

Related terms

• hektar

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *arô.

Noun

ar m

1. (dialectal) eagle

References

• “ar”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “ar”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “ar”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• ar in Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (8th ed., 1923)

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from English ar, the English name of the letter R / r.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔaɾ/ [ʔɐɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: ar

Noun

ar (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)

1. the name of the Latin script letter R/r, in the Filipino alphabet

   Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) ra, (in the Abecedario) ere

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi

Further reading

• “ar”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018

Anagrams

• ra

Talysh

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَار (ʕār).

Noun

ar

1. feeling of shame

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Arabic عَار (ʕār)

Ottoman Turkish عار (ar)

Turkish ar

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish عار (ar), from Arabic عَار (ʕār).

Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)

1. shame, the feeling of shame

   Synonym: utanma

   • 2023 November 22, Owen Jones, Annwn’da yaşam: Willy jones'un ölümden sonraki hikâyesi (Annwn)‎^[8], Tektime, →ISBN:

     ... pek arsız değil . ” " Evet , tamam . Bazen biraz arsız olsan da bağımsız olmanı daha çok seviyorum . Bana gençliğimizi hatırlatıyorsun ... Ergenlik çağında flört ettiğimiz zamanları . Sende aynı çizgi o zamanlarda vardı ... " " Öyle mi ...

     not very cheeky. ” " Yes , okay . Even though you can be a little cheeky sometimes , I like it more when you are independent . You remind me of our youth ... when we used to flirt in adolescence . You had the same streak back then

   • (Can we date this quote?), Mo Yan, İri Memeler ve Geniş Kalçalar (Dünya Edebiyatı)‎^[9], Can Yayınları, →ISBN:

     ... ar kalmamış! Sen onunla birlikteyken eniştesini çalan baldızı oynuyordun, herkesin kitabında bunun utanç verici olduğu yazar!” Ablam bir an şaşırdı, hemen arkasından, “Ana, sen çok değiştin,” dedi. Annem, “Evet, değiştim ama ben yine de ...

     No decency at all! When you were with him, you were playing the sister-in-law who stole his brother-in-law, it is written in everyone's book that this is shameful!” My sister was surprised for a moment, then said, "Mother, you have changed a lot." My mother said, “Yes, I have changed, but I still...

2. something to be ashamed of

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	arlar
definite accusative	arı	arları
dative	ara	arlara
locative	arda	arlarda
ablative	ardan	arlardan
genitive	arın	arların

Derived terms

• ar damarı çatlamak
• ar duygusu
• arlanmak
• arlı
• arsız

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French are.

Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)

1. are (unit of area)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	arlar
definite accusative	arı	arları
dative	ara	arlara
locative	arda	arlarda
ablative	ardan	arlardan
genitive	arın	arların

Further reading

• “ar”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “ar”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “ar”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh ar, from Proto-Brythonic *ar (“in front of”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Preposition

ar (triggers soft mutation or h-prothesis if before ugain)

1. on
2. about to (with a verbal noun)
   • King, Gareth (1993), Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 131:

     Brysiwch, mae’r trên ar fynd!

     Hurry up, the train’s about to leave!

Inflection

Personal forms (literary)

	singular	plural
first person	arnaf	arnom
second person	arnat	arnoch
third person	arno m arni f	arnynt

Personal forms (colloquial)

	singular	plural
first person	arno i/fi, arna i	arnon ni
second person	arnot ti, arnat ti	arnoch chi
third person	arno fe/fo m arni hi f	arnyn nhw

Derived terms

• Category:Welsh phrasal verbs formed with "ar"

Yola

Alternative forms

• or, o'

Etymology

From Middle English ar, or, o; partially contracted from other, auther, from Old English āþor, āwþer, āhwæþer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/, /ɔr/, /ɔ/
• Homophone: 'ar

Conjunction

ar

1. or
   • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:

     Ar aany noor dhing at woode comfoort mee,

     Or any other thing that would comfort me,

   • 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:

     Gooude var nat oan dhing, niether treesh ar thraame;

     Good for not one thing; neither for the trace, nor the car.

   • 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 106:

     Ich woode be pitcht ee kurkeen, ar zippeen, to a coolaan.

     I would be poked into the mow or the stack up to the back of my head.

References

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 104