Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/déh₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *de (“to, towards”) +‎ *-h₁ (instrumental suffix), original meaning perhaps "by means of".

Adverb

*déh₁

1. toward, in the direction of
2. (perhaps later) away (from), out; without

Reconstruction notes

What is notable here—if the reconstruction is correct—is that in Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, and Italic there was a meaning reversal “toward” → “from”. Such reversals are not uncommon though, e.g. English with- (“with; against”).

Derived terms

• Unsorted formations:
  • Germanic: *und tē (“until, as long as”)^?
    • Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 (untē)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: кѫдѣ (kǫdě, “whence”), тѫдѣ (tǫdě, “thence”), ѩдѣ (jędě, “near”)

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: տ- (t-, negative prefix)
• Proto-Celtic: *dī (“from, of”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ (“to this, so far”)
  • Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ, “indeed, now, already”)
• >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dáH (derives time adverbs) (alternatively from *-dé-h₂)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-dáH
    • Sanskrit: -दा (-dā́)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-dáH
    • Avestan: -𐬛𐬁 (-dā) (e.g. 𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬁 (kadā, “when”))
• Proto-Italic: *dē (“from”)
  • Faliscan: de (“from”)
  • Latin: dē, dē- (“from, off, without, about”)
  • ⇒ Oscan: dat (“on the basis of, authorised by”)