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家

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 傢, 冢, and 冡
家 U+5BB6, 家
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB6
← 宵
[U+5BB5]
CJK Unified Ideographs 宷 →
[U+5BB7]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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家 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7169
  • Dae Jaweon: page 566, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 930, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+5BB6

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 家
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (xiá, “male pig”).[1] An archaic variant closer to the original drawing is 𡩀. See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. Similar to 冡.

Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕, so Shuowen Jiezi erroneously analyzed it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”).

All etymologies based on the modern version of the phonetic component (豕) are folk etymologies since they miss the original component (𢑓).

  1. ^ 姚萱,2016, 殷墟甲骨文“■”、“■”兩字考辨 in《中国文字研究》,上海:上海书店出版社,2016年8月第二十三辑。

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
家
2nd round simp. 𡦼
alternative forms
Wikipedia has articles on:
一棟住著一家人的房子

Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).

嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ge1/gor1 - vernacular;
  • ga1 - literary.
Note:
  • ke/kiee/kee - vernacular;
  • ka/kia - literary.
Note:
  • gê1 - vernacular;
  • gia1 - literary (used only in operas).
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: ge1 / gia1
      • Sinological IPA: /kɛ³⁵/, /kia³⁵/
Note:
  • ge1 - vernacular;
  • gia1 - literary.
Note:
  • 1cia/1cio - literary (Shanghainese, Suzhounese, etc.), standard reading (Hangzhounese);
  • 1ka/1kua - colloquial (Shanghainese, Suzhounese, etc.), younger speakers (Hangzhounese).
Note:
  • jia1 - literary;
  • ka1 - vernacular.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 家
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕia²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕia³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國~
/ka⁵⁵/ 人~
Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕia²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/
/t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘~
Hohhot /t͡ɕia³¹/
/t͡ɕiaʔ⁰/ 人~
Wu Shanghai /ka⁵³/
/t͡ɕia⁵³/
Suzhou /kɑ⁵⁵/
/t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ³³/
Wenzhou /ko³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³¹/
/ka³¹/
Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia³³/
/ka³³/
Xiangtan /kɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɑ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /ka⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ka⁵³/
Nanning /ka⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /ka⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ka⁵⁵/
/ke⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ka⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ka⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ke³³/
/ka³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ka²³/
/kia²³/
/kɛ²³/

Rime
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古牙切
Baxter kae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠa/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen
/ka/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨ/
Li
Rong
/ka/
Wang
Li
/ka/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ka/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiā
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaa1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiā
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæ ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁra/
English household

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
No. 5919
Phonetic
component
家
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
嘉
Old
Chinese
/*kraː/
Definitions
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家

  1. home
    回家  ―  huíjiā  ―  to return home
    我的家就在這裡。 [MSC, trad.]
    我的家就在这里。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ de jiā jiù zài zhèlǐ. [Pinyin]
    My home is here.
  2. family; household (Classifier: 頭/头 c)
    家庭  ―  jiātíng  ―  family
    家事  ―  jiāshì  ―  family matters
    李家  ―  Lǐ jiā  ―  The Li family
    我家有四口人。  ―  Wǒ jiā yǒu sì kǒu rén.  ―  We are a family of four.
  3. (polite, for family member) my
    家父  ―  jiāfù  ―  my father
  4. domesticated; domestic
    家兔  ―  jiātù  ―  domestic rabbit
    家貓/家猫  ―  jiāmāo  ―  domestic cat
  5. Classifier for families, businesses and companies.
    一家餐廳/一家餐厅  ―  yī jiā cāntīng  ―  a restaurant
    兩家商店/两家商店  ―  liǎng jiā shāngdiàn  ―  two shops
    四家人家  ―  sì jiā rénjiā  ―  four families
  6. school of thought; philosophical school
    儒家  ―  Rújiā  ―  Confucian school
    道家  ―  Dàojiā  ―  Daoist School
    一家之言  ―  yījiāzhīyán  ―  one's own thought, opinion, interpretation, etc.
  7. (historical, obsolete) fief of ministers or senior officials
  8. Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er
    船家  ―  chuánjiā  ―  boatperson
    行家  ―  hángjiā  ―  expert; connoisseur
  9. Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er
    藝術家/艺术家  ―  yìshùjiā  ―  artist
    科學家/科学家  ―  kēxuéjiā  ―  scientist
    野心家  ―  yěxīnjiā  ―  person of ambition; careerist
  10. (in a game) party; side
    對家/对家  ―  duìjiā  ―  opposite player
    莊家/庄家  ―  zhuāngjiā  ―  banker; house
  11. Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person.
    親家/亲家  ―  qìngjia  ―  one's child's parents-in-law
    仇家  ―  chóujiā  ―  personal enemy
    老人家身體可還好啊? [MSC, trad.]
    老人家身体可还好啊? [MSC, simp.]
    Lǎorénjiā shēntǐ kě hái hǎo a? [Pinyin]
    Is the parent of yours well?
  12. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (family):
  • (suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person): 家家 (jiājiā), (Cantonese) 人家 (jan4 gaa1)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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家

  1. (Southern Min) only used in 家己 (ka-kī)

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions
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家

  1. (Southern Min) only used in 私家

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see 傢 (“stubborn, obstinate, intransigent”).
(This character is the simplified form of 傢).
Notes:

Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.
家
alternative forms 價/价

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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家

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology 4

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Cognate with 姑 (gū).

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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家

  1. only used in 大家 (dàgū)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō)、く (ku)
  • Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)、こ (ko)
  • Kun: いえ (ie, 家, Jōyō)←いへ (ife, 家, historical)、や (ya, 家, Jōyō)、うち (uchi, 家)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
家
いえ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨ipe1⟩ → /ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Old Korean 邑勒 (iprʌk, “house”).[1]

Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ie̞]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Tokyo) いえ [ìéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]

Noun

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家(いえ) • (ie) ←いへ (ife)?

  1. a house
  2. one's own home
  3. a home, household
  4. a family
  5. historical Japanese trading houses (see Ie on Wikipedia.Wikipedia )

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
家
うち
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
宅 (uncommon)

Inherited from Old Japanese [Term?], from Proto-Japonic *utui. Doublet of 内(うち) (uchi, “middle, inside”).[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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家(うち) • (uchi) 

  1. a house
    • 1914, 夏目漱石 [Natsume Sōseki], chapter 4, in こゝろ [Kokoro], 上 先生と私 [Sensei and I]:
      始(はじ)めて先生(せんせい)の宅(うち)を訪(たず)ねた時(とき)、先生(せんせい)は留守(るす)であった。
      Hajimete Sensei no uchi o tazuneta toki, Sensei wa rusu de atta.
      The first time I visited Sensei's house, he wasn't in.
  2. one's house
Usage notes
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  • Often written in hiragana as うち to avoid confusion with 家(いえ) (ie) above.
Descendants
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  • → English: hooch/hootch

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
家
Grade: 2
irregular

Contraction of uchi above.

Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.

Noun

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家(ち) • (chi) 

  1. a house
    俺(おれ)ん家(ち)に来(こ)ない? ― Orenchi ni konai? ― Wanna come to my place?

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
家
や
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see the following entry.
【屋や】3
[noun] house
[suffix] shop, establishment
[suffix] someone who sells or does that thing; -ist
[suffix] someone with that characteristic
(This term, 家, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
家
か
Grade: 2
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Suffix

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家(か) • (-ka) 

  1. an expert, professional, performer
Derived terms
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Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
家
け
Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Suffix

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家(け) • (-ke) 

  1. representing relationship to a family
    平(たいら)家(け) ― Taira-ke ― the Taira family

References

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  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017), “Origins of the Japanese Language”, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics‎[1], →DOI
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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Hanja

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家 (eumhun 집 가 (jip ga))

  1. hanja form? of 가 (“home; family; household”)
Compounds
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Hanja

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家 (eumhun 여자 고 (yeoja go))

  1. (obsolete) alternative form of 姑 (“hanja form? of 고 (“woman”)”)

Okinawan

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Kanji

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家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Noun

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家(やー) (yā) 

  1. house

Derived terms

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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家: Hán Việt readings: gia[1]
家: Nôm readings: nhà[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of gia (“home, family”)
  2. chữ Hán form of gia (“expert, professional, -ist, -er”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of nhà (“house, home, domestic”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of nhà (“dynasty”)

References

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Yonaguni

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Kanji

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家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Noun

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家(だー) (dā) 

  1. house