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Racial nationalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve "racial purity" of a nation through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. To create a justification for such policies, racial nationalism often promotes eugenics, and advocates political and legislative solutions based on eugenic and other racial theories.[1]

Nationalism in Northeast Asia (especially China, Japan and Korea)[2] is partly related to racial nationalism,[3][4][n 1] it was influenced by the German ethnonationalist tradition (Völkisch movement and Blood and soil) of the 19th century, which was imported from Japan during the Meiji period.[2][8] This kind of nationalism is related to the term 民族 similar to the German word Volk.[9][10][11][12][n 2]

By country

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China

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Chinese nationalism (中国民族主义 or 中华民族主义) in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is officially based on the concept of Zhonghua minzu (中华民族, lit: "Chinese folk"). Zhonghua minzu is translated as "Chinese nation", "Chinese people", "Chinese ethnicity" and "Chinese race".[13][14][15] Some academics have referred to Chinese nationalism as "racial nationalism".[4][16][17] Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese Communist Party has utilized Peking Man as an instrument of its racial nationalist discourse.[18][19][n 2]

Some academics state that the term Zhonghua minzu is intended to justify the Han-based assimilationist policy.[2] Jamil Anderlini, an editor for the Financial Times, said that the concept of "Chinese race" nominally includes 56 officially recognized ethnicities (including Tibetans and Uyghurs) in the PRC, but is "almost universally understood to mean the majority Han ethnic group, who make up more than 90 per cent of the population."[14] Under Xi Jinping, official state narratives and textbooks depict the Zhonghua race as a two-million-year-old lineage originating from ancient hominids, which organically absorbed non-Han indigenous peoples—such as Tibetans, Mongols, and Uyghurs—into a Han-centric "mega-community" (超大规模共同体).[17]

Germany

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Israel

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Japan

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Japanese ethnic nationalism (Japanese: 日本民族主義, Hepburn: nihon minzoku shugi) is related to minzoku (民族), the Japanese word that translates to "people", "ethnic group", and "nation". Minzoku does not originally mean "race" in the general sense, and jinshu (人種) means "race", but some Japanese nationalists also use minzoku in a closer sense to "race"; Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" or "one minzoku".[23][24] Prominent Japanese politicians have often kindled controversies by invoking the images of Japanese racial superiority.[25]

During the late 1930s and early 1940s, as Japan's Yamato nationalism intensified into wartime hyper-nationalism, some ideologists such as Kingoro Hashimoto proposed a single-party dictatorship based on populism, patterned after European fascist movements. The regime's ethnic-centered expansionist ideology during this period is clearly illustrated in the 1943 secret report, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus.[26]

Korea

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Korean racial nationalism[3] is related to the concept of minjok, which variously translates as "nation", "ethnicity" or "race" in the English-speaking world, but there is room for debate over whether minjok nationalism belongs to racial nationalism. In the 20th century, ethno-nationalist sentiment was shared on all political spectrums in South Korea, including not just right-wing dictatorships, but liberals and leftists who resisted it.[27][28][n 3] According to Brian Reynolds Myers in 2010, racial nationalism in North Korea is the main ideology of maintaining the system.[30]

Many modern Korean people deny the connection to "race" by limiting the meaning of minjok to the meanings of "nation", "people" and "ethnic group",[31][32] because minjok (민족, lit: "folk") and injong (인종, lit: race) are distinct concepts in Korean language.[32][33][34] However, Myers argues minjok as meaning of "race" because "Korean minjok" (한민족 or 조선민족) is defined by 'Korean blood' than by cultural factors.[31][35][36][37][38] According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ethnicity-based nationalism has been decreasing among younger generations of South Koreans, who have taken more in pride from the country's democratic system, technological innovation, and cultural soft power.[39]

Korea's minjok nationalism emerged strongly in the 20th century, but has declined significantly in the 21st century. In 2023, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un officially declared that North Korea was abandoning reunification as a goal. In January 2024, he said that "independence, peace, and solidarity on the basis of minjok [must] henceforth be erased from the [North Korean] constitution", adding that "the very concepts of unification, reconciliation, and a shared [Korean] minjok must be eliminated".[40] As of the 21st century, minjok nationalism in South Korea is often opposed by some conservatives (including the New Right) on the grounds that it could elicit sympathy for North Korea; as an alternative, anti-communist state nationalism or South Korean nationalism is proposed.[41][42]

Peru

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South Africa

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South Africa's race-based nationalism is generally divided into two: Afrikaner nationalism (a branch of White nationalism) and African nationalism (or Black nationalism). South African nationalism is a state-based nationalism; although it is sometimes xenophobic, it is distinguished from race-based nationalism.[43]

Taiwan

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Variants

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Black nationalism

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This section is an excerpt from Black nationalism.[edit]

Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks representation for Black people as a distinct national identity, especially in racialized, colonial and postcolonial societies.[44][45][46][47][48] Its earliest proponents saw it as a way to advocate for democratic representation in culturally plural societies or to establish self-governing independent nation-states for Black people.[46] Modern Black nationalism often aims for the social, political, and economic empowerment of Black communities within white majority societies, either as an alternative to assimilation or as a way to ensure greater representation and equality within predominantly Eurocentric cultures.[44][49][50][51]

As an ideology, Black nationalism encompasses a diverse range of beliefs which have variously included forms of economic, political and cultural nationalism, or pan-nationalism.[50][52][53] It often overlaps with, but is distinguished from, similar concepts and movements such as Pan-Africanism, Ethiopianism, the back-to-Africa movement (also known as Black Zionism), Afrocentrism, and Garveyism.[48] Critics of Black nationalism compare it to white nationalism and white supremacy, and say it promotes racial nationalism, separatism and Black supremacy. Most experts distinguish between these movements, saying that while white nationalism ultimately seeks to maintain or deepen inequality between racial and ethnic groups, most forms of Black nationalism instead aim to increase equality in response to pre-existing forms of white dominance.[54][55][56]

White nationalism

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This section is an excerpt from White nationalism.[edit]

White nationalism is a type of racial nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that white people are a race[57] and seeks to develop and maintain a white racial and national identity.[58][59][60] White nationalists claim to seek and ensure the survival of the white race and the cultures of historically white states. They hold that white people should maintain their majority in majority-white countries, maintain their political and economic dominance, and that their cultures should be foremost in these countries.[60] Many white nationalists believe that miscegenation, multiculturalism, immigration of nonwhites and low birth rates among whites are threatening the white race.[61]

There are different means that white nationalists support to achieve their aims. In the United States most white nationalists say immigration should be restricted to people of European ancestry.[62][63][64] There are those who support what is called remigration[65] which is the mass deportation of non-white minority populations, especially immigrants and sometimes including native-born citizens, to their place of racial ancestry.[66][67] There are those who identify with the concept of a white ethnostate.[68]

Analysts describe white nationalism as overlapping with white supremacism and white separatism.[69][60][61][70][71] White nationalism is sometimes described as a euphemism for, or subset of, white supremacism, and the two have been used interchangeably by journalists and analysts.[70][72] White separatism is the pursuit of a "white-only state", while supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to nonwhites and should dominate them,[61][70][71] taking ideas from social Darwinism and Nazism.[73] Critics argue that the term "white nationalism" is simply a "rebranding", and ideas such as white pride exist solely to provide a sanitized public face for white supremacy, which white nationalists allegedly avoid using because of its negative connotations,[74][75] and that most white nationalist groups promote racial violence.[76]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ In Northeast Asia, "Nationalism" is often translated into 民族主義, but there are criticisms that it should be translated into 國民主義 because it is mistranslation;[5][6] in pre-modern Chinese language (including Japan's Kanji and Korea's Hanja), 族 also means an lineage or clan.[7]
  2. 1 2 In the Chinese language, 民族 generally means nationality and is distinguished from 種族 (lit: "race"),[20][21] but sometimes 民族 is used in the sense of "race" in a Han nationalist context.[22]
  3. ↑ By the standards at the time, liberal and leftist used ethno-nationalist rhetoric more actively than right-wing ones (see liberal ethnic nationalism), and the right-wing authoritarian regimes in South Korea, including Syngman Rhee, placed greater priority on the anti-communist kukka (국가) than on the anti-imperialist minjok (민족) advocated by Sin Ch'aeho.[29]: 40–1 

References

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  1. ↑ Turda & Weindling 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 Kelly, Robert E. (24 May 2010). "More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written". Retrieved 10 February 2024. Northeast Asians (NEA – Chinese, Koreans, Japanese) strike me as quite nationalistic, and nationalism up here is still tied up in right-Hegelian, 19th century notions of blood and soil. In China, the Han race is the focus of the government's newfound, post-communist nationalism. In Korea, it is only the racial unity of minjeok that has helped keep Korea independent all these centuries. In Japan, the Yamato race is so important that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's no immigration despite a contracting population. MC in NEA faces huge political opposition that the already existing multiculturalism of South and Southeast Asia (SEA) don't face.
  3. 1 2 Gi-Wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 223.
  4. 1 2 Ko-wu Huang, Max (15 March 2008). The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and Origins of Chinese Liberalism. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. p. 97. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1x0kc5b. ISBN 978-962-996-278-4. JSTOR j.ctv1x0kc5b. S2CID 261749245. ... racial nationalism (minzu zhuyi 民族主義) was characteristic of any race, but he asked: "Will racial nationalism strengthen our race? In my opinion, it definitely will not."...
  5. ↑ "藍弋丰／歐陽娜娜聽四川話長大？歐陽家的根到底打哪來" [Lan I-feng / Did Ouyang Nana Grow Up Listening to Sichuanese? Where Do the Ouyang Family's Roots Really Lie?]. ETtoday新聞雲 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 25 July 2026. 民族主義的英文，正確的翻譯應是國民主義，當初日本學者自歐洲引進此一名詞時，認為以國民為身份認同，有別於傳統以宗族為認同，是以國民為新的族群認同，所以漢字下為「民」「族」，國民主義就成了「民族主義」。 [Translating 'nationalism' as 民族主義 (minzuzhuyi; lit. people-tribe-ism) is technically a misnomer; it should properly be translated as 國民主義 (guominzhuyi; lit. state-people-ism). When Japanese scholars first imported the term from Europe, they viewed identity based on the citizenry (kokumin / 國民) as distinct from traditional clan-based identities, establishing a new group identity rooted in the nation-state's people. By combining the characters for 'people' (民) and 'clan/tribe' (族), the concept of guominzhuyi (國民主義) ultimately became translated into Chinese characters as minzuzhuyi (民族主義, today commonly rendered as 'nationalism').]
  6. ↑ 진태원 / Tae-Won Jin (2011). 어떤 상상의 공동체? 민족, 국민 그리고 그 너머 [Which Imagined Community? Ethnie, Nation and Beyond]. vol., no.96, pp. 169-201 (33 pages) "셋째, 이러한 이해에 기초할 때 내셔널리즘을 민족주의로 번역하고 이해하는 것 역시 문제가 있으며, 내셔널리즘은 오히려 국민주의로 번역하는 것이 더 좋다고 생각한다." [Third, if we understand the modern nation like it, nationalism as an organic ideology of the nation should be translated as Kukminjuyi rather than Minjokjuyi.]
  7. ↑ Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography: Issue 9. Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography. 1990. p. 67.
  8. ↑ Ryôta Nishino (2011). Changing Histories: Japanese and South African Textbooks in Comparison (1945–1995). V&R Unipress. p. 26. ... minzoku nationalism rested on the twin pillars of 'blood and soil' and 'proper place'.
  9. ↑ Michael Rudolph (2003). Taiwans multi-ethnische Gesellschaft und die Bewegung der Ureinwohner: Assimilation oder kulturelle Revitalisierung? (in German). Lit. p. 207. ISBN 978-3-8258-6828-4. Zwar hatte man sich bei der Referenz auf das 'Chinesische Volk' (zhonghua minzu) sowie auf ' ethnische Chinesen ' ( hanren minzu ) durchaus schon lange des japanisch / chinesischen Begriffs ' minzoku ' bzw. ' minzu ' ( = Volk, Nation, Volk ) bedient, allein hatte man es vermieden ... zwischen 'Volk (minzu) und 'Ethnie' (zuqun) im chinesischen Kontext darin bestehe, ...
  10. ↑ Charles K. Armstrong (18 June 2013). Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6893-3. ... (minjok, similar to the German Volk) ...
  11. ↑ Gayle, Curtis Anderson (2003-08-29). Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. Routledge.
  12. ↑ Shiyuan Hao (30 November 2015). How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality: An Evolving Topic. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-662-48462-3. ... minzu to translate the German word volk and the English words ethnos and nation. After the Japanese philosopher Enryou Inoue founded the magazine Nihonjin in 1888, the term minzu became widely used in Japan and influenced the whole news ...
  13. ↑ Olsson, Jojje (10 January 2018). "Racial Thinking in Modern China: A Bridge to Ethnonationalism?". Taiwan Sentinel. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  14. 1 2 Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  15. ↑ Tobin, David (October 2022). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. doi:10.1017/9781108770408. ISBN 978-1-108-77040-8. S2CID 240707164. Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...
  16. ↑ Sautman, Barry (1997). "Racial Nationalism and China's External Behavior". World Affairs. 160 (2): 78–95. ISSN 0043-8200. JSTOR 20672513.
  17. 1 2 Leibold, James (24 May 2024). "New Textbook Reveals Xi Jinping's Doctrine of Han-centric Nation-Building". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 29 August 2026.
  18. ↑ Sautman, Barry (2001). "Peking Man and the Politics of Paleoanthropological Nationalism in China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 60 (1): 95–124. doi:10.2307/2659506. JSTOR 2659506. PMID 19086346.
  19. ↑ Cheng, Yinghong (2019), "Is Peking Man Still Our Ancestor?—Race and National Lineage", Discourses of Race and Rising China, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–159, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05357-4_3, ISBN 978-3-030-05356-7, PMC 7123927
  20. ↑ "民族 (mínzú)". MDBG English to Chinese Dictionary. Retrieved 8 October 2026. nationality; ethnic group
  21. ↑ "種族 (zhǒngzú)". MDBG English to Chinese Dictionary. Retrieved 8 October 2026. race; ethnic group
  22. ↑ Noah Buchan (12 September 2015). "Taiwan, China and the Han race". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 August 2026.
  23. ↑ "Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'". 18 October 2005 – via Japan Times Online.
  24. ↑ "麻生太郎氏「日本は2千年、一つの民族」政府方針と矛盾". 13 January 2020 – via The Asahi Shimbun.
  25. ↑ Gerard Delanty; Krishan Kumar (2006). The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. SAGE Publications. p. 477. ISBN 978-1-4462-0644-7.
  26. ↑ Rhodes, Anthony (1983). Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 246. ISBN 9780877544630.
  27. ↑ Sang-hoon Jang (20 January 2020). A Representation of Nationhood in the Museum. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-75396-1.
  28. ↑ Gi-wook Shin (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford University Press. p. 175.
  29. ↑ Schmid, Andre (Feb 1997). "Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea". The Journal of Asian Studies. 56 (1): 26–46. doi:10.2307/2646342. JSTOR 2646342.
  30. ↑ B. R. Myers (2010). The Cleanest Race.
  31. 1 2 Kristol, Bill; Eberstadt, Nicholas. "Nicholas Eberstadt Transcript". Conversations with Bill Kristol. The hum in their ideology is the Korean word minjok, which they would translate for us as "nationality," but is much closer in the way they use it to race.
  32. 1 2 "민족 (民族)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-14. people; ethnic group
  33. ↑ "인종 (人種)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-14. race
  34. ↑ Clark W. Sorensen; Donald Baker (2013). The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 1 (Spring 2013). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 47. ... injong (race) or minjok (ethnos) in the historical context.
  35. ↑ Kelly, Robert E. (June 4, 2015). "Why South Korea is So Obsessed with Japan". Real Clear Defense. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  36. ↑ Myers, Brian Reynolds (September 14, 2010). "South Korea: The Unloved Republic?". Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  37. ↑ Kristol, Bill; Eberstadt, Nicholas. "Nicholas Eberstadt on Understanding North Korea". Conversations with Bill Kristol.
  38. ↑ "South Korea: The Unloved Republic? | Asia Society". www.asiasociety.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  39. ↑ Draudt-Véjares, Darcie (2025-05-29). "The Transformation of South Korean Progressive Foreign Policy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2026-02-27.
  40. ↑ Lee, Kwangbaek; Adams, Rose (2 September 2024). "Kim Jong Un Abandoned Unification. What Do North Koreans Think?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2026-02-27.
  41. ↑ "겉은 '민족주의 극복' 속은 '극우 반공주의'". 경향신문. 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  42. ↑ "건국절 논란, 국가주의 vs 민족주의 사이에서". 뉴스워치. 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  43. ↑ Ellen Wesemüller (2005). African Nationalism from Apartheid to Post-apartheid South Africa: A Critical Analysis of ANC Party Political Discourse. Ibidem-Verlag. p. 11. Opposing white domination, the ANC was founded and, though never unified, criticised both - Afrikaner and African nationalism as undemocratic and racist ideologies.
  44. 1 2 "black nationalism | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  45. ↑ Hall, Raymond L. (2014). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4831-1917-5.
  46. 1 2 Delany, Martin (1850). "A Black Nationalist Manifesto". tildesites.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  47. ↑ "Black Nationalism in Historical Context · The Illusion of Inclusion: The Nubian Message in the 1990s · The State of History". soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  48. 1 2 Spence, Lester K.; Shaw, Todd C.; Brown, Robert A. (2005-03-31). ""TRUE TO OUR NATIVE LAND": Distinguishing Attitudinal Support for Pan-Africanism from Black Separatism". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 2 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1017/S1742058X05050071. ISSN 1742-0598. S2CID 145808808.
  49. ↑ "Philadelphia: Black Nationalism on Campus - 93.01". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  50. 1 2 Blake, J. Herman (1969). "Black Nationalism". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 382: 15–25. doi:10.1177/000271626938200103. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1037110. S2CID 220837953.
  51. ↑ Robinson, Dean E., ed. (2001), "Black Nationalism as Ethnic Pluralism", Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–103, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606038.006, ISBN 978-0-521-62326-1, retrieved 2024-02-01
  52. ↑ "Cultural Nationalism · exhibits". digilab.libs.uga.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  53. ↑ Brown, Robert A.; Shaw, Todd C. (2002). "Separate Nations: Two Attitudinal Dimensions of Black Nationalism". The Journal of Politics. 64 (1): 22–44. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00116. ISSN 0022-3816.
  54. ↑ Beirich, Heidi (Spring 2019). "The Year in Hate and Extremism: Rage Against Change" (PDF). Intelligence Report. No. 166. Montgomery, Ala.: Southern Poverty Law Center. pp. 38, 39, 49. OCLC 796223066. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  55. ↑ Gilyard, Keith (2022). "The Semantic Borders of White Nationalism". In Martins, David S.; Schreiber, Brooke R.; You, Xiaoye (eds.). Writing on the wall: writing education and resistance to isolationism. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 19–30. ISBN 978-1-64642-324-8.
  56. ↑ Walters, Ronald W. (2003). White nationalism, Black interests: conservative public policy and the Black community. African American life. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-8143-3019-7.
  57. ↑ Heidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks. "Chapter 7: White nationalism in America". In Perry, Barbara. Hate Crimes. Greenwood Publishing, 2009. pp.114–115
  58. ↑ Conversi, Daniele (July 2004). "Can nationalism studies and ethnic/racial studies be brought together?". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 30 (4): 815–29. doi:10.1080/13691830410001699649. S2CID 143586644.
  59. ↑ Heidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks. "Chapter 7: White Nationalism in America". In Perry, Barbara. Hate Crimes. Greenwood Publishing, 2009. p.119. "One of the primary political goals of white nationalism is to forge a white identity".
  60. 1 2 3 "White Nationalism, Explained". The New York Times. 21 November 2016. "White nationalism, he said, is the belief that national identity should be built around white ethnicity, and that white people should therefore maintain both a demographic majority and dominance of the nation’s culture and public life. ... white nationalism is about maintaining political and economic dominance, not just a numerical majority or cultural hegemony".
  61. 1 2 3 FBI Counterterrorism Division (13 December 2006). State of domestic white nationalist extremist movement in the United States. FBI Intelligence Assessment. p. 4.
  62. ↑ Dating the White Way Newsweek 9 August 2004
  63. ↑ Zeskind, Leonard (2009), "Prolegomena to the future, 2001–2004", in Zeskind, Leonard (ed.), Blood and politics: the history of the white nationalist movement from the margins to the mainstream, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 526, ISBN 9780374109035.
  64. ↑ Schumaker, Paul (2008), "Questions of citizenship", in Schumaker, Paul (ed.), From ideologies to public philosophies: an introduction to political theory, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, p. 254, ISBN 9781405168359.
  65. ↑ "'Remigration' is American for 'Ethnic Cleansing'". Political Research Associates. 8 July 2025.
  66. ↑ Feffer, John (2020). Right Across the World: The Global Networking of the Far-Right and the Left Response. Pluto Press. pp. 48–49. hdl:20.500.12657/51072. ISBN 9781786808554 – via library.oapen.org.
  67. ↑ McAdams, A. James; Castrillon, Alejandro (26 September 2021). Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy. Routledge. pp. 12, 74. ISBN 978-1-000-43190-2 – via Google Books.
  68. ↑ Becker, Paul J. (September 5, 2025). "An Arkansas group's effort to build a white ethnostate forms part of a wider US movement inspired by white supremacy". The Conversation. Retrieved May 23, 2026.
  69. ↑ Romm, Tony; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (27 March 2019). "Facebook says it will now block white-nationalist, white-separatist posts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 March 2019. Civil rights groups applauded the move. 'There is no defensible distinction that can be drawn between white supremacy, white nationalism or white separatism in society today,' Kristen Clarke, president and executive director of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, said Wednesday in a statement.
  70. 1 2 3 Perlman, Merrill (14 August 2017). "The key difference between 'nationalists' and 'supremacists'". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  71. 1 2 Daniszewski, John. "How to describe extremists who rallied in Charlottesville". Associated Press. 15 August 2017.
  72. ↑ Sterling, Joe. "White nationalism, a term once on the fringes, now front and center". CNN.
  73. ↑ Loftis, Susanne (11 April 2003). "Interviews offer unprecedented look into the world and words of the new white nationalism". Vanderbilt News. Vanderbilt University.
  74. ↑ Zeskind, Leonard (November 2005). "The New Nativism: The alarming overlap between white nationalists and mainstream anti-immigrant forces". The American Prospect. 16 (11). Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  75. ↑ Hughey, Matthew (2012). White Bound: Nationalists, Antiracists, and the Shared Meanings of Race. Stanford University Press. pp. 198–199. ISBN 9780804783316. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  76. ↑ CQ Researcher (2017). Issues in Race and Ethnicity: Selections from CQ Researcher. SAGE Publications. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-5443-1635-2.

Sources

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