Bibliography of the history of eugenics

Bibliography of the history of eugenics
Bibliography of the history of eugenics
	Schloss Hartheim, a former centre for Nazi Germany's Aktion T4 campaign
Subject	History of eugenics
Chronological scope	Antiquity to the present
Geographic scope	Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia
Language	English-language scholarship
Arrangement	Chronological, geographic and thematic
Citation style	APA 7

The following is a bibliography of the history of eugenics. Works on the philosophy, ethics, science, law, culture and contemporary debates of eugenics are listed in the Bibliography of eugenics.

Eugenics^[a] is a largely discredited set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.^[1]^[2] Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the fertility of those considered inferior, often through forced sterilization, or promoting that of those considered superior.^[2]^[3]

Bibliography contains academic level English language books (including translations) and journal articles, published mainly post World War II.^[b] Book entries may have references to reviews published in academic journals or major newspapers when these could be considered helpful. These reference reviews also function as a resource to find other works on this subject.

Works listed here are cited in the notes or bibliographies of scholarly sources. Each is published by an academic or major trade press, written by a recognized expert, or substantially reviewed in scholarly journals; borderline cases are omitted. A selection of primary sources are included. Many of the books below carry their own bibliographies; see Further reading section for longer ones, and External links section for historical sites and museums.

Citations follow APA style.^[c] Books have citations to academic journal or mainstream published reviews when available. For books only partly about the subject, give relevant chapter or section titles where useful and available. Translators of the original-language edition are included when possible. In cases where a title or name has appeared with more than one English spelling, the most recent published form is used and a footnote documents any earlier title under which the work appeared.

General surveys

Allen, G. E. (2011). Eugenics and modern biology: Critiques of eugenics, 1910–1945. Annals of Human Genetics, 75(3), 314–325. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00649.x
Bashford, A. (2010). Internationalism, cosmopolitanism, and eugenics. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 154–172). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0009
Bashford, A., & Levine, P. (Eds.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.001.0001^[4]
Carlson, E. A. (2001). The unfit: A history of a bad idea. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.^[5]
Dikötter, F. (1998). Race culture: Recent perspectives on the history of eugenics. The American Historical Review, 103(2), 467–478. doi:10.1086/ahr/103.2.467
Gillette, A. (2007). Eugenics and the nature-nurture debate in the twentieth century. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230608900^[6]^[7]
Kevles, D. J. (1985). In the name of eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity. Alfred A. Knopf.^[8]
Kühl, S. (2013). For the betterment of the race. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137286123^[9]
Levine, P. (2017). Eugenics: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.001.0001^[10]
Paul, D. (1984). Eugenics and the left. Journal of the History of Ideas, 45(4), 567–590. JSTOR 2709374
Paul, D. B. (1995). Controlling human heredity: 1865 to the present. Humanities Press.^[11]
Paul, D. B. (1998). The politics of heredity: Essays on eugenics, biomedicine, and the nature-nurture debate. State University of New York Press.^[12]
Roll-Hansen, N. (1988). The progress of eugenics: Growth of knowledge and change in ideology. History of Science, 26(3), 295–331. doi:10.1177/007327538802600303
Roll-Hansen, N. (2010). Eugenics and the science of genetics. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 80–97). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0005
Rutherford, A. (2022). Control: The dark history and troubling present of eugenics. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.^[13]

Origins and precursors

Gökyiğit, E. A. (1994). The reception of Francis Galton's Hereditary genius in the Victorian periodical press. Journal of the History of Biology, 27(2), 215–240. doi:10.1007/bf01062563
Hawkins, M. (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860–1945: Nature as model and nature as threat. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558481^[14]
Magnello, E. (2004). The reception of Mendelism by the biometricians and the early Mendelians (1899–1909). In M. Keynes, A. W. F. Edwards, & R. Peel (Eds.), A century of Mendelism in human genetics (pp. 19–32). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780203022368.ch3
Mazumdar, P. M. H. (2002). 'Reform' eugenics and the decline of Mendelism. Trends in Genetics, 18(1), 48–52. doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02551-3
Paul, D. B. (2009). Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics. In J. Hodge & G. Radick (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Darwin (2nd ed., pp. 219–245). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ccol9780521884754.010^[15]
Pick, D. (1989). Faces of degeneration: A European disorder, c. 1848–c. 1918. Cambridge University Press.^[16]
Porter, T. M. (2018). Genetics in the madhouse: The unknown history of human heredity. Princeton University Press.^[17]
Richards, M. (2004). Perfecting people: Selective breeding at the Oneida Community (1869–1879) and the eugenics movement. New Genetics and Society, 23(1), 47–71. doi:10.1080/1463677042000189615
Waller, J. C. (2001). Ideas of heredity, reproduction and eugenics in Britain, 1800–1875. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 32(3), 457–489. doi:10.1016/s1369-8486(00)00028-5

Antiquity

Galton, D. J. (1998). Greek theories on eugenics. Journal of Medical Ethics, 24(4), 263–267. doi:10.1136/jme.24.4.263
Güvercin, C. H., & Arda, B. (2008). Eugenics concept: From Plato to present. Human Reproduction & Genetic Ethics, 14(2), 20–26. doi:10.1558/hrge.v14i2.20
Huys, M. (1996). The Spartan practice of selective infanticide and its parallels in ancient utopian tradition. Ancient Society, 27, 47–74. doi:10.2143/as.27.0.632397
Scanlon, T. F. (2002). "Only we produce men": Spartan female athletics and eugenics. In Eros and Greek athletics (pp. 121–138). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195138894.003.0006
Sneed, D. (2021). Disability and infanticide in ancient Greece. Hesperia, 90(4), 747–772. doi:10.2972/hesperia.90.4.0747

By country and region

United States

Allen, G. E. (1983). The misuse of biological hierarchies: The American eugenics movement, 1900–1940. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 5(2), 105–128.
Allen, G. E. (1989). Eugenics and American social history, 1880–1950. Genome, 31(2), 885–889. doi:10.1139/g89-156
Allen, G. E. (1997). The social and economic origins of genetic determinism: A case history of the American eugenics movement, 1900–1940 and its lessons for today. Genetica, 99(2–3), 77–88. doi:10.1023/a:1018396529332
Allen, G. E. (2013). "Culling the herd": Eugenics and the conservation movement in the United States, 1900–1940. Journal of the History of Biology, 46(1), 31–72. doi:10.1007/s10739-011-9317-1
Bix, A. S. (1997). Experiences and voices of eugenics field-workers: 'Women's work' in biology. Social Studies of Science, 27(4), 625–668. doi:10.1177/030631297027004003
Black, E. (2003). War against the weak: Eugenics and America's campaign to create a master race. Four Walls Eight Windows.^[18]
Boudreau, E. B. (2005). "Yea, I have a goodly heritage": Health versus heredity in the Fitter Family Contests, 1920–1928. Journal of Family History, 30(4), 366–387. doi:10.1177/0363199005276359
Bruinius, H. (2006). Better for all the world: The secret history of forced sterilization and America's quest for racial purity. Alfred A. Knopf.
Cogdell, C. (2004). Eugenic design: Streamlining America in the 1930s. University of Pennsylvania Press.^[19]^[20]
Cohen, A. (2016). Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American eugenics, and the sterilization of Carrie Buck. Penguin Press.^[21]
Comfort, N. (2012). The science of human perfection: How genes became the heart of American medicine. Yale University Press.^[22]
Cooke, K. J. (1998). The limits of heredity: Nature and nurture in American eugenics before 1915. Journal of the History of Biology, 31(2), 263–278. doi:10.1023/a:1004387603971
Crnic, M. (2009). Better babies: Social engineering for 'a better nation, a better world'. Endeavour, 33(1), 12–17. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.11.001
Cuddy, L. A., & Roche, C. M. (Eds.). (2003). Evolution and eugenics in American literature and culture, 1880–1940: Essays on ideological conflict and complicity. Bucknell University Press.^[23]
Currell, S., & Cogdell, C. (Eds.). (2006). Popular eugenics: National efficiency and American mass culture in the 1930s. Ohio University Press.^[24]
Deutsch, N. (2009). Inventing America's worst family: Eugenics, Islam, and the fall and rise of the Tribe of Ishmael. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520942707^[25]^[26]
Dorr, G. M. (2008). Segregation's science: Eugenics and society in Virginia. University of Virginia Press.^[27]
Dowbiggin, I. R. (1997). Keeping America sane: Psychiatry and eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880–1940. Cornell University Press.^[28]
English, D. K. (2004). Unnatural selections: Eugenics in American modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. University of North Carolina Press.^[29]^[30]
Farber, S. A. (2008). U.S. scientists' role in the eugenics movement (1907–1939): A contemporary biologist's perspective. Zebrafish, 5(4), 243–245. doi:10.1089/zeb.2008.0576
Gallagher, N. L. (1999). Breeding better Vermonters: The eugenics project in the Green Mountain State. University Press of New England.^[31]^[32]
Gutiérrez, E. R. (2008). Fertile matters: The politics of Mexican-origin women's reproduction. University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/716810^[33]
Haller, M. H. (1963). Eugenics: Hereditarian attitudes in American thought. Rutgers University Press.^[34]
Hansen, R., & King, D. (2013). Sterilized by the state: Eugenics, race, and the population scare in twentieth-century North America. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139507554^[35]
Jackson, C. (2000). Waste and whiteness: Zora Neale Hurston and the politics of eugenics. African American Review, 34(4), 639–660. JSTOR 2901423
Kluchin, R. M. (2009). Fit to be tied: Sterilization and reproductive rights in America, 1950–1980. Rutgers University Press.^[36]
Kuby, W. (2018). Eugenic marriage laws and the continuing crisis of out-of-state elopement. In Conjugal misconduct: Defying marriage law in the twentieth-century United States (pp. 109–145). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316673096.004
Larson, E. J. (1995). Sex, race, and science: Eugenics in the Deep South. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[37]
Lombardo, P. A. (2008). Three generations, no imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[38]
Luczak, E. B. (2015). Breeding and eugenics in the American literary imagination: Heredity rules in the twentieth century. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137545794
Ludmerer, K. M. (1972). Genetics and American society: A historical appraisal. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[39]
Micklos, D., & Carlson, E. (2000). Engineering American society: The lesson of eugenics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1(2), 153–158. doi:10.1038/35038589
Pernick, M. S. (1997). Eugenics and public health in American history. American Journal of Public Health, 87(11), 1767–1772. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1767
Pickens, D. K. (1968). Eugenics and the Progressives. Vanderbilt University Press.^[40]^[41]
Rafter, N. H. (1992). Claims-making and socio-cultural context in the first U.S. eugenics campaign. Social Problems, 39(1), 17–34. doi:10.1525/sp.1992.39.1.03x0059g
Reilly, P. R. (1991). The surgical solution: A history of involuntary sterilization in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[42]
Roberts, D. (1997). Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. Pantheon Books.
Rosen, C. (2004). Preaching eugenics: Religious leaders and the American eugenics movement. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019515679x.001.0001^[43]
Rydell, R. W. (1993). World of fairs: The Century-of-Progress expositions. University of Chicago Press.^[44]^[45]
Schoen, J. (2005). Choice and coercion: Birth control, sterilization, and abortion in public health and welfare. University of North Carolina Press.^[46]
Schoenl, W., & Peck, D. (2010). Advertising eugenics: Charles M. Goethe's campaign to improve the race. Endeavour, 34(2), 75–80. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.04.006
Selden, S. (1999). Inheriting shame: The story of eugenics and racism in America. Teachers College Press.^[47]
Smith, J. D. (1993). The eugenic assault on America: Scenes in red, white, and black. George Mason University Press.^[48]
Stern, A. M. (2005). Eugenic nation: Faults and frontiers of better breeding in modern America. University of California Press.^[49]
Stern, A. M. (2007). "We cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear": Eugenics in the Hoosier heartland. Indiana Magazine of History, 103(1).
Wilson, P. K. (2002). Harry Laughlin's eugenic crusade to control the 'socially inadequate' in Progressive Era America. Patterns of Prejudice, 36(1), 49–67. doi:10.1080/003132202128811367
Zuberi, T. (2025). Du Bois, demography, and eugenics. In A. D. Morris, M. Schwartz, C. Johnson-Odim, W. Allen, M. A. Hunter, K. L. Brown, & D. S. Green (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of W. E. B. Du Bois (pp. 413–432). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190062767.013.15

Britain

Aylward, A. (2021). R.A. Fisher, eugenics, and the campaign for family allowances in interwar Britain. The British Journal for the History of Science, 54(4), 485–505. doi:10.1017/s0007087421000674
Barker, D. (1989). The biology of stupidity: Genetics, eugenics and mental deficiency in the inter-war years. The British Journal for the History of Science, 22(3), 347–375. doi:10.1017/s0007087400026200
Challis, D. (2013). The archaeology of race: The eugenic ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9781472555786^[50]
Farrall, L. A. (1985). The origins and growth of the English eugenics movement, 1865–1925. Garland Publishing.
Freeden, M. (1979). Eugenics and progressive thought: A study in ideological affinity. The Historical Journal, 22(3), 645–671. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00017027
Hanson, C. (2012). Eugenics, literature, and culture in post-war Britain. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203097915^[51]
Jones, G. (1982). Eugenics and social policy between the wars. The Historical Journal, 25(3), 717–728. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00011882
Jones, G. (1986). Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain. Croom Helm.^[52]^[53]
Jones, G. (1992). Eugenics in Ireland: The Belfast Eugenics Society, 1911–15. Irish Historical Studies, 28(109), 81–95. doi:10.1017/s0021121400018599
Magnello, M. E. (1999). The non-correlation of biometrics and eugenics: Rival forms of laboratory work in Karl Pearson's career at University College London, part 2. History of Science, 37(2), 123–150. doi:10.1177/007327539903700201
Redvaldsen, D. (2024). A history of British eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to designer babies. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72290-5^[54]^[55]
Searle, G. R. (1976). Eugenics and politics in Britain, 1900–1914. Noordhoff.^[56]
Searle, G. R. (1979). Eugenics and politics in Britain in the 1930s. Annals of Science, 36(2), 159–169. doi:10.1080/00033797900200461
Sheppard, K. L. (2010). Flinders Petrie and eugenics at UCL. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 20(1). doi:10.5334/bha.20103
Soloway, R. A. (1990). Demography and degeneration: Eugenics and the declining birthrate in twentieth-century Britain. University of North Carolina Press.^[57]
Stone, D. (2002). Breeding superman: Nietzsche, race and eugenics in Edwardian and interwar Britain. Liverpool University Press. doi:10.5949/upo9781846312694^[58]^[59]
Thomson, M. (1998). The problem of mental deficiency: Eugenics, democracy, and social policy in Britain c. 1870–1959. Clarendon Press.^[60]
Weindling, P. (2012). Julian Huxley and the continuity of eugenics in twentieth-century Britain. Journal of Modern European History, 10(4), 480–499. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4_480
Woodhouse, J. (1982). Eugenics and the feeble-minded: The Parliamentary debates of 1912–14. History of Education, 11(2), 127–137. doi:10.1080/0046760820110205

Europe

Cleminson, R. (2019). Anarchism and eugenics: An unlikely convergence, 1890–1940. Manchester University Press. doi:10.7765/9781526124470^[61]
Lucassen, L. (2010). A brave new world: The left, social engineering, and eugenics in twentieth-century Europe. International Review of Social History, 55(2), 265–296. doi:10.1017/s0020859010000209
Pols, H. (2010). Eugenics in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 347–362). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0021
Spektorowski, A. (2004). The eugenic temptation in socialism: Sweden, Germany, and the Soviet Union. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46(1), 84–106. doi:10.1017/s0010417504000052
Spektorowski, A., & Ireni-Saban, L. (2013). Politics of eugenics: Productionism, population, and national welfare. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203740231^[62]
Turda, M. (2010). Modernism and eugenics. Palgrave Macmillan.^[63]

France

Fogarty, R. S., & Osborne, M. A. (2010). Eugenics in France and the colonies. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 332–346). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0020
Redvaldsen, D. (2025). Eugenics and natalism in France, 1912–1942: The case of the Croix-de-Feu and Parti Social Français. The European Legacy, 30(8), 947–967. doi:10.1080/10848770.2025.2558361
Reggiani, A. H. (2002). Alexis Carrel, the unknown: Eugenics and population research under Vichy. French Historical Studies, 25(2), 331–356. doi:10.1215/00161071-25-2-331
Rosental, P.-A. (2012). Eugenics and social security in France before and after the Vichy regime. Journal of Modern European History, 10(4), 540–562. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4_540
Schneider, W. H. (1982). Toward the improvement of the human race: The history of eugenics in France. The Journal of Modern History, 54(2), 268–291. doi:10.1086/244134
Schneider, W. H. (1990). Quality and quantity: The quest for biological regeneration in twentieth-century France. Cambridge University Press.^[64]
Sonn, R. D. (2005). "Your body is yours": Anarchism, birth control, and eugenics in interwar France. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 14(4), 415–432. doi:10.1353/sex.2006.0045

Germany

Hales, B. (2024). Cinematically transmitted disease: Eugenics and film in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9781805394815
Herzog, D. (2024). The question of unworthy life: Eugenics and Germany's twentieth century. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691261683^[65]^[66]
Hong, Y.-S. (1998). From the welfare state to the racial state: Eugenics and welfare reform, 1928–1934. In Welfare, modernity, and the Weimar state, 1919–1933 (pp. 239–276). Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400864751.239
Joseph, J., & Wetzel, N. A. (2013). Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's racial hygiene mastermind. Journal of the History of Biology, 46(1), 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6
Usborne, C. (1992). The politics of the body in Weimar Germany: Women's reproductive rights and duties. Macmillan.^[67]
Weindling, P. (1985). Weimar eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in social context. Annals of Science, 42(3), 303–318. doi:10.1080/00033798500200221
Weindling, P. (1989). Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870–1945. Cambridge University Press.^[68]
Weindling, P. (2010). German eugenics and the wider world: Beyond the racial state. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 315–331). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0019
Weiss, S. F. (1986). Wilhelm Schallmayer and the logic of German eugenics. Isis, 77(1), 33–46. doi:10.1086/354037

Nazi Germany

Allen, G. E. (2004). Was Nazi eugenics created in the US? EMBO Reports, 5(5), 451–452. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400158
Aly, G., Chroust, P., & Pross, C. (1994). Cleansing the fatherland: Nazi medicine and racial hygiene (B. Cooper, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press. doi:10.56021/9780801847752^[69]
Bachrach, S. (2004). In the name of public health — Nazi racial hygiene. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(5), 417–420. doi:10.1056/nejmp048136
Biddiss, M. (1997). Disease and dictatorship: The case of Hitler's Reich. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90(6), 342–346. doi:10.1177/014107689709000616
Bock, G. (1983). Racism and sexism in Nazi Germany: Motherhood, compulsory sterilization, and the state. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8(3), 400–421. doi:10.1086/493983
Burleigh, M., & Wippermann, W. (1991). The racial state: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press.^[70]
Czech, H. (2007). From welfare to selection: Vienna's public health office and the implementation of racial hygiene policies under the Nazi regime. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 317–334). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-017
Czech, H. (2018). Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna. Molecular Autism, 9(1), Article 29. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6
David, H. P., Fleischhacker, J., & Höhn, C. (1988). Abortion and eugenics in Nazi Germany. Population and Development Review, 14(1), 81–112. JSTOR 1972501
Ehrenreich, E. (2007). The Nazi ancestral proof: Genealogy, racial science, and the final solution. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2979/4979.0^[71]
Glass, J. M. (1997). Life unworthy of life: Racial phobia and mass murder in Hitler's Germany. Basic Books.^[72]
Hart, B. W. (2012). Watching the 'eugenic experiment' unfold: The mixed views of British eugenicists toward Nazi Germany in the early 1930s. Journal of the History of Biology, 45(1), 33–63. doi:10.1007/s10739-010-9259-z
Kühl, S. (1994). The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford University Press.^[73]
Kuntz, D., & Bachrach, S. D. (Eds.). (2004). Deadly medicine: Creating the master race. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.^[74]
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. Basic Books.^[75]
Müller-Hill, B. (1988). Murderous science: Elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies, and others, Germany 1933–1945 (G. R. Fraser, Trans.). Oxford University Press.^[76]
Proctor, R. N. (1988). Racial hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Harvard University Press.^[77]
Teicher, A. (2019). Why did the Nazis sterilize the blind? Genetics and the shaping of the sterilization law of 1933. Central European History, 52(2), 289–309. doi:10.1017/s000893891900030x
Torrey, E. F., & Yolken, R. H. (2010). Psychiatric genocide: Nazi attempts to eradicate schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097
Weingart, P. (1989). German eugenics between science and politics. Osiris, 5, 260–282. doi:10.1086/368690
Weiss, S. F. (1987). The race hygiene movement in Germany. Osiris, 3, 193–236. doi:10.1086/368666
Weiss, S. F. (2010). The Nazi symbiosis: Human genetics and politics in the Third Reich. University of Chicago Press.^[78]
Weiss-Wendt, A., & Yeomans, R. (Eds.). (2013). Racial science in Hitler's new Europe, 1938–1945. University of Nebraska Press. JSTOR j.ctt1ddr8dq^[79]^[80]
Whitman, J. Q. (2017). Hitler's American model: The United States and the making of Nazi race law. Princeton University Press.^[81]

Southern Europe

Barmpouti, A. (2019). Post-war eugenics, reproductive choices and population policies in Greece, 1950s–1980s. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03568-6^[82]
Beccalossi, C. (2017). Latin eugenics and sexual knowledge in Italy, Spain, and Argentina: International networks across the Atlantic. In V. Fuechtner, D. E. Haynes, & R. M. Jones (Eds.), A global history of sexual science, 1880–1960 (pp. 305–329). University of California Press. doi:10.1525/california/9780520293373.003.0014
Cleminson, R. (1994). Eugenics by name or by nature? The Spanish anarchist sex reform of the 1930s. History of European Ideas, 18(5), 729–740. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(94)90425-1
Cleminson, R. (2000). Anarchism, science and sex: Eugenics in eastern Spain, 1900–1937. Peter Lang.
Cleminson, R. (2008). Eugenics without the state: Anarchism in Catalonia, 1900–1937. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 39(2), 232–239. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.03.006
Cleminson, R. (2011). Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950: Setting a research agenda. East Central Europe, 38(1), 133–154. doi:10.1163/187633011x570756
Cleminson, R. (2014). Catholicism, race and empire: Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950. Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9789633860298^[83]
Goode, J. (2009). Impurity of blood: Defining race in Spain, 1870–1930. Louisiana State University Press.^[84]^[85]
Granel, H. A. (2023). Hygiene of reproduction, maternal culture and sexual differentiation: Eugenics in Argentina and Spain during the interwar period. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 29(1), 65–89. doi:10.1080/14701847.2023.2184008
Nash, M. (1992). Social eugenics and nationalist race hygiene in early twentieth century Spain. History of European Ideas, 15(4–6), 741–748. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90086-r
Quine, M. S. (2010). The first-wave eugenic revolution in Southern Europe: Science sans frontières. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 377–397). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0023
Trubeta, S. (2011). Eugenic birth control and prenuptial health certification in interwar Greece. In C. Promitzer, S. Trubeta, & M. Turda (Eds.), Health, hygiene and eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (pp. 271–298). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9789639776883-011

Fascist Italy

Caglioti, A. M. (2017). Race, statistics and Italian eugenics: Alfredo Niceforo's trajectory from Lombroso to Fascism (1876–1960). European History Quarterly, 47(3), 461–489. doi:10.1177/0265691417707164
Cassata, F. (2011). Building the new man: Eugenics, racial science and genetics in twentieth-century Italy. Central European University Press. doi:10.7829/9789639776838^[86]
Horn, D. G. (1994). Social bodies: Science, reproduction, and Italian modernity. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400821457^[87]^[88]
Ipsen, C. (1996). Dictating demography: The problem of population in Fascist Italy. Cambridge University Press.^[89]
Pozzi, L. (2020). The regulation of public morality and eugenics: A productive alliance between the Catholic Church and Italian Fascism. Modern Italy, 25(3), 317–331. doi:10.1017/mit.2020.37
Quine, M. S. (2012). Racial "sterility" and "hyperfecundity" in Fascist Italy: Biological politics of sex and reproduction. Fascism, 1(2), 92–144. doi:10.1163/22116257-00201003

Scandinavia and Switzerland

Björkman, M., & Widmalm, S. (2010). Selling eugenics: The case of Sweden. Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 64(4), 379–400. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0009
Broberg, G., & Roll-Hansen, N. (Eds.). (1996). Eugenics and the welfare state: Sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland. Michigan State University Press.^[90]
Haave, P. (2007). Sterilization under the swastika: The case of Norway. International Journal of Mental Health, 36(1), 45–57. doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411360104
Hemminki, E., Rasimus, A., & Forssas, E. (1997). Sterilization in Finland: From eugenics to contraception. Social Science & Medicine, 45(12), 1875–1884. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00126-3
Mottier, V. (2008). Eugenics, politics and the state: Social democracy and the Swiss 'gardening state'. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 39(2), 263–269. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.03.010
Roll-Hansen, N. (1999). Eugenics in Scandinavia after 1945: Change of values and growth in knowledge. Scandinavian Journal of History, 24(2), 199–213. doi:10.1080/03468759950115809
Spektorowski, A., & Mizrachi, E. (2004). Eugenics and the welfare state in Sweden: The politics of social margins and the idea of a productive society. Journal of Contemporary History, 39(3), 333–352. doi:10.1177/0022009404044443
Tydén, M. (2010). The Scandinavian states: Reformed eugenics applied. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 363–376). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0022
Wecker, R. (2012). Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 – a continuum? Journal of Modern European History, 10(4), 519–539. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4_519

East-Central Europe

Bucur, M. (2002). Eugenics and modernization in interwar Romania. University of Pittsburgh Press. JSTOR j.ctt5vkh6s^[91]^[92]
Bucur, M. (2010). Eugenics in Eastern Europe, 1870s–1945. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 398–412). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0024
Gawin, M. (2007). Progressivism and eugenic thinking in Poland, 1905–1939. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 167–184). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-010
Georgescu, T. (2011). The eugenic fortress: Alfred Csallner and the Saxon eugenic discourse in interwar Romania. In C. Promitzer, S. Trubeta, & M. Turda (Eds.), Health, hygiene and eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (pp. 351–384). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9789639776883-014
Kalling, K. (2007). The self-perception of a small nation: The reception of eugenics in interwar Estonia. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 253–262). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-013
Mircheva, G. (2011). Marital health and eugenics in Bulgaria, 1878–1940. In C. Promitzer, S. Trubeta, & M. Turda (Eds.), Health, hygiene and eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (pp. 233–270). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9789639776883-010
Promitzer, C. (2007). Taking care of the national body: Eugenic visions in interwar Bulgaria, 1905–1940. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 223–252). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-012
Promitzer, C., Trubeta, S., & Turda, M. (Eds.). (2011). Health, hygiene and eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945. Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9789639776883^[93]^[94]
Šimůnek, M. (2007). Eugenics, social genetics and racial hygiene: Plans for the scientific regulation of human heredity in the Czech lands, 1900–1925. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 145–166). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-009
Stauter-Halsted, K. (2016). Bio-politics between nation and empire. East Central Europe, 43(1–2), 134–160. doi:10.1163/18763308-04302006
Turda, M., & Weindling, P. J. (Eds.). (2007). "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940. Central European University Press.^[95]
Turda, M. (2009). The biology of war: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918. Austrian History Yearbook, 40, 238–264. doi:10.1017/s0067237809000186
Turda, M. (2014). Eugenics and nation in early 20th century Hungary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137293534^[96]^[97]
Turda, M. (Ed.). (2015). The history of East-Central European eugenics, 1900–1945: Sources and commentaries. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9781474219464^[98]^[99]
Uzarczyk, K. (2007). "Moses als Eugeniker"? The reception of eugenic ideas in Jewish medical circles in interwar Poland. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 283–298). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-015
Yeomans, R. (2007). Of "Yugoslav barbarians" and Croatian gentlemen scholars: Nationalist ideology and racial anthropology in interwar Yugoslavia. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 83–122). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-007

Russia and the Soviet Union

Adams, M. B. (Ed.). (1990). The wellborn science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. Oxford University Press.^[100]
Graham, L. R. (1977). Science and values: The eugenics movement in Germany and Russia in the 1920s. The American Historical Review, 82(5), 1133–1164. doi:10.1086/ahr/82.5.1133
Graham, L. R. (1981). Attitudes toward eugenics in Germany and Soviet Russia in the 1920s: An examination of science and values. In D. Callahan & H. T. Engelhardt (Eds.), The roots of ethics: Science, religion, and values (pp. 339–369). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3303-6_16
Krementsov, N. (2006). Eugenics, Rassenhygiene, and human genetics in the late 1930s: The case of the Seventh International Genetics Congress. In S. G. Solomon (Ed.), Doing medicine together: Germany and Russia between the wars (pp. 369–404). University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442674004-013
Krementsov, N. (2010). Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 413–429). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0025
Krementsov, N. (2011). From "beastly philosophy" to medical genetics: Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union. Annals of Science, 68(1), 61–92. doi:10.1080/00033790.2010.527162

East Asia

Chung, Y. J. (2002). Struggle for national survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese contexts, 1896–1945. Routledge.^[101]
Chung, Y. J. (2010). Eugenics in China and Hong Kong: Nationalism and colonialism, 1890s–1940s. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 258–273). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0015
Chung, Y. J. (2014). Better science and better race? Social Darwinism and Chinese eugenics. Isis, 105(4), 793–802. doi:10.1086/679426
Dikötter, F. (1998). Imperfect conceptions: Medical knowledge, birth defects, and eugenics in China. Columbia University Press.^[102]
Frühstück, S. (2003). Colonizing sex: Sexology and social control in modern Japan. University of California Press.^[103]
Hovhannisyan, A. (2021). Preventing the birth of 'inferior offspring': Eugenic sterilizations in postwar Japan. Japan Forum, 33(3), 383–401. doi:10.1080/09555803.2020.1731570
Nanta, A. (2024). Racial anthropology in colonial Korea: "Japanese-Korean common ancestry" vs nativism and eugenics (1916–1940). Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies, 8. doi:10.4000/12vjw
Otsubo, S., & Bartholomew, J. R. (1998). Eugenics in Japan: Some ironies of modernity, 1883–1945. Science in Context, 11(3–4), 545–565. doi:10.1017/s0269889700003203
Otsubo, S. (2005). Between two worlds: Yamanouchi Shigeo and eugenics in early twentieth-century Japan. Annals of Science, 62(2), 205–231. doi:10.1080/0003379031000091608
Robertson, J. (2002). Blood talks: Eugenic modernity and the creation of new Japanese. History and Anthropology, 13(3), 191–216. doi:10.1080/0275720022000025547

India

Ahluwalia, S. (2008). Reproductive restraints: Birth control in India, 1877–1947. University of Illinois Press.^[104]
Hodges, S. (2008). Contraception, colonialism and commerce: Birth control in South India, 1920–1940. Ashgate.^[105]^[106]
Hodges, S. (2010). South Asia's eugenic past. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 228–242). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0013
Parmar, D., & Rao, M. (2023). Population control and eugenics: Dhanvanthi Rama Rau and Margaret Sanger in the making of India's family planning programme, 1930s–1960s. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 30(3), 330–349. doi:10.1177/09715215231183624
Ramusack, B. N. (1989). Embattled advocates: The debate over birth control in India, 1920–40. Journal of Women's History, 1(2), 34–64. doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0005
Sreenivas, M. (2021). Reproductive politics and the making of modern India. University of Washington Press.^[107]^[108]

Africa

Campbell, C. (2007). Race and empire: Eugenics in colonial Kenya. Manchester University Press.^[109]
Dubow, S. (1995). Scientific racism in modern South Africa. Cambridge University Press.^[110]
Klausen, S. M. (2004). Race, maternity, and the politics of birth control in South Africa, 1910–39. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230511255^[111]^[112]

Middle East

Alemdaroğlu, A. (2005). Politics of the body and eugenic discourse in early Republican Turkey. Body & Society, 11(3), 61–76. doi:10.1177/1357034x05056191
El Shakry, O. (2007). The great social laboratory: Subjects of knowledge in colonial and postcolonial Egypt. Stanford University Press. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804755672.001.0001^[113]^[114]
Falk, R. (2010). Eugenics and the Jews. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 462–476). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0028
Falk, R. (2017). Zionism and the biology of Jews. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57345-8
Langton, D. R. (2025). Zionism, evolutionary theory, and eugenics. In Darwin in the Jewish imagination: Jews' engagement with evolutionary theory (pp. 216–248). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/9780198967033.003.0008
Salgirli, S. G. (2011). Eugenics for the doctors: Medicine and social control in 1930s Turkey. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 66(3), 281–312. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrq040
Schayegh, C. (2009). Who is knowledgeable is strong: Science, class, and the formation of modern Iranian society, 1900–1950. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520943544^[115]^[116]

Australia and New Zealand

Garton, S. (1994). Sound minds and healthy bodies: Re-considering eugenics in Australia, 1914–1940. Australian Historical Studies, 26(103), 163–181. doi:10.1080/10314619408595958
Garton, S. (2010). Eugenics in Australia and New Zealand: Laboratories of racial science. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 243–257). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0014
McGregor, R. (2002). 'Breed out the colour' or the importance of being white. Australian Historical Studies, 33(120), 286–302. doi:10.1080/10314610208596220
Watts, R. (1994). Beyond nature and nurture: Eugenics in twentieth century Australian history. Australian Journal of Politics & History, 40(3), 318–334. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1994.tb00107.x
Wyndham, D. (2003). Eugenics in Australia: Striving for national fitness. Galton Institute.^[117]

Canada

Connor, J. T. H. (2019). "For her own safety and the good of society at large": Eugenics, sterilization, and Anglo-American transnationalism in Newfoundland, 1928–1934. Acadiensis, 48(1), 32–59. doi:10.1353/aca.2019.0002
Dyck, E. (2013). Facing eugenics: Reproduction, sterilization, and the politics of choice. University of Toronto Press.^[118]
Grekul, J., Krahn, H., & Odynak, D. (2004). Sterilizing the "feeble-minded": Eugenics in Alberta, Canada, 1929–1972. Journal of Historical Sociology, 17(4), 358–384. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00237.x
Grekul, J. (2008). Sterilization in Alberta, 1928 to 1972: Gender matters. Canadian Review of Sociology, 45(3), 247–266. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.2008.00014.x
McLaren, A. (1990). Our own master race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442623316^[119]
Stahnisch, F. W. (2014). The early eugenics movement and emerging professional psychiatry: Conceptual transfers and personal relationships between Germany and North America, 1880s to 1930s. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 31(1), 17–40. doi:10.3138/cbmh.31.1.17
Strange, C., & Stephen, J. A. (2010). Eugenics in Canada: A checkered history, 1850s–1990s. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 523–538). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0032
Wahlsten, D. (1997). Leilani Muir versus the philosopher king: Eugenics on trial in Alberta. Genetica, 99(2–3), 185–198. doi:10.1007/bf02259522

Latin America

Block, P. (2007). Institutional utopias, eugenics, and intellectual disability in Brazil. History and Anthropology, 18(2), 177–196. doi:10.1080/02757200701702851
Briggs, L. (2002). Reproducing empire: Race, sex, science, and U.S. imperialism in Puerto Rico. University of California Press.^[120]
dos Santos, S. A. (2002). Historical roots of the "whitening" of Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, 29(1), 61–82. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900104
Eraso, Y. (2007). Biotypology, endocrinology, and sterilization: The practice of eugenics in the treatment of Argentinian women during the 1930s. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 81(4), 793–822. doi:10.1353/bhm.2007.0130
Hochman, G., Lima, N. T., & Maio, M. C. (2010). The path of eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of miscegenation. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 493–510). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0030
López, I. (2008). Matters of choice: Puerto Rican women's struggle for reproductive freedom. Rutgers University Press.^[121]^[122]
Ramírez de Arellano, A. B., & Seipp, C. (1983). Colonialism, Catholicism, and contraception: A history of birth control in Puerto Rico. University of North Carolina Press.^[123]^[124]
Reggiani, A. H., & Scharagrodsky, P. A. (2022). Building a disciplined and efficient body: Nationalism, eugenics, and physical culture in interwar Argentina. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 39(15), 1591–1610. doi:10.1080/09523367.2022.2161521
Sánchez-Rivera, R. (2021). The making of "La Gran Familia Mexicana": Eugenics, gender, and sexuality in Mexico. Journal of Historical Sociology, 34(1), 161–185. doi:10.1111/johs.12308
Schell, P. A. (2010). Eugenics policy and practice in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 477–492). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0029
Stepan, N. L. (1991). "The hour of eugenics": Race, gender, and nation in Latin America. Cornell University Press.^[125]
Stepan, N. L. (1992). Race, gender and nation in Argentina: The influence of Italian eugenics. History of European Ideas, 15(4–6), 749–756. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90087-s
Stern, A. M. (1999). Responsible mothers and normal children: Eugenics, nationalism, and welfare in post-revolutionary Mexico, 1920–1940. Journal of Historical Sociology, 12(4), 369–397. doi:10.1111/1467-6443.00097
Stern, A. M. (2011). "The hour of eugenics" in Veracruz, Mexico: Radical politics, public health, and Latin America's only sterilization law. Hispanic American Historical Review, 91(3), 431–443. doi:10.1215/00182168-1300191
Stucchi-Portocarrero, S. (2018). Eugenics, medicine and psychiatry in Peru. History of Psychiatry, 29(1), 96–109. doi:10.1177/0957154x17741232
Turda, M., & Gillette, A. (2014). Latin eugenics in comparative perspective. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9781474210782^[126]

Other regions

Amrith, S. S. (2010). Eugenics in postcolonial Southeast Asia. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 301–314). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0018
Chan, C. K. (1985). Eugenics on the rise: A report from Singapore. International Journal of Health Services, 15(4), 707–712. doi:10.2190/88fw-hnpw-exp0-3cqk
Efron, J. M. (1994). Defenders of the race: Jewish doctors and race science in fin-de-siècle Europe. Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/9780300156805^[127]^[128]
Krishnan, P. (2024). Audience agency in a curious instance of failed securitization: Public resistance to the Singapore government's eugenics program. Security Dialogue, 55(2), 179–196. doi:10.1177/09670106241228066
Paul, D. B., Stenhouse, J., & Spencer, H. G. (Eds.). (2018). Eugenics at the edges of empire: New Zealand, Australia, Canada and South Africa. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64686-2^[129]^[130]

Topical

Economics and the social sciences

Barrett, D., & Kurzman, C. (2004). Globalizing social movement theory: The case of eugenics. Theory and Society, 33(5), 487–527. doi:10.1023/b:ryso.0000045719.45687.aa
Leonard, T. C. (2005). Mistaking eugenics for social Darwinism: Why eugenics is missing from the history of American economics. History of Political Economy, 37(Suppl. 1), 200–233. doi:10.1215/00182702-37-suppl_1-200
Leonard, T. C. (2005). Retrospectives: Eugenics and economics in the Progressive Era. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 207–224. doi:10.1257/089533005775196642
Leonard, T. C. (2016). Illiberal reformers: Race, eugenics, and American economics in the Progressive Era. Princeton University Press.^[131]
MacKenzie, D. (1976). Eugenics in Britain. Social Studies of Science, 6(3–4), 499–532. doi:10.1177/030631277600600310
Peart, S. J., & Levy, D. M. (2005). The "vanity of the philosopher": From equality to hierarchy in postclassical economics. University of Michigan Press.^[132]

Social work and eugenics

Kennedy, A. C. (2008). Eugenics, "degenerate girls," and social workers during the Progressive Era. Affilia, 23(1), 22–37. doi:10.1177/0886109907310473
O'Brien, G. (2023). Eugenics, genetics, and disability in historical and contemporary perspective: Implications for the social work profession. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611234.001.0001
O'Brien, G. V. (2013). Framing the moron: The social construction of feeble-mindedness in the American eugenic era. Manchester University Press. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719087097.001.0001

Compulsory sterilization

Amy, J.-J., & Rowlands, S. (2018). Legalised non-consensual sterilisation – eugenics put into practice before 1945, and the aftermath. Part 1: USA, Japan, Canada and Mexico. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 23(2), 121–129. doi:10.1080/13625187.2018.1450973
Carey, A. C. (1998). Gender and compulsory sterilization programs in America: 1907–1950. Journal of Historical Sociology, 11(1), 74–105. doi:10.1111/1467-6443.00054
Castles, K. (2002). Quiet eugenics: Sterilization in North Carolina's institutions for the mentally retarded, 1945–1965. The Journal of Southern History, 68(4), 849–878. JSTOR 3069776
Hansen, R., & King, D. (2001). Eugenic ideas, political interests, and policy variance: Immigration and sterilization policy in Britain and the U.S. World Politics, 53(2), 237–263. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0003
King, D., & Hansen, R. (1999). Experts at work: State autonomy, social learning and eugenic sterilization in 1930s Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 29(1), 77–107. doi:10.1017/S0007123499000046
Ladd-Taylor, M. (2014). Contraception or eugenics? Sterilization and "mental retardation" in the 1970s and 1980s. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 31(1), 189–211. doi:10.3138/cbmh.31.1.189
Largent, M. A. (2008). Breeding contempt: The history of coerced sterilization in the United States. Rutgers University Press.^[133]
Larson, E. J. (1991). The rhetoric of eugenics: Expert authority and the Mental Deficiency Bill. The British Journal for the History of Science, 24(1), 45–60. doi:10.1017/s0007087400028442
Lira, N. (2022). Laboratory of deficiency: Sterilization and confinement in California, 1900–1950s. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520975965^[134]
Lombardo, P. A. (1985). Three generations, no imbeciles: New light on Buck v. Bell. New York University Law Review, 60(1), 30–62.
Lombardo, P. A. (2023). Republicans, Democrats, & doctors: The lawmakers who wrote sterilization laws. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 51(1), 123–130. doi:10.1017/jme.2023.47
Lombardo, P. A. (Ed.). (2011). A century of eugenics in America: From the Indiana experiment to the human genome era. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2979/5935.0^[135]
Macnicol, J. (1989). Eugenics and the campaign for voluntary sterilization in Britain between the wars. Social History of Medicine, 2(2), 147–169. doi:10.1093/shm/2.2.147
Macnicol, J. (1992). The voluntary sterilization campaign in Britain, 1918–39. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 2(3), 422–438.
Novak, N. L., Lira, N., O'Connor, K. E., Harlow, S. D., Kardia, S. L. R., & Stern, A. M. (2018). Disproportionate sterilization of Latinos under California's eugenic sterilization program, 1920–1945. American Journal of Public Health, 108(5), 611–613. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304369
Porter, D. (1999). Eugenics and the sterilization debate in Sweden and Britain before World War II. Scandinavian Journal of History, 24(2), 145–162. doi:10.1080/03468759950115773
Reilly, P. R. (2015). Eugenics and involuntary sterilization: 1907–2015. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 16(1), 351–368. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930
Schoen, J. (2001). Between choice and coercion: Women and the politics of sterilization in North Carolina, 1929–1975. Journal of Women's History, 13(1), 132–156. doi:10.1353/jowh.2001.0034
Sofair, A. N., & Kaldjian, L. C. (2000). Eugenic sterilization and a qualified Nazi analogy: The United States and Germany, 1930–1945. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(4), 312–319. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00010
Stern, A. M. (2005). Sterilized in the name of public health: Race, immigration, and reproductive control in modern California. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1128–1138. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.041608
Trombley, S. (1988). The right to reproduce. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Wellerstein, A. (2011). States of eugenics: Institutions and practices of compulsory sterilization in California. In S. Jasanoff (Ed.), Reframing rights: Bioconstitutionalism in the genetic age (pp. 29–58). MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/8917.003.0004

Scientific racism

Barkan, E. (1992). The retreat of scientific racism: Changing concepts of race in Britain and the United States between the world wars. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558351^[136]
Farber, P. L. (2011). Mixing races: From scientific racism to modern evolutionary ideas. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi:10.1353/book.72067^[137]
Ludmerer, K. M. (1972). Genetics, eugenics, and the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 46(1), 59–81.
Maxwell, A. (2008). Picture imperfect: Photography and eugenics, 1870–1940. Sussex Academic Press.^[138]
Mehler, B. (1989). Foundation for fascism: The new eugenics movement in the United States. Patterns of Prejudice, 23(4), 17–25. doi:10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970026
Saini, A. (2019). Superior: The return of race science. Beacon Press.^[139]
Schaffer, G. (2008). Racial science and British society, 1930–62. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230582446^[140]^[141]
Stepan, N. (1982). The idea of race in science: Great Britain, 1800–1960. Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05452-7^[142]
Tucker, W. H. (1994). The science and politics of racial research. University of Illinois Press.^[143]
Yudell, M. (2014). Race unmasked: Biology and race in the twentieth century. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/yude16874^[144]

Intelligence testing and education

Carson, J. (2007). The measure of merit: Talents, intelligence, and inequality in the French and American republics, 1750–1940. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691187679^[145]
Fancher, R. E. (1985). The intelligence men: Makers of the IQ controversy. Norton.^[146]^[147]
Fass, P. S. (1980). The IQ: A cultural and historical framework. American Journal of Education, 88(4), 431–458. doi:10.1086/443541
Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. Norton.^[148]
Kamin, L. J. (1974). The science and politics of I.Q. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.^[149]^[150]
Kevles, D. J. (1968). Testing the army's intelligence: Psychologists and the military in World War I. The Journal of American History, 55(3), 565–581. doi:10.2307/1891014
Richardson, J. T. E. (2003). Howard Andrew Knox and the origins of performance testing on Ellis Island, 1912–1916. History of Psychology, 6(2), 143–170. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.6.2.143
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). Howard Andrew Knox: Pioneer of intelligence testing at Ellis Island. Columbia University Press.^[151]^[152]
Ryan, P. J. (1997). "Unnatural selection": Intelligence testing, eugenics, and American political cultures. Journal of Social History, 30(3), 669–685. doi:10.1353/jsh/30.3.669
Wooldridge, A. (1994). Measuring the mind: Education and psychology in England, c. 1860–c. 1990. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511659997^[153]

Gender and feminism

Allen, A. T. (2000). Feminism and eugenics in Germany and Britain, 1900–1940: A comparative perspective. German Studies Review, 23(3), 477. JSTOR 1432830
Devereux, C. (2006). Growing a race: Nellie L. McClung and the fiction of eugenic feminism. McGill-Queen's University Press. doi:10.1515/9780773573048
Jones, G. (1995). Women and eugenics in Britain: The case of Mary Scharlieb, Elizabeth Sloan Chesser, and Stella Browne. Annals of Science, 52(5), 481–502. doi:10.1080/00033799500200361
Ladd-Taylor, M. (1997). Saving babies and sterilizing mothers: Eugenics and welfare politics in the interwar United States. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 4(1), 136–153. doi:10.1093/sp/4.1.136
Love, R. (1979). "Alice in eugenics-land": Feminism and eugenics in the scientific careers of Alice Lee and Ethel Elderton. Annals of Science, 36(2), 145–158. doi:10.1080/00033797900200451
Moss, E. L., Stam, H. J., & Kattevilder, D. (2013). From suffrage to sterilization: Eugenics and the women's movement in 20th century Alberta. Canadian Psychology, 54(2), 105–114. doi:10.1037/a0032644
Rembis, M. A. (2011). Defining deviance: Sex, science, and delinquent girls, 1890–1960. University of Illinois Press.^[154]
Richardson, A. (2003). Love and eugenics in the late nineteenth century: Rational reproduction and the new woman. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198187004.001.0001^[155]
Wanhalla, A. (2007). "To better the breed of men": Women and eugenics in New Zealand, 1900–1935. Women's History Review, 16(2), 163–182. doi:10.1080/09612020601048779
Weinbaum, A. E. (2001). Writing feminist genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, racial nationalism, and the reproduction of maternalist feminism. Feminist Studies, 27(2), 271–302. JSTOR 3178758
Ziegler, M. (2008). Eugenic feminism: Mental hygiene, the women's movement, and the campaign for eugenic legal reform, 1900–1935. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 31(1), 211–235.

Birth control, abortion and eugenics

Gordon, L. (2002). The moral property of women: A history of birth control politics in America. University of Illinois Press.^[156]
Grossmann, A. (1995). Reforming sex: The German movement for birth control and abortion reform, 1920–1950. Oxford University Press.^[157]
Klausen, S., & Bashford, A. (2010). Fertility control: Eugenics, neo-Malthusianism, and feminism. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 98–115). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0006
Klausen, S. M. (2024). Thorny entanglements: Feminism, eugenics and the Abortion Law Reform Association's (ALRA) campaign for safe, accessible abortion in Britain, 1936–1967. Medical History, 68(1), 86–108. doi:10.1017/mdh.2024.4
Löwy, I. (2018). Tangled diagnoses: Prenatal testing, women, and risk. University of Chicago Press.^[158]
McCann, C. R. (1994). Birth control politics in the United States, 1916–1945. Cornell University Press.^[159]
Norgren, T. (2001). Abortion before birth control: The politics of reproduction in postwar Japan. Princeton University Press.^[160]
Siegel, R. B., & Ziegler, M. (2024). Abortion-eugenics discourse in Dobbs: A social movement history. Journal of American Constitutional History. doi:10.59015/jach.neaa6027
Soloway, R. A. (1995). The 'perfect contraceptive': Eugenics and birth control research in Britain and America in the interwar years. Journal of Contemporary History, 30(4), 637–664. doi:10.1177/002200949503000404

Disability and eugenics

Biesold, H. (1999). Crying hands: Eugenics and deaf people in Nazi Germany (W. Sayers, Trans.). Gallaudet University Press. (Original work published 1988)^[161]
Carey, A. C. (2009). On the margins of citizenship: Intellectual disability and civil rights in twentieth-century America. Temple University Press.^[162]
Elks, M. A. (2005). Visual indictment: A contextual analysis of the Kallikak family photographs. Mental Retardation, 43(4), 268–280. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[268:viacao]2.0.co;2
Evans, S. E. (2004). Forgotten crimes: The Holocaust and people with disabilities. Ivan R. Dee.^[163]
Jackson, M. (2000). The borderland of imbecility: Medicine, society and the fabrication of the feeble mind in late Victorian and Edwardian England. Manchester University Press.^[164]
Mithout, A.-L. (2024). Aoi Shiba no Kai: A disability rights movement fighting against eugenics. Cipango – French Journal of Japanese Studies, 8. doi:10.4000/12vjx
Noll, S. (1991). Southern strategies for handling the black feeble-minded: From social control to profound indifference. Journal of Policy History, 3(2), 130–151. doi:10.1017/s0898030600004826
Noll, S. (1995). Feeble-minded in our midst: Institutions for the mentally retarded in the South, 1900–1940. University of North Carolina Press.^[165]
Ryan, D. F., & Schuchman, J. S. (Eds.). (2002). Deaf people in Hitler's Europe. Gallaudet University Press.^[166]
Smith, J. D., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2012). Good blood, bad blood: Science, nature, and the myth of the Kallikaks. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.^[167]^[168]
Snyder, S. L., & Mitchell, D. T. (2006). Cultural locations of disability. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226767307.001.0001^[169]
Thomson, M. (1992). Sterilization, segregation and community care: Ideology and solutions to the problem of mental deficiency in inter-war Britain. History of Psychiatry, 3(12), 473–498. doi:10.1177/0957154x9200301205
Trent, J. W. (1994). Inventing the feeble mind: A history of mental retardation in the United States. University of California Press.^[170]

Eugenics and euthanasia

Burleigh, M. (1994). Death and deliverance: "Euthanasia" in Germany c. 1900–1945. Cambridge University Press.^[171]
Dowbiggin, I. (2003). A merciful end: The euthanasia movement in modern America. Oxford University Press.^[172]
Friedlander, H. (1995). The origins of Nazi genocide: From euthanasia to the final solution. University of North Carolina Press.^[173]
Gallagher, H. G. (1990). By trust betrayed: Patients, physicians, and the license to kill in the Third Reich (Rev. ed.). Vandamere Press.
Joseph, J. (2005). The 1942 'euthanasia' debate in the American Journal of Psychiatry. History of Psychiatry, 16(2), 171–179. doi:10.1177/0957154x05047004
Pernick, M. S. (1996). The black stork: Eugenics and the death of "defective" babies in American medicine and motion pictures since 1915. Oxford University Press.^[174]
Strous, R. D. (2006). Nazi euthanasia of the mentally ill at Hadamar. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27
von Cranach, M. (2003). The killing of psychiatric patients in Nazi Germany between 1939–1945. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 40(1), 8–18.

Religion and eugenics

Baker, G. J. (2014). Christianity and eugenics: The place of religion in the British Eugenics Education Society and the American Eugenics Society, c.1907–1940. Social History of Medicine, 27(2), 281–302. doi:10.1093/shm/hku008
Burleigh, M. (1994). Between enthusiasm, compliance and protest: The churches, eugenics and the Nazi 'euthanasia' programme. Contemporary European History, 3(3), 253–264. doi:10.1017/s0960777300000886
Durst, D. L. (2017). Eugenics and Protestant social reform: Hereditary science and religion in America, 1860–1940. Pickwick Publications.^[175]
Gutierrez, C. (2018). Unnatural selection: Eugenics and the spirit world. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses, 47(2), 263–279. doi:10.1177/0008429818758981
Merricks, P. T. (2012). "God and the gene": E. W. Barnes on eugenics and religion. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13(3), 353–374. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.698978
Nelson, R. H. (2016). Prohibition and eugenics: Implicit religions that failed. Implicit Religion, 19(2), 307–335. doi:10.1558/imre.v19i3.30841
Rosen, C. (2004). Preaching eugenics: Religious leaders and the American eugenics movement. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019515679x.001.0001^[176]
Slattery, J. P. (2024). Reconsidering eugenics in science and religion scholarship: A reflection and invitation. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 59(2). doi:10.16995/zygon.17110
Stuart, J. R. (2016). "Our religion is not hostile to real science": Evolution, eugenics, and race/religion-making in Mormonism's first century. Journal of Mormon History, 42(1), 1–43. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.42.1.0001

Catholic Church and eugenics

Betta, E. (2018). From biopolitics to eugenics: The encyclical Casti connubii. The Journal of Religious History, Literature and Culture, 4(2), 39–59. doi:10.16922/jrhlc.4.2.3
Campos, R. (2016). Authoritarianism and punitive eugenics: Racial hygiene and national Catholicism during Francoism, 1936–1945. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 23(Suppl. 1), 131–148. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500008
Dietrich, D. J. (1992). Catholic eugenics in Germany, 1920–1945: Hermann Muckermann, S.J. and Joseph Mayer. Journal of Church and State, 34(3), 575–600. doi:10.1093/jcs/34.3.575
Holme, I. (2018). Spiritual eugenics as part of the Irish carceral archipelago. Journal of Historical Sociology, 31(2), 154–164. doi:10.1111/johs.12166
Leon, S. M. (2004). "Hopelessly entangled in Nordic pre-suppositions": Catholic participation in the American Eugenics Society in the 1920s. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 59(1), 3–49. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrg041
Leon, S. M. (2013). An image of God: The Catholic struggle with eugenics. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226039039.001.0001^[177]
Lepicard, E. (1998). Eugenics and Roman Catholicism: An encyclical letter in context: Casti connubii, December 31, 1930. Science in Context, 11(3–4), 527–544. doi:10.1017/s0269889700003197
Löscher, M. (2007). Eugenics and Catholicism in interwar Austria. In M. Turda & P. J. Weindling (Eds.), "Blood and homeland": Eugenics and racial nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940 (pp. 299–316). Central European University Press. doi:10.1515/9786155211041-016
Normandin, S. (1998). Eugenics, McGill, and the Catholic Church in Montreal and Quebec: 1890–1942. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 15(1), 59–86. doi:10.3138/cbmh.15.1.59
Walsh, S. (2022). The religion of life: Eugenics, race, and Catholicism in Chile. University of Pittsburgh Press. JSTOR j.ctv262qrqx^[178]

Biographies of eugenicists

Bulmer, M. (2003). Francis Galton: Pioneer of heredity and biometry. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[179]
Chapman, P. D. (1988). Schools as sorters: Lewis M. Terman, applied psychology, and the intelligence testing movement, 1890–1930. New York University Press.^[180]
Chesler, E. (1992). Woman of valor: Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement in America. Simon & Schuster.^[181]^[182]
Gillham, N. W. (2001). A life of Sir Francis Galton: From African exploration to the birth of eugenics. Oxford University Press.^[183]
Krementsov, N. (2018). With and without Galton: Vasilii Florinskii and the fate of eugenics in Russia. Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/obp.0144^[184]
Porter, T. M. (2004). Karl Pearson: The scientific life in a statistical age. Princeton University Press.^[185]^[186]
Reggiani, A. H. (2007). God's eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the sociobiology of decline. Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9781800733985^[187]
Schmidt, U. (2007). Karl Brandt: The Nazi doctor. Medicine and power in the Third Reich. Hambledon Continuum.^[188]
Spiro, J. P. (2009). Defending the master race: Conservation, eugenics, and the legacy of Madison Grant. University of Vermont Press.^[189]
Weiss, S. F. (1987). Race hygiene and national efficiency: The eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520336605^[190]
Witkowski, J. A., & Inglis, J. R. (Eds.). (2008). Davenport's dream: 21st century reflections on heredity and eugenics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.^[191]^[192]
Zenderland, L. (1998). Measuring minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the origins of American intelligence testing. Cambridge University Press.^[193]

Institutions, organizations and funding

Allen, G. E. (1986). The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910–1940: An essay in institutional history. Osiris, 2, 225–264. doi:10.1086/368657
Lombardo, P. A. (2002). "The American breed": Nazi eugenics and the origins of the Pioneer Fund. Albany Law Review, 65(3), 743–830.
Mazumdar, P. M. H. (1992). Eugenics, human genetics and human failings: The Eugenics Society, its sources and its critics in Britain. Routledge.^[194]
Osborn, F. (1974). History of the American Eugenics Society. Social Biology, 21(2), 115–126. doi:10.1080/19485565.1974.9988099
Schmuhl, H.-W. (2008). The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945: Crossing boundaries. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6600-9
Tucker, W. H. (2002). The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press.^[195]

Positive eugenics and pronatalism

Davin, A. (1978). Imperialism and motherhood. History Workshop Journal, 5(1), 9–66. doi:10.1093/hwj/5.1.9
Lovett, L. L. (2007). Conceiving the future: Pronatalism, reproduction, and the family in the United States, 1890–1938. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/9780807868102_lovett^[196]
Lovett, L. L. (2007). "Fitter families for future firesides": Florence Sherbon and popular eugenics. The Public Historian, 29(3), 69–85. doi:10.1525/tph.2007.29.3.69
Pernick, M. S. (2002). Taking better baby contests seriously. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 707–708. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.5.707
Selden, S. (2005). Transforming better babies into fitter families: Archival resources and the history of the American eugenics movement, 1908–1930. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 149(2), 199–225.
Stern, A. M. (2002). Making better babies: Public health and race betterment in Indiana, 1920–1935. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 742–752. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.5.742

Population control

Bashford, A. (2014). Global population: History, geopolitics, and life on Earth. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/bash14766^[197]^[198]
Connelly, M. (2006). To inherit the Earth: Imagining world population, from the yellow peril to the population bomb. Journal of Global History, 1(3), 299–319. doi:10.1017/s1740022806003019
Connelly, M. (2008). Fatal misconception: The struggle to control world population. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674029835^[199]^[200]
Greenhalgh, S. (2005). Missile science, population science: The origins of China's one-child policy. The China Quarterly, 182, 253–276. doi:10.1017/s0305741005000184
Greenhalgh, S. (2008). Just one child: Science and policy in Deng's China. University of California Press.^[201]^[202]
Hvistendahl, M. (2011). Unnatural selection: Choosing boys over girls, and the consequences of a world full of men. PublicAffairs.^[203]^[204]
Ramsden, E. (2008). Eugenics from the New Deal to the Great Society: Genetics, demography and population quality. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 39(4), 391–406. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.005

Immigration and eugenics

Baynton, D. C. (2016). Defectives in the land: Disability and immigration in the age of eugenics. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226364339.001.0001^[205]
Higham, J. (1955). Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860–1925. Rutgers University Press.^[206]
King, D. (2000). Making Americans: Immigration, race, and the origins of the diverse democracy. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674039629^[207]^[208]
Molina, N. (2006). Fit to be citizens? Public health and race in Los Angeles, 1879–1939. University of California Press.^[209]^[210]
Okrent, D. (2019). The guarded gate: Bigotry, eugenics, and the law that kept two generations of Jews, Italians, and other European immigrants out of America. Scribner.^[211]
Zeidel, R. F. (2004). Immigrants, progressives, and exclusion politics: The Dillingham Commission, 1900–1927. Northern Illinois University Press.^[212]

Indigenous peoples and eugenics

Lawrence, J. (2000). The Indian Health Service and the sterilization of Native American women. The American Indian Quarterly, 24(3), 400–419. doi:10.1353/aiq.2000.0008
Leason, J. (2021). Forced and coerced sterilization of Indigenous women: Strengths to build upon. Canadian Family Physician, 67(7), 525–527. doi:10.46747/cfp.6707525
O'Sullivan, M. D. (2016). Informing Red Power and transforming the second wave: Native American women and the struggle against coerced sterilization in the 1970s. Women's History Review, 25(6), 965–982. doi:10.1080/09612025.2015.1083229
Stote, K. (2015). An act of genocide: Colonialism and the sterilization of Aboriginal women. Fernwood Publishing.
Stote, K. (2022). From eugenics to family planning: The coerced sterilization of Indigenous women in post-1970 Saskatchewan. Native American and Indigenous Studies, 9(1), 102–132. doi:10.1353/nai.2022.0013
Torpy, S. J. (2000). Native American women and coerced sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 24(2), 1–22. doi:10.17953/aicr.24.2.7646013460646042

Crime, poverty and the "unfit"

Ladd-Taylor, M. (2017). Fixing the poor: Eugenic sterilization and child welfare in the twentieth century. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[213]
Ladd-Taylor, M. (2019). "Ravished by some moron": The eugenic origins of the Minnesota Psychopathic Personality Act of 1939. Journal of Policy History, 31(2), 192–216. doi:10.1017/s0898030619000022
Nourse, V. F. (2008). In reckless hands: Skinner v. Oklahoma and the near triumph of American eugenics. W. W. Norton.^[214]^[215]
Rafter, N. (2008). The criminal brain: Understanding biological theories of crime. New York University Press.^[216]^[217]
Rafter, N. H. (1997). Creating born criminals. University of Illinois Press.^[218]
Rafter, N. H. (Ed.). (1988). White trash: The eugenic family studies, 1877–1919. Northeastern University Press.^[219]

Sexuality and eugenics

Carter, J. B. (2007). The heart of whiteness: Normal sexuality and race in America, 1880–1940. Duke University Press.^[220]^[221]
Dunne, P. (2017). Transgender sterilisation requirements in Europe. Medical Law Review, 25(4), 554–581. doi:10.1093/medlaw/fwx028
Kline, W. (2001). Building a better race: Gender, sexuality, and eugenics from the turn of the century to the baby boom. University of California Press.^[222]
Ordover, N. (2003). American eugenics: Race, queer anatomy, and the science of nationalism. University of Minnesota Press.^[223]
Somerville, S. B. (2000). Queering the color line: Race and the invention of homosexuality in American culture. Duke University Press.^[224]^[225]
Terry, J. (1999). An American obsession: Science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society. University of Chicago Press.^[226]^[227]

Postwar trials and reckoning

Annas, G. J., & Grodin, M. A. (Eds.). (1992). The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg Code. Oxford University Press.^[228]^[229]
Schmidt, U. (2004). Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi doctors' trial. Palgrave Macmillan.^[230]^[231]
Weindling, P. J. (2004). Nazi medicine and the Nuremberg trials: From medical war crimes to informed consent. Palgrave Macmillan.^[232]^[233]

Legacies and memory

Bashford, A. (2010). Epilogue: Where did eugenics go?. In A. Bashford & P. Levine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics (pp. 539–558). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0033
Burke, C. S., & Castaneda, C. J. (2007). The public and private history of eugenics: An introduction. The Public Historian, 29(3), 5–17. doi:10.1525/tph.2007.29.3.5
Cowan, R. S. (2008). Heredity and hope: The case for genetic screening. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674029927^[234]^[235]
Duster, T. (1990). Backdoor to eugenics. Routledge.^[236]
Garver, K. L., & Garver, B. (1991). Eugenics: Past, present, and the future. American Journal of Human Genetics, 49(5), 1109–1118.
Kevles, D. J. (1999). Eugenics and human rights. BMJ, 319(7207), 435–438. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7207.435
Koch, L. (2004). The meaning of eugenics: Reflections on the government of genetic knowledge in the past and the present. Science in Context, 17(3), 315–331. doi:10.1017/s0269889704000158
Löwy, I. (2017). Imperfect pregnancies: A history of birth defects and prenatal diagnosis. Johns Hopkins University Press.^[237]^[238]
Malacrida, C. (2015). A special hell: Institutional life in Alberta's eugenic years. University of Toronto Press.^[239]^[240]
Paul, D. B., & Spencer, H. G. (1995). The hidden science of eugenics. Nature, 374(6520), 302–304. doi:10.1038/374302a0
Stern, A. M. (2012). Telling genes: The story of genetic counseling in America. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi:10.1353/book.72083^[241]
Stern, A. M., Novak, N. L., Lira, N., O'Connor, K., Harlow, S., & Kardia, S. (2017). California's sterilization survivors: An estimate and call for redress. American Journal of Public Health, 107(1), 50–54. doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303489
Turda, M. (2022). Legacies of eugenics: Confronting the past, forging a future. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(13), 2470–2477. doi:10.1080/01419870.2022.2095222

Primary sources

Works by eugenicists and their contemporaries, and collections of such writings. For later edited collections of sources see also Rafter (1988) under Disability and eugenics and Turda (2015) under East-Central Europe.

Baur, E., Fischer, E., & Lenz, F. (1931). Human heredity (E. Paul & C. Paul, Trans.). George Allen & Unwin. (Original work published 1927)
Binding, K., & Hoche, A. (1992). Permitting the destruction of unworthy life: Its extent and form. Issues in Law & Medicine, 8(2), 231–265. (Original work published 1920)
Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927).
Brigham, C. C. (1923). A study of American intelligence. Princeton University Press.
Carrel, A. (1935). Man, the unknown. Harper & Brothers.
Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and other evils. Cassell.
Darwin, L. (1915). Alcoholism and eugenics. British Journal of Inebriety, 13(2), 55–66. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1915.tb04543.x
Davenport, C. B. (1911). Heredity in relation to eugenics. Henry Holt.
Dugdale, R. L. (1877). "The Jukes": A study in crime, pauperism, disease and heredity. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon Press.
Galton, F. (1865). Hereditary talent and character. Macmillan's Magazine, 12, 157–166, 318–327.
Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. Macmillan.
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. Macmillan.
Galton, F. (1904). Eugenics: Its definition, scope, and aims. American Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 1–25. doi:10.1086/211280
Gerrard, T. J. (1912). The Church and eugenics. P. S. King.
Gini, C. (1927). The scientific basis of fascism. Political Science Quarterly, 42(1), 99–115. JSTOR 2142862
Goddard, H. H. (1912). The Kallikak family: A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness. Macmillan.
Grant, M. (1916). The passing of the great race: Or, the racial basis of European history. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Haldane, J. B. S. (1938). Heredity and politics. George Allen & Unwin.
Huxley, J. S. (1936). Eugenics and society. The Eugenics Review, 28(1), 11–31.
Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39(1), 1–123. doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7
Jordan, D. S. (1902). The blood of the nation: A study of the decay of races through the survival of the unfit. American Unitarian Association.
Laughlin, H. H. (1914). Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population: The scope of the committee's work (Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 10A). Eugenics Record Office.
Laughlin, H. H. (1922). Eugenical sterilization in the United States. Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago.
Lundborg, H., & Runnström, J. (1921). The Swedish nation in word and picture. Hasse W. Tullberg.
Mazumdar, P. (Ed.). (2006). The eugenics movement: An international perspective (Vols. 1–6). Routledge.
Muller, H. J. (1935). Out of the night: A biologist's view of the future. Vanguard Press.
Osborn, F. (1940). Preface to eugenics. Harper & Brothers.
Pearson, K. (1901). National life from the standpoint of science. Adam and Charles Black.
Pius XI. (1930). Casti connubii [Encyclical letter on Christian marriage].
Popenoe, P., & Johnson, R. H. (1918). Applied eugenics. Macmillan.
Relf v. Weinberger, 372 F. Supp. 1196 (D.D.C. 1974).
Saleeby, C. W. (1909). Alcoholism and eugenics. British Journal of Inebriety, 7(1), 7–20. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1909.tb04688.x
Saleeby, C. W. (1909). Parenthood and race culture: An outline of eugenics. Moffat, Yard.
Sanger, M. (1922). The pivot of civilization. Brentano's.
Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535 (1942).
Stoddard, L. (1920). The rising tide of color against white world-supremacy. Charles Scribner's Sons.

Journals

Eugenics journals

Annals of Eugenics (1925–1953). Continued as Annals of Human Genetics. ISSN 2050-1420
Biometrika (1901–). ISSN 0006-3444
Eugenical News (1916–1953). Succeeded by Eugenics Quarterly.
Eugenics Quarterly (1954–1968). Continued as Social Biology (1969–) and Biodemography and Social Biology. ISSN 0097-2762
The Eugenics Review (1909–1968). Journal of the Eugenics Education Society, later the Eugenics Society; the run is freely available through PubMed Central.

Journals publishing on the history of eugenics

Annals of Science. ISSN 0003-3790
Biodemography and Social Biology. ISSN 1948-5565
Bulletin of the History of Medicine. ISSN 1086-3176
Disability Studies Quarterly. ISSN 1041-5718
History of the Human Sciences. ISSN 0952-6951
Isis. ISSN 0021-1753
Journal of Heredity. ISSN 0022-1503
Journal of the History of Biology. ISSN 0022-5010
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. ISSN 0022-5045
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. ISSN 0022-5061
Medical History. ISSN 0025-7273
Science in Context. ISSN 0269-8897
Social History of Medicine. ISSN 0951-631X
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (1998–2020). ISSN 1369-8486
The British Journal for the History of Science. ISSN 0007-0874

Reference works and bibliographies

English, D. K. (2016). Eugenics. In Oxford bibliographies in African American studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780190280024-0029
Engs, R. C. (2005). The eugenics movement: An encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. doi:10.5040/9798400647994^[242]
Farrall, L. A. (1979). The history of eugenics: A bibliographical review. Annals of Science, 36(2), 111–123. doi:10.1080/00033797900200431
Holmes, S. J. (1924). A bibliography of eugenics. University of California Press.
Ladd-Taylor, M. (2025). Eugenics. In Oxford bibliographies in history of medicine. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780197768723-0011
Sheehy, K. (2013). Eugenics. In Oxford bibliographies in childhood studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0110
Wilson, R. A. (2017). Eugenics and philosophy. In Oxford bibliographies in philosophy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0350

References

Notes

↑ /juːˈdʒɛnɪks/ yoo-JEN-iks; from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well' and -γενής (genḗs) 'born, come into being, growing/grown'
↑ Works published before World War II should be limited to areas where there are no significant post World War II books on the subject or when the work in question has significant historical merit. Primary sources are listed separately.
↑ Entries are in plain text APA 7 format without templates; templates are used only for reviews and notes.

Citations

↑ Levine, Philippa (2017). "The World of Eugenics". Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-938590-4.
1 2 Kevles, Daniel J. (1999). "Eugenics and Human Rights". BMJ. 319 (7207): 435–438. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7207.435. PMC 1127045. PMID 10445929.
↑ Levine, Philippa (2017). "Eugenic Reproduction". Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–71. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-938590-4.
↑ Mazumdar, Pauline M. H. (2013). "The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics". Isis. 104 (1): 146–147. doi:10.1086/670865.
↑ Cooke, Kathy J. (2002). "The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 77 (2): 240–241. doi:10.1086/344027.
↑ Dupré, John (2012). "Eugenics and the Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century". Human Genetics. 131 (3): 525–526. doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1097-3.
↑ Allen, Garland E. (2013). "Eugenics and the Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century". Medical History. 57 (1): 151–154. doi:10.1017/mdh.2012.97.
↑ Pickens, Donald K. (1986). "In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity". The American Historical Review. 91 (3): 632–633. doi:10.1086/ahr/91.3.632.
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↑ Larson, Edward J. (1997). "Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present". The Journal of American History. 83 (4): 1420. doi:10.2307/2952973. JSTOR 2952973.
↑ Jones, Greta (1999). "The Politics of Heredity: Essays on Eugenics, Biomedicine, and the Nature-Nurture Debate". Isis. 90 (4): 851–852. doi:10.1086/384591.
↑ Levine, Philippa (2022). "A Geneticist Tackles Eugenics: Control: The Dark History and Troubling Present of Eugenics". American Journal of Biological Anthropology. 179 (1): 160–161. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24576.
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↑ Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2014). "Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race, and the Population Scare in Twentieth-Century North America". The American Historical Review. 119 (5): 1720–1721. doi:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1720.
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↑ Carlson, Elof Axel (2009). "Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 84 (2): 178–180. doi:10.1086/603452.
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External links

Eugenics and scientific racism – National Human Genome Research Institute
Eugenics – Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Inquiry into the history of eugenics at UCL – University College London

Archives and digital collections

Eugenics Record Office Collection – Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
Eugenics Archive – collaborative research archive on the history and legacies of eugenics, with survivor testimony
Eugenics Society (SA/EUG) – records of the Eugenics Society, 1840–2008, Wellcome Collection
Eugenics archive – digital archive on the American eugenics movement, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

[1] /juːˈdʒɛnɪks/ yoo-JEN-iks; from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well' and -γενής (genḗs) 'born, come into being, growing/grown'

[5] Works published before World War II should be limited to areas where there are no significant post World War II books on the subject or when the work in question has significant historical merit. Primary sources are listed separately.

[6] Entries are in plain text APA 7 format without templates; templates are used only for reviews and notes.

[levine-2017-world-2] Levine, Philippa (2017). "The World of Eugenics". Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-938590-4.

[kevles-1999-3] 1 2 Kevles, Daniel J. (1999). "Eugenics and Human Rights". BMJ. 319 (7207): 435–438. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7207.435. PMC 1127045. PMID 10445929.

[levine-2017-reproduction-4] Levine, Philippa (2017). "Eugenic Reproduction". Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–71. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-938590-4.

[mazumdar-bashford-2013-7] Mazumdar, Pauline M. H. (2013). "The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics". Isis. 104 (1): 146–147. doi:10.1086/670865.

[cooke-carlson-2002-8] Cooke, Kathy J. (2002). "The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 77 (2): 240–241. doi:10.1086/344027.

[dupre-gillette-2012-9] Dupré, John (2012). "Eugenics and the Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century". Human Genetics. 131 (3): 525–526. doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1097-3.

[allen-gillette-2013-10] Allen, Garland E. (2013). "Eugenics and the Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century". Medical History. 57 (1): 151–154. doi:10.1017/mdh.2012.97.

[pickens-kevles-1986-11] Pickens, Donald K. (1986). "In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity". The American Historical Review. 91 (3): 632–633. doi:10.1086/ahr/91.3.632.

[carney-kuhl-2015-12] Carney, A. (2015). "For the Betterment of the Race". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 29 (1): 132–134. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv005.

[hillandrews-levine-2018-13] Hill-Andrews, Oliver (2018). "Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction". Annals of Science. 76 (1): 107–109. doi:10.1080/00033790.2018.1437190.

[larson-paul-1997-14] Larson, Edward J. (1997). "Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present". The Journal of American History. 83 (4): 1420. doi:10.2307/2952973. JSTOR 2952973.

[jones-paul-1999-15] Jones, Greta (1999). "The Politics of Heredity: Essays on Eugenics, Biomedicine, and the Nature-Nurture Debate". Isis. 90 (4): 851–852. doi:10.1086/384591.

[levine-rutherford-2022-16] Levine, Philippa (2022). "A Geneticist Tackles Eugenics: Control: The Dark History and Troubling Present of Eugenics". American Journal of Biological Anthropology. 179 (1): 160–161. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24576.

[moore-hawkins-1998-17] Moore, Leonard (1998). "Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945". American Journal of Sociology. 104 (2): 571–573. doi:10.1086/210069.

[bellon-paul-2011-18] Bellon, Richard (2011). "The Cambridge Companion to Darwin". Isis. 102 (4): 778–779. doi:10.1086/664870.

[schneider-pick-1991-19] Schneider, William H. (1991). "Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, ca. 1848–1918". The American Historical Review. 96 (1): 131. doi:10.1086/ahr/96.1.131.

[burman-porter-2020-20] Burman, Jeremy Trevelyan; Bazar, Jennifer L.; Weizmann, Frederic (2020). "Genetics in the Madhouse: The Unknown History of Human Heredity". Isis. 111 (1): 149–151. doi:10.1086/707366.

[weikart-black-2006-21] Weikart, R. (2006). "War against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 20 (2): 329–331. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcl014.

[kline-cogdell-2006-22] Kline, W. (2006). "Eugenic Design: Streamlining America in the 1930s". Journal of Social History. 40 (1): 267–268. doi:10.1353/jsh.2006.0086.

[blaszczyk-cogdell-2006-23] Blaszczyk, R. L. (2006). "Eugenic Design: Streamlining America in the 1930s". Journal of American History. 93 (1): 264–265. doi:10.2307/4486178. JSTOR 4486178.

[turner-cohen-2016-24] Turner, Adam (2016). "Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 52 (4): 420–422. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21809.

[pemberton-comfort-2013-25] Pemberton, Stephen (2013). "The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine". Isis. 104 (3): 644–645. doi:10.1086/674508.

[seed-cuddy-2006-26] Seed, David (2006). "Evolution and Eugenics in American Literature and Culture, 1880–1940: Essays on Ideological Conflict and Complicity". Modern Language Review. 101 (1): 233–234. doi:10.1353/mlr.2006.0334.

[leon-currell-2007-27] Leon, S. M. (2007). "Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s". Journal of American History. 94 (2): 611–612. doi:10.2307/25095060. JSTOR 25095060.

[mazrui-deutsch-2011-28] Mazrui, A. (2011). "Inventing America's Worst Family: Eugenics, Islam, and the Fall and Rise of the Tribe of Ishmael". Journal of Islamic Studies. 22 (1): 106–108. doi:10.1093/jis/etp093.

[berg-deutsch-2011-29] Berg, Herb (2011). "Inventing America's Worst Family: Eugenics, Islam, and the Fall and Rise of the Tribe of Ishmael". Comparative Islamic Studies. 5 (2): 333–335. doi:10.1558/cis.v5i2.333.

[stern-dorr-2010-30] Stern, Alexandra Minna (2010). "Segregation's Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia". Isis. 101 (1): 232–233. doi:10.1086/653889.

[scull-dowbiggin-1998-31] Scull, Andrew (1998). "Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880–1940". Medical History. 42 (3): 394–395. doi:10.1017/s0025727300064097.

[castles-english-2005-32] Castles, Katherine (2005). "Unnatural Selections: Eugenics in American Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance". The Journal of Southern History. 71 (3): 727. doi:10.2307/27648878. JSTOR 27648878.

[richardson-english-2006-33] Richardson, Riché (2006). "Unnatural Selections: Eugenics in American Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance". American Literature. 78 (3): 627–629. doi:10.1215/00029831-2006-033.

[olson-gallagher-2000-34] Olson, Janet C. (2000). "Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State". Isis. 91 (4): 820–822. doi:10.1086/385012.

[laddtaylor-gallagher-2000-35] Ladd-Taylor, Molly (2000). "Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State". The Journal of American History. 87 (2): 713. doi:10.2307/2568870. JSTOR 2568870.

[szasz-gutierrez-2009-36] Szasz, Ivonne (2009). "Fertile Matters: The Politics of Mexican-Origin Women's Reproduction". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 34 (4): 1008–1010. doi:10.1086/597145.

[zirkle-haller-1964-37] Zirkle, Conway (1964). "Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought". The American Historical Review. 69 (3): 779. JSTOR 1845837.

[spiro-hansen-2014-38] Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2014). "Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race, and the Population Scare in Twentieth-Century North America". The American Historical Review. 119 (5): 1720–1721. doi:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1720.

[hunter-kluchin-2010-39] Hunter, Gina Louise (2010). "Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 24 (4): 566–567. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1387.2010.01130.x.

[mccandless-larson-1996-40] McCandless, Peter (1996). "Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South". The American Historical Review. 101 (4): 1293. doi:10.1086/ahr/101.4.1293.

[carlson-lombardo-2009-41] Carlson, Elof Axel (2009). "Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 84 (2): 178–180. doi:10.1086/603452.

[dobzhansky-ludmerer-1974-42] Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1974). "Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal". The American Historical Review. 79 (2): 563–564. doi:10.1086/ahr/79.2.563.

[mowry-pickens-1969-43] Mowry, George E. (1969). "Eugenics and the Progressives". The American Historical Review. 74 (5): 1740. JSTOR 1841474.

[penick-pickens-1970-44] Penick, James (1970). "Eugenics and the Progressives". Isis. 61 (3): 420–421. doi:10.1086/350678.

[rafter-reilly-1992-45] Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1992). "The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States". The American Historical Review. 97 (3): 944–945. doi:10.1086/ahr/97.3.944.

[leon-rosen-2005-46] Leon, Sharon M. (2005). "Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement". Church History. 74 (4): 884–886. doi:10.1017/s0009640700101222.

[harris-rydell-1994-47] Harris, Neil (1994). "World of Fairs: The Century-of-Progress Expositions". Isis. 85 (4): 716–718. doi:10.1086/357036.

[muccigrosso-rydell-1995-48] Muccigrosso, Robert (1995). "World of Fairs: The Century-of-Progress Expositions". The American Historical Review. 100 (2): 598–599. doi:10.1086/ahr/100.2.598-a.

[schaffner-schoen-2006-49] Schaffner, Laurie (2006). "Choice and Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare". American Journal of Sociology. 111 (6): 1976–1978. doi:10.1086/506219.

[lovett-selden-2001-50] Lovett, Laura (2001). "Inheriting Shame: The Story of Eugenics and Racism in America". Isis. 92 (1): 243–244. doi:10.1086/385173.

[noll-smith-1994-51] Noll, Steven (1994). "The Eugenic Assault on America: Scenes in Red, White, and Black". The Journal of Southern History. 60 (3): 613. doi:10.2307/2211044. JSTOR 2211044.

[beisel-stern-2006-52] Beisel, Nicola (2006). "Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America". American Journal of Sociology. 112 (2): 617–618. doi:10.1086/510027.

[ambridge-challis-2014-53] Ambridge, Lindsay (2014). "The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 24 (3): 543–544. doi:10.1017/s0959774314000857.

[hillandrews-hanson-2013-54] Hill-Andrews, Oliver (2013). "Eugenics, Literature, and Culture in Post-war Britain". Textual Practice. 27 (5): 934–938. doi:10.1080/0950236x.2013.825452.

[searle-jones-1987-55] Searle, G. R. (1987). "Social Hygiene in Twentieth-Century Britain". Medical History. 31 (3): 366–368. doi:10.1017/s0025727300046998.

[macnicol-jones-1987-56] Macnicol, John (1987). "Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain". Journal of Social Policy. 16 (4): 578–580. doi:10.1017/s0047279400016214.

[kampourakis-redvaldsen-2025-57] Kampourakis, Kostas (2025). "A History of British Eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to Designer Babies". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 100 (2): 120–121. doi:10.1086/735974.

[bland-redvaldsen-2026-58] Bland, Lucy (2026). "A History of British Eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to Designer Babies". History. 111 (395): 290–291. doi:10.1111/1468-229x.70059.

[soffer-searle-1979-59] Soffer, Reba N. (1979). "Eugenics and Politics in Britain, 1900–1914". The American Historical Review. 84 (5): 1381–1382. doi:10.1086/ahr/84.5.1381-a.

[tilly-soloway-1991-60] Tilly, Louise A. (1991). "Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain". The American Historical Review. 96 (3): 876–877. doi:10.1086/ahr/96.3.876.

[thurlow-stone-2004-61] Thurlow, Richard C. (2004). "Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain". The Journal of Modern History. 76 (1): 182–184. doi:10.1086/421201.

[thomson-stone-2004-62] Thomson, M. (2004). "Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain". Twentieth Century British History. 15 (2): 208–211. doi:10.1093/tcbh/15.2.208.

[farber-thomson-1999-63] Farber, Paul Lawrence (1999). "The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain c 1870–1959". The American Historical Review. 104 (4): 1265. JSTOR 2649585.

[goyens-cleminson-2026-64] Goyens, Tom (2026). "Anarchism and Eugenics: An Unlikely Convergence, 1890–1940". Labor. 23 (2): 104–106. doi:10.1215/15476715-12271442.

[spektorowski-2014-65] "Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare". Population and Development Review. 40 (1): 176–177. 2014. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00665.x.

[stillwell-turda-2012-66] Stillwell, Devon (2012). "Modernism and Eugenics". Medical History. 56 (1): 117–118. doi:10.1017/s0025727300000478. PMC 3314910.

[weber-schneider-1992-67] Weber, Eugen (1992). "Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 23 (2): 359. doi:10.2307/205306. JSTOR 205306.

[shalvey-herzog-2025-68] Shalvey, Aisling (2025). "The Question of Unworthy Life: Eugenics and Germany's Twentieth Century". The American Historical Review. 130 (4): 1791–1792. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhaf532.

[bengtsson-herzog-2025-69] Bengtsson, Staffan (2025). "The Question of Unworthy Life: Eugenics and Germany's Twentieth Century". German History. 43 (4): 605–607. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghaf045.

[hackett-usborne-1994-70] Hackett, Amy (1994). "The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties". The American Historical Review. 99 (4): 1345–1346. doi:10.1086/ahr/99.4.1345-a.

[cocks-weindling-1991-71] Cocks, Geoffrey (1991). "Health, Race, and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945". The American Historical Review. 96 (5): 1568. JSTOR 2165374.

[gellately-aly-1995-72] Gellately, Robert (1995). "Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene". Canadian Journal of History. 30 (3): 522–525. doi:10.3138/cjh.30.3.522.

[gellately-burleigh-1994-73] Gellately, Robert (1994). "The Racial State: Germany, 1933–1945". The Journal of Modern History. 66 (4): 872–874. doi:10.1086/244995.

[gasman-ehrenreich-2009-74] Gasman, Daniel (2009). "The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution". The American Historical Review. 114 (4): 1176–1177. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.4.1176.

[brenner-glass-1999-75] Brenner, Ira (1999). "Life Unworthy of Life: Racial Phobia and Mass Murder in Hitler's Germany". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 187 (8): 516–517. doi:10.1097/00005053-199908000-00010.

[barkan-kuhl-1995-76] Barkan, Elazar (1995). "The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism". The American Historical Review. 100 (4): 1236. JSTOR 2168230.

[seidelman-kuntz-2005-77] Seidelman, William E. (2005). "Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 79 (3): 602–604. doi:10.1353/bhm.2005.0130.

[cocks-lifton-1989-78] Cocks, Geoffrey (1989). "The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide". The American Historical Review. 94 (2): 477. doi:10.1086/ahr/94.2.477.

[kater-mullerhill-1989-79] Kater, Michael H. (1989). "Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany 1933–1945". Isis. 80 (4): 722–723. doi:10.1086/355220.

[friedlander-proctor-1990-80] Friedlander, Henry (1990). "Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis". The American Historical Review. 95 (2): 530–531. doi:10.1086/ahr/95.2.530.

[ehrenreich-weiss-2011-81] Ehrenreich, Eric (2011). "The Nazi Symbiosis: Human Genetics and Politics in the Third Reich". The American Historical Review. 116 (5): 1587–1588. doi:10.1086/ahr.116.5.1587a.

[pine-weisswendt-2014-82] Pine, L. (2014). "Racial Science in Hitler's New Europe, 1938–1945". Social History of Medicine. 27 (2): 411–413. doi:10.1093/shm/hkt118.

[bucurdeckard-weisswendt-2014-83] Bucur-Deckard, Maria (2014). "Racial Science in Hitler's New Europe, 1938–1945". Central European History. 47 (4): 873–875. doi:10.1017/s0008938914002076.

[wiesen-whitman-2018-84] Wiesen, S. Jonathan (2018). "Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 917–918. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.917.

[trubeta-barmpouti-2020-85] Trubeta, Sevasti (2020). "Post-War Eugenics, Reproductive Choices and Population Policies in Greece, 1950s–1980s". European History Quarterly. 50 (1): 137–138. doi:10.1177/0265691419897533.

[reggiani-cleminson-2016-86] Reggiani, Andrés (2016). "Catholicism, Race, and Empire: Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950". The Journal of Modern History. 88 (4): 965–967. doi:10.1086/688816.

[bowen-goode-2010-87] Bowen, Wayne H. (2010). "Impurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870–1930". The American Historical Review. 115 (4): 1222–1223. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.4.1222.

[holguin-goode-2011-88] Holguin, S. E. (2011). "Impurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870–1930". Journal of Social History. 44 (4): 1248–1250. doi:10.1353/jsh.2011.0062.

[quine-cassata-2013-89] Quine, Maria Sophia (2013). "Building the New Man: Eugenics, Racial Science, and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy". The Journal of Modern History. 85 (2): 454–456. doi:10.1086/669809.

[nelkin-horn-1995-90] Nelkin, Dorothy (1995). "Constructing Reproduction". Isis. 86 (4): 619–621. doi:10.1086/357323.

[degrand-horn-1996-91] De Grand, Alexander (1996). "Social Bodies: Science, Reproduction, and Italian Modernity". The American Historical Review. 101 (2): 524. doi:10.1086/ahr/101.2.524.

[bosworth-ipsen-1998-92] Bosworth, R. J. B. (1998). "Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy". The American Historical Review. 103 (4): 1276–1277. doi:10.1086/ahr/103.4.1276.

[jones-broberg-1998-93] Jones, Ross (1998). "Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland". Health and History. 1 (1): 90. doi:10.2307/40111329. JSTOR 40111329.

[livezeanu-bucur-2003-94] Livezeanu, Irina (2003). "Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania". The American Historical Review. 108 (4): 1245–1247. doi:10.1086/ahr/108.4.1245.

[schneider-bucur-2003-95] Schneider, William H. (2003). "Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania". Slavic Review. 62 (2): 372–374. doi:10.2307/3185594. JSTOR 3185594.

[hanebrink-promitzer-2012-96] Hanebrink, Paul A. (2012). "Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945". Slavic Review. 71 (4): 923–924. doi:10.5612/slavicreview.71.4.0923.

[merricks-promitzer-2013-97] Merricks, Patrick T. (2013). "Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945". Medical History. 57 (2): 302–304. doi:10.1017/mdh.2013.10.

[hitchins-turda-2008-98] Hitchins, Keith (2008). ""Blood and Homeland": Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940". Slavic Review. 67 (1): 198–199. doi:10.2307/27652782. JSTOR 27652782.

[vargha-turda-2015-99] Vargha, Dora (2015). "Eugenics and Nation in Early 20th Century Hungary". Medical History. 59 (2): 338–339. doi:10.1017/mdh.2015.18.

[bucur-turda-2015-100] Bucur, M. (2015). "Eugenics and Nation in Early 20th Century Hungary". Social History of Medicine. 28 (1): 216–217. doi:10.1093/shm/hku095.

[weindling-turda-2016-101] Weindling, Paul (2016). "The History of East-Central European Eugenics, 1900–1945: Sources and Commentaries". Slavic Review. 75 (3): 746–748. doi:10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0746.

[davis-turda-2016-102] Davis, R. Chris (2016). "The History of East-Central European Eugenics, 1900–1945: Sources and Commentaries". Medical History. 60 (3): 439–440. doi:10.1017/mdh.2016.49.

[proctor-adams-1992-103] Proctor, Robert N. (1992). "The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia". Isis. 83 (2): 352–353. doi:10.1086/356175.

[otsubo-chung-2010-104] Otsubo, Sumiko (2010). "Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Contexts, 1896–1945". East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine. 31 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1163/26669323-03101009.

[benedict-dikotter-1999-105] Benedict, Carol (1999). "Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and Eugenics in China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 58 (4): 1102–1103. doi:10.2307/2658510. JSTOR 2658510.

[johnston-fruhstuck-2004-106] Johnston, William (2004). "Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan". The Journal of Japanese Studies. 30 (2): 490–494. doi:10.1353/jjs.2004.0066.

[connelly-ahluwalia-2009-107] Connelly, Matthew (2009). "Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877–1947". The American Historical Review. 114 (3): 745–746. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.3.745.

[oxford-hodges-2009-108] Oxford, Connie (2009). "Contraception, Colonialism, and Commerce: Birth Control in South India, 1920–1940". Itinerario. 33 (1): 121–122. doi:10.1017/s0165115300002825.

[tejani-hodges-2011-109] Tejani, Shabnum (2011). "Contraception, Colonialism and Commerce: Birth Control in South India, 1920–1940". Gender & History. 23 (2): 485–487. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01648_24.x.

[chatterjee-sreenivas-2022-110] Chatterjee, Sourav (2022). "Reproductive Politics and the Making of Modern India". South Asian Review. 43 (3–4): 375–378. doi:10.1080/02759527.2021.1984581.

[banerjee-sreenivas-2022-111] Banerjee, Rashmi (2022). "Reproductive Politics and the Making of Modern India". Asian Affairs. 53 (3): 800–802. doi:10.1080/03068374.2022.2074735.

[branch-campbell-2008-112] Branch, Daniel (2008). "A Eugenics Movement in Kenya in the Inter-War Period". The Journal of African History. 49 (1): 154–156. doi:10.1017/s0021853708003538.

[stocking-dubow-1997-113] Stocking, George W. (1997). "Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa". Isis. 88 (2): 370–371. doi:10.1086/383756.

[marks-klausen-2006-114] Marks, Lara (2006). "Race, Maternity, and the Politics of Birth Control in South Africa, 1910–39". Medical History. 50 (3): 404–405. doi:10.1017/s0025727300010127.

[geldenhuys-klausen-2007-115] Geldenhuys, Laurette (2007). "Race, Maternity, and the Politics of Birth Control in South Africa, 1910–39". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 24 (1): 238–239. doi:10.3138/cbmh.24.1.238.

[gasper-elshakry-2009-116] Gasper, Michael (2009). "The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt". Isis. 100 (1): 172–173. doi:10.1086/599673.

[philip-elshakry-2009-117] Philip, Kavita (2009). "The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 5 (2): 96–101. doi:10.2979/mew.2009.5.2.96.

[heidarzadeh-schayegh-2010-118] Heidarzadeh, Tofigh (2010). "Who Is Knowledgeable Is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950". Isis. 101 (4): 907–908. doi:10.1086/659711.

[amin-schayegh-2010-119] Amin, Camron Michael (2010). "Who Is Knowledgeable Is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 42 (4): 704–705. doi:10.1017/s0020743810001017.

[hooker-wyndham-2006-120] Hooker, Claire (2006). "Eugenics in Australia: Striving for National Fitness". Isis. 97 (4): 784–786. doi:10.1086/512914. hdl:2123/10818. JSTOR 10.1086/512914.

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v t e Obsolete definitions of race
Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience
Color terminology	Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White
Concepts	Australoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid Aryan Atlantid Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamites Indid Iranid Mediterranean Nordic Semites Turanid Malay Mongoloid Proto-Mongoloid Sinodonty and Sundadonty Negroid Negrito
Sociological	in India Passing Racial discrimination Racism Racial stereotypes Colorism Master race Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness studies Négritude
Writers	Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Daniel Garrison Brinton Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F. K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Roger Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z. Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann
Publications	An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744) The Outline of History of Mankind (1785) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911) Castes in India (1916) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) Annihilation of Caste (1936) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943) The Race Question (1950)
Related	Ethnogenesis Eugenics Great chain of being History of anthropometry Miscegenation Monogenism Multiracial Polygenism Pre-Adamite Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness

v t e History of biology (timeline)
Fields, disciplines	Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evolution Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology (through 1859) Zoology (since 1859)
Theories, concepts	Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene–one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation
Related	History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics Dysgenics History of the creation-evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science
Category

v t e Racism
Types	Aversive Colorism Covert Cultural Cyber Environmental Formal Gendered Hipster Institutional Internalized Patent Laissez-faire Linguistic Neocolonial Romantic Scientific Societal Substantive Symbolic
Manifestations	Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Biological determinism Caste Discrimination based on nationality Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic jokes Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Hate crime Hate speech Hate group Hypodescent / Hyperdescent Lynching Racial capitalism Racialization Racial hierarchy Racial misrepresentation Racial nationalism Racial profiling Racial segregation
By region	Global apartheid Africa Ethiopia Libya South Africa Sudan Zimbabwe Asia China Iran Israel Japan Laos Malaysia North Korea Palestine Philippines Saudi Arabia South Korea Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Soviet Union Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Quebec Cuba Dominican Rep. United States Puerto Rico Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Oceania Australia Fiji South America Argentina Brazil Chile Peru Venezuela Other regions Arab world Middle East
By target	African Ethiopian Somali Arab Palestinian Asians Chinese Chinese Americans Zainichi Chinese Japanese Japanese Americans Japanese Koreans Korean Korean Americans Zainichi Koreans Vietnamese Berber Black African Americans Arab Women French French Americans German Italian Irish Mexican Native Americans Jewish Jewish Americans Middle Eastern Muslim Polish Romani Slavic Swedish White
By topic	Criminal news in the U.S. Interminority in the U.S. Hispanics/Latinos Jewish communities LGBTQ Muslim communities Sport in Australia Wikipedia Wine industry
Supremacism	Black Hutu Han Hoklo Taiwanese Ethnocacerism Jewish Malay White Anglo-Saxonism Aryanism Nordicism
Research	Psychometrics of racism Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Related topics	Ableism Alt-right Anti-racism Jewish Chauvinism Ethnic plastic surgery Go back to where you came from Herrenvolk democracy Passing Perpetual foreigner Race and sexuality Race card Racial figleaf Racial integration Racial quota United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 Xenophobia
Category Commons Index