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Cuta

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
cuta
type of condition (en) Fassara da first-order class (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nahealth problem (en) Fassara, biological process (en) Fassara da manner of death (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassaradisease causative agent (en) Fassara
Yana haddasaMutuwa da discomfort (en) Fassara
Karatun taIlimin Cututtuka da Ilimin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya da rashin lafiya
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassaradisease prevention (en) Fassara, early detection of disease (en) Fassara, therapy (en) Fassara da disease management (en) Fassara
ICD-9-CM (en) Fassara799.9
ICPC 2 ID (en) FassaraA99
Hannun riga daLafiya da physical health (en) Fassara

Cutar wani yanayi ne mai banƙyama wanda ke shafar tsarin ko aiki duka ko wani ɓangare na kwayoyin kuma ba nan da nan ba ne saboda wani rauni na waje. Sau da yawa an san cututtuka a matsayin Yanayin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da takamaiman alamomi da alamomi. Cutar na iya haifar da dalilai na waje kamar pathogens ko ta hanyar dysfunction na ciki. Misali, dysfunction na ciki na Tsarin rigakafi na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da nau'o'i daban-daban na immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies, da cututtukan autoimmune. A cikin mutane, ana amfani da Cutar sau da yawa don komawa ga kowane yanayi wanda ke haifar ko zai iya haifar da ciwo, rashin aiki, wahala, Matsalolin zamantakewa, ko mutuwa ga mutumin da ya shafa, ko irin waɗannan matsalolin ga waɗanda ke hulɗa da mutumin. A cikin wannan ma'anar, wani lokacin ya haɗa da raunin, nakasa, rikice-rikice, cututtuka, alamun da aka ware, halayen da ba su dace ba, da bambance-bambance na tsari da aiki, yayin da a wasu mahallin kuma don wasu dalilai ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan nau'ikan rarrabewa. Cututtuka na iya shafar mutane ba kawai a jiki ba har ma da tunani, kamar yadda yin kwangila da rayuwa tare da cuta na iya canza ra'ayi na mutumin da ya shafa game da rayuwa.

Mutuwa saboda cuta ana kiranta mutuwa ta hanyar halitta. Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu: cututtukan cututtuka, cututtukan rashi, cutututtuka na gado, da cututtukon jiki. Hakanan ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cututtukan da ke yaduwa da wadanda ba su yaduwa ba. Cututtukan da suka fi kisa a cikin mutane sune cututtukan zuciya na ischemic (tsayar da jini), sannan bugun jini da COPD (cutar huhu). [1] A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, cututtukan da ke haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka gabaɗaya sune yanayin neuropsychiatric, kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa.

Pathology, nazarin Cututtuka, ya haɗa da etiology, ko nazarin dalilin, misali, mutum na iya duba ciwon da aka samu immunodeficiency (AIDS) ko abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar: ƙwayoyin cuta na immunodeficience na mutum (HIVs).

Kalmomin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ra'ayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da kalmomi kamar cututtukan, rikice-rikice, cututtuka da rashin lafiya; duk da haka, akwai yanayi lokacin da ake ganin takamaiman kalmomi sun fi dacewa.

Cutar
Kalmar Cutar gabaɗaya tana nufin duk wani yanayi da ke lalata aikin jiki na yau da kullun. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtuka suna da alaƙa da rashin aiki na tsarin homeostatic na yau da kullun.[2] Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da kalmar don komawa musamman ga cututtukan cututtuka, waɗanda ke da cututtukani na asibiti waɗanda ke haifar da kasancewar wakilai na ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin daji, ƙwayoyi masu yawa, da sunadarai masu ƙwayoyin jiki da aka sani da prions. Cutar cuta ko mulkin mallaka wanda ba ya faruwa kuma ba zai haifar da lalacewar aiki na yau da kullun ba, kamar kasancewar kwayoyin cuta da yisti na yau da kullum a cikin hanji, ko kwayar cutar fasinja, ba a dauke shi cuta ba. Sabanin haka, kamuwa da cuta wanda ba a nuna alamomi ba a lokacin da yake nunawa, amma ana sa ran zai haifar da alamomi daga baya, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa cuta. Cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa duk wasu cututtukan ne, gami da yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji, cututtuken zuciya, da cututtukon kwayar halitta.
Cutar da aka samu
Cutar da aka samu ita ce wadda ta fara a wani lokaci a lokacin rayuwar mutum, sabanin cutar da ta riga ta kasance a lokacin haihuwa, wanda shine Cutar haihuwa. Sauti da aka samu kamar yana iya nufin "An samo shi ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta", amma kawai yana nufin an samu wani lokaci bayan haihuwa. Har ila yau, yana sauti kamar yana iya nuna cuta ta biyu, amma cutar da aka samu na iya zama cuta ta farko.
Cutar mai tsanani
Cutar mai tsanani ma'ana ɗaya daga cikin yanayin gajeren lokaci (mai tsanani); kalmar wani lokacin tana nufin yanayin da ya dace
Yanayi mai tsanani ko cututtukan da ba su da tsanani
Cutar da ke ci gaba ita ce wadda ke ci gaba a tsawon lokaci, sau da yawa na akalla watanni shida, amma kuma tana iya haɗawa da cututtukan da ake sa ran za su kasance a duk rayuwar mutum.
Rashin haihuwa ko cututtukan haihuwa
Cutar haihuwa ita ce wadda take a lokacin haihuwa. Sau da yawa cuta ce ta kwayar halitta ko cuta kuma ana iya gado ta. Hakanan yana iya zama sakamakon kamuwa da cuta ta tsaye daga uwa, kamar HIV / AIDS.
Cutar kwayar halitta
Cutar kwayar halitta ko cuta ta haifar da maye gurbi kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ko fiye. Sau da yawa ana gadonsa, amma wasu maye gurbin ba su da kyau kuma suna da kyau.
Cututtukan da aka gada ko na gado
Cutar da aka gada ita ce nau'in cutar kwayar halitta da ke haifar da maye gurbin kwayar halitta wanda ke da gado (kuma zai iya gudana a cikin iyalai)
Cutar Iatrogenic
Cutar iatrogenic ko yanayin shine wanda ke haifar da sa hannun likita, ko dai a matsayin sakamako na magani ko kuma a matsayin sakamakon da ba a sani ba.
Cutar idiopathic
Cutar idiopathic tana da sanannen dalilin ko tushe. Kamar yadda kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ta ci gaba, cututtuka da yawa tare da abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun sami wasu fannoni na tushen su don haka sun rasa matsayinsu na idiopathic. Misali, lokacin da aka gano ƙwayoyin cuta, an san su ne dalilin kamuwa da cuta, amma wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da cututtuka ba a haɗa su ba. A wani misali, an san cewa autoimmunity shine dalilin wasu nau'ikan ciwon sukari na nau'in 1, kodayake ba a fahimci wasu hanyoyin kwayoyin da yake aiki ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a san wasu dalilai suna da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka; duk da haka, haɗin kai ba lallai bane ya nuna haddasawa. Misali, wani abu na uku na iya haifar da cutar, da kuma abin da ke tattare da shi.
Cutar da ba za a iya warkarwa ba
Cutar da ba za a iya warkar da ita ba. Cututtukan da ba za a iya warkarwa ba cututtukan cututtuka ne na ƙarshe ba, kuma wani lokacin ana iya magance alamun cutar sosai don cutar ta sami ɗan tasiri ko babu tasiri akan ingancin rayuwa.
Cutar farko
Cutar farko cuta ce da ke faruwa ne saboda tushen cutar, sabanin cuta ta biyu, wanda shine ci gaba, ko rikitarwa wanda cutar ta farko ta haifar. Misali, sanyi na yau da kullun cuta ce ta farko, inda Rhinitis wata cuta ce mai yuwuwa, ko kuma ci gaba. Dole ne likita ya tantance wane cuta ta farko, sanyi ko kamuwa da kwayar cuta, ke haifar da Rhinitis na biyu na mai haƙuri yayin yanke shawara ko ya ba da maganin rigakafi ko a'a.
Cutar ta biyu
Cutar ta biyu cuta ce wacce ta kasance mai rikitarwa ko rikitarwa na cuta ta baya, wanda ake kira cuta ta farko ko kuma kawai ainihin dalilin (tushen). Misali, kamuwa da kwayar cuta na iya zama na farko, inda mutum mai lafiya ya fallasa kwayar cutaa kuma ya kamu da cuta, ko kuma yana iya zama na biyu ga ainihin dalilin, wanda ke sa jiki ya kamu da kamuwa da cuta. Misali, kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta farko da ke raunana Tsarin rigakafi na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta biyu. Hakazalika, ƙonewa na farko wanda ke haifar da rauni mai buɗewa na iya samar da wurin shiga ga ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ya haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na biyu.
Cutar ƙarshe
Cutar da ta ƙare ita ce wacce ake sa ran samun sakamakon mutuwa. A baya, cutar kanjamau cuta ce mai tsanani; yanzu ba za a iya warkar da ita ba, amma ana iya sarrafa ta har abada ta amfani da magunguna.
Rashin lafiya
Ana amfani da kalmomin rashin lafiya da rashin lafiya gabaɗaya a matsayin ma'anar cuta; duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar rashin lafiya a wasu lokuta don nunawa musamman ga ƙwarewar mutum, ƙwarewar ra'ayi game da Cutar su.[3][4][5] A cikin wannan samfurin, yana yiwuwa mutum ya sami cuta ba tare da Rashin lafiya ba (don samun yanayin da za'a iya bayyanawa ba, amma ba a nuna alamomi ba, yanayin kiwon lafiya, kamar kamuwa da cuta ta asibiti, ko kuma yana da raunin jiki amma ba ya jin rashin lafiya ko damuwa da shi), kuma ya yi rashin lafiya ba tare da ya kamu da cuta ba (kamar lokacin da mutum mai lafiya ya fahimci kwarewar al'ada a matsayin yanayin kiwon lafiyar jiki, ko waɗanda ke warkarwa da rashin lafiya a rayuwarsu - misali, mutumin da rashin jin kunya fiye da jin dadi na motsin rai na al'ada). Alamomin rashin lafiya galibi ba sakamakon kamuwa da cuta ba ne kai tsaye, amma tarin martani na juyin halitta - halayyar rashin lafiya ta jiki - wanda ke taimakawa wajen kawar da kamuwa da cutar da inganta farfadowa. Irin waɗannan fannoni na rashin lafiya na iya haɗawa da rashin jin daɗi, baƙin ciki, Rashin abinci, Barci, hyperalgesia, da rashin iya mai da hankali.[6][7][8]
Disorder
Rashin lafiya shine rashin aiki ko rikice-rikice wanda zai iya ko bazai nuna takamaiman alamomi da alamomi ba. Ana iya rarraba cututtukan kiwon lafiya zuwa cututtukani na hankali, cututtukano na jiki, cututsin kwayar halitta, cututsen motsin rai da halayyar mutum, da cututtukon aiki.[9] Kalmar Cutar galibi ana ɗaukar ta da ƙima-mai tsaka-tsaki kuma ba ta da ƙyama fiye da kalmomin cuta ko rashin lafiya, sabili da haka ana amfani da kalmar da aka fi so a wasu yanayi.[10] A cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana amfani da kalmar cuta ta hankali a matsayin hanyar amincewa da hadaddun hulɗa na abubuwan halitta, zamantakewa, da tunani a cikin yanayin ƙwaƙwalwa; duk da haka, ana amfani le kalmar cuta a wasu fannoni da yawa na magani, da farko don gano cututtukan jiki waɗanda ba su haifar da kwayoyin cuta ba, kamar cututtukani na metabolism.
Yanayin kiwon lafiya ko yanayin lafiya
Yanayin kiwon lafiya ko yanayin kiwon lafiya babban ra'ayi ne wanda ya haɗa da duk cututtuka, rauni, rikice-rikice, ko yanayin da ba na cututtuka ba wanda yawanci ke karɓar magani, kamar ciki ko haihuwa. Duk da yake kalmar Yanayin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya ta haɗa da cututtukan kwakwalwa, a wasu mahallin ana amfani da kalmar musamman don nuna duk wata cuta, rauni, ko cuta Sai dai ga cututtuken kwakwalwa. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), littafin da aka yi amfani da shi wanda ke bayyana duk cututtukan hankali, yana amfani da kalmar yanayin kiwon lafiya na gaba ɗaya don komawa ga duk cututtuka, cututtuka da raunin sai dai ga cututtukani. Ana kuma ganin wannan amfani a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimin hauka. Wasu manufofin inshora na kiwon lafiya suma suna bayyana Yanayin kiwon lafiya a matsayin kowane cuta, rauni, ko cuta sai dai ga cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa.[11]
Kamar yadda ya fi dacewa da ƙima fiye da kalmomin kamar Cutar, kalmar Yanayin kiwon lafiya wani lokacin ana son ta da mutanen da ke da matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ba sa la'akari da haɗari. Koyaya, ta hanyar jaddada yanayin kiwon lafiya na yanayin, ana ƙin wannan kalmar a wasu lokuta, kamar masu goyon bayan ƙungiyar haƙƙin autism.
Kalmar Yanayin kiwon lafiya ma ma'ana ce ga Yanayin kiwon lafiya, a wannan yanayin yana bayyana yanayin mai haƙuri na yanzu daga ra'ayi na likita. Wannan amfani ya bayyana a cikin maganganun da ke bayyana mai haƙuri kamar yadda yake cikin mawuyacin hali, misali.
Morbidity
Rashin lafiya (daga morbidus 'mai rashin lafiya, mara lafiya') yanayin rashin lafiya ne, nakasa, ko rashin lafiya saboda kowane dalili.[12] Kalmar na iya nufin kasancewar kowane nau'in cuta, ko kuma matakin da yanayin kiwon lafiya ya shafi mai haƙuri. Daga cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rashin lafiya, ana auna matakin cututtukan sau da yawa ta hanyar Tsarin ƙididdigar ICU. Comorbidity, ko cututtukan da ke akwai, shine kasancewar yanayi biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda, kamar schizophrenia da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.
A cikin ilimin cututtukan cututtuka da kimiyyar lissafi, kalmar morbidity (kuma Yawan cututtukan cututtukon cututtukন ko mitar cututtukano) na iya nufin ko dai yawan abin da ya faru, yaduwa cuta ko yanayin kiwon lafiya, ko kuma kashi na mutanen da ke fuskantar yanayin da aka ba su a cikin wani lokaci (misali, 20% na mutane za su kamu da mura a cikin shekara guda). Wannan ma'auni na rashin lafiya ya bambanta da Yawan mace-mace na yanayin, wanda shine rabo na mutanen da ke mutuwa a lokacin da aka ba su. Ana amfani da ƙimar cututtukan cututtuka a cikin sana'o'i, kamar inshorar kiwon lafiya, inshorar rayuwa, da inshorar kulawa ta dogon lokaci, don tantance farashin da aka caje wa abokan ciniki. Yawan cututtukan cututtuka yana taimaka wa masu inshora su hango yiwuwar mai inshora zai kwangila ko ya kamu da wasu cututtukani da aka ƙayyade.
Cutar cututtuka ko cututtuka
Pathosis (jama'a pathoses) daidai yake da Cutar. Kalmar pathology kuma tana da wannan ma'ana, inda likitoci ke amfani da ita a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita, kodayake wasu editoci sun fi son adana pathology ga sauran ma'anarsu. Wani lokaci dan kadan inuwa ma'ana haifar da fifiko ga cututtuka ko cututtukan da ke nuna "wasu [duk da haka ba a bincika su sosai ba] tsarin cututtukani" maimakon cututtukana da ke nuna ""wani takamaiman Cutar kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idojin bincike da aka riga aka cika". Wannan yana da wuyar ƙididdigewa, amma yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa synonymy na fahimta ba ya canzawa.
Cutar
Cutar ita ce haɗuwa da alamomi da alamomi masu yawa, ko wasu halaye waɗanda galibi ke faruwa tare, ba tare da la'akari da ko an san dalilin ba. Wasu cututtuka irin su Down syndrome an san su da dalili daya kawai (ƙarin chromosome a lokacin haihuwa). Sauran kamar cutar Parkinsonian an san su da dalilai masu yawa. Misali, Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, ba cuta ɗaya ba ce amma bayyanar kowane cuta da yawa ciki har da ciwon zuciya na biyu zuwa cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya. A wasu cututtukan, duk da haka, Ba a san dalilin ba. Sunan da aka saba da shi sau da yawa yana ci gaba da amfani ko da bayan an sami wani dalili na asali ko kuma lokacin da akwai wasu dalilai daban-daban. Misalan nau'in da aka ambata na farko sune cewa Turner syndrome da DiGeorge syndrome har yanzu ana kiransu da sunan "syndrome" duk da cewa ana iya kallon su a matsayin cututtukan cututtuka kuma ba kawai a matsayin alamomi da alamomi ba.
Tsinkaya
Predisease wani abu ne na asibiti ko na farko na cuta. Prediabetes da prehypertension misalai ne na yau da kullun. Nazarin ilimin lissafi ko ilimin lissafi na predisease yana da rikici, duk da haka, saboda ba a yawan samun layin haske wanda ke rarrabe damuwa game da matsayi na asibiti ko matsayi na premonitory da rikice-rikice na ƙwarewar ƙwarewa (misali, ta masana'antun magunguna) ko de-medicalization (misali ta masu inshora na likita da nakasassu). Gano ingantaccen predisease na iya haifar da matakan rigakafi masu amfani, kamar motsa mutumin ya sami isasshen motsa jiki, amma lakafta mutum mai lafiya tare da ra'ayi mara tushe na predisease zai iya haifar da wuce gona da iri, kamar shan kwayoyi waɗanda kawai ke taimaka wa mutanen da ke da mummunar cuta ko biyan kuɗi don jiyya tare da ƙarancin riba.
Ɗaya daga cikin bita ya ba da shawarar ka'idoji uku don ƙaddamarwa:
  • babban haɗari na ci gaba zuwa cututtuka yana sa mutum "ya fi dacewa da ci gaba" fiye da wasu - misali, cutar kansa kafin tabbas zai juya zuwa ciwon daji a tsawon lokaci
  • aiki don rage haɗari - alal misali, cire kwayar cutar kansa yana hana shi juya zuwa ciwon daji mai haɗari
  • fa'idar da ta fi cutar da duk wani shiga tsakani da aka dauka - cire kwayar cutar kansa tana hana ciwon daji, kuma ta haka ne ke hana yiwuwar mutuwa daga ciwon daji.[13]

Nau'o'i ta hanyar tsarin jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zuciya
Rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa alama ce mai faɗi, ta gama gari don wani nau'in cututtuka wanda zai iya haɗawa da rashin daidaituwa na motsin rai ko motsin rai, rashin daidaituwa ta halayyar, rashin aiki na fahimta ko raunin. Takamaiman cututtukan da aka sani da cututtuken kwakwalwa sun haɗa da Babban bakin ciki, rikice-rikicen damuwa, da schizophrenia, don ambaci kaɗan. Rashin lafiya na hankali na iya zama na halitta (misali, anatomical, sunadarai, ko kwayar halitta) ko na tunani (misali., rauni ko rikici). Zai iya lalata ikon mutumin da abin ya shafa na aiki ko karatu kuma zai iya cutar da dangantakar mutum da mutum.
Organic
Cutar kwayoyin halitta ita ce ta hanyar canjin jiki ko na jiki ga wasu nama ko sashi na jiki. Kalmar wani lokaci ba ta haɗa da kamuwa da cuta ba. Ana amfani dashi akai-akai ya bambanta da rikicewar hankali. Ya haɗa da rikice-rikice na motsin rai da halayyar idan sun kasance saboda canje-canje ga tsarin jiki ko aiki na jiki (kamar bayan bugun jini ko rauni na kwakwalwa - cututtukan kwakwalwa na kwayoyin halitta lokaci ne na irin waɗannan lokuta) amma ba idan sun kasance ne saboda matsalolin zamantakewa ba.

Matakai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin cututtukan cututtuka, Lokacin shayarwa shine lokacin tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar alamomi. Lokacin jinkiri shine lokacin tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ikon cutar ya bazu zuwa wani mutum, wanda zai iya gaba, biyo baya, ko kasancewa a lokaci guda tare da bayyanar alamomi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna nuna wani lokaci na barci, wanda ake kira jinkirin kwayar cuta, inda kwayar cutaa ke ɓoyewa a cikin jiki a cikin yanayin da ba ta aiki. Misali, kwayar cutar varicella zoster tana haifar da chickenpox a cikin matsanancin lokaci; bayan warkewa daga chickenpow, kwayar cuta na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na shekaru da yawa, kuma daga baya ta haifar da herpes zoster (shingles).

Cutar mai tsanani
Cutar mai tsanani cuta ce ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar sanyi na yau da kullun.
Cutar da ba ta da alaƙa
Cutar da ke ci gaba ita ce wadda ke ci gaba na dogon lokaci, yawanci aƙalla watanni shida. A wannan lokacin, yana iya kasancewa koyaushe, ko kuma yana iya shiga cikin raguwa kuma ya sake dawowa lokaci-lokaci. Cutar da ke ci gaba na iya zama mai ɗorewa (ba ta zama mafi muni ba) ko kuma tana iya ci gaba (ta zama mafi muni a tsawon lokaci). Wasu cututtukan da ba su da tsanani za a iya warkar da su har abada. Yawancin cututtukan da ba su da tsanani za a iya magance su da amfani, koda kuwa ba za a iya warkar da su ba har abada.
Cututtukan asibiti
Wanda ke da sakamakon asibiti; a wasu kalmomi, matakin cutar da ke haifar da alamun alamomi da alamun cutar.[14] Cutar AIDS ita ce matakin cututtukan asibiti na kamuwa da kwayar Cutar kanjamau.
Warkarwa
Magani shine ƙarshen yanayin kiwon lafiya ko magani wanda zai iya kawo ƙarshen shi, yayin da raguwa ke nufin ɓacewar, watakila na ɗan lokaci, na alamomi. Cikakken warkewa shine mafi kyawun sakamako ga cututtukan da ba za a iya warkarwa ba.
Haske
Flare-up na iya nufin ko dai maimaita alamun ko farawar alamun da suka fi tsanani.[15]
Cutar da ke ci gaba
Cutar ci gaba cuta ce wacce ke da al'ada ta halitta ita ce kara tabarbarewar cutar har zuwa mutuwa, rauni mai tsanani, ko gazawar gabobin. Cututtukan da ke ci gaba a hankali su ma cututtukan cututtuka ne masu tsanani; da yawa kuma cututtukat ne masu lalacewa. Sabanin cututtukan ci gaba shine cuta mai ɗorewa ko cuta mai tsauri: yanayin kiwon lafiya da ke akwai, amma ba ya inganta ko mafi muni.
Refractory disease
Cutar da ba ta dace ba cuta ce da ke tsayayya da magani, musamman ma mutum wanda ke tsayayyar magani fiye da yadda ya saba ga takamaiman cutar da ake tambaya.
Cutar da ke cikin asibiti
Har ila yau ana kiranta Cutar shiru, matakin shiru, ko cutar da ba ta da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan mataki ne a wasu cututtuka kafin a fara lura da alamun.[16]
Mataki na ƙarshe
Idan mutum zai mutu nan ba da daɗewa ba daga cuta, ba tare da la'akari da ko wannan cuta yawanci tana haifar da mutuwa ba, to matakin tsakanin tsarin cutar da ya gabata da mutuwa mai aiki shine matakin ƙarshe.
Farfadowa
Farfadowa na iya komawa zuwa gyaran matakai na jiki (tsuntsaye, gabobin da dai sauransu) da kuma ci gaba da aiki mai kyau bayan an warkar da hanyoyin da ke haifar da lalacewa.

Yankin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
skin rash on the leg
Wannan rash yana shafar wani bangare na jiki ne kawai, don haka cuta ce ta yanki.
Cutar da aka samu a wani wuri
Cutar da ke cikin gida ita ce wadda ke shafar wani bangare ne kawai na jiki, kamar Ƙafar mai tsere ko kamuwa da ido.
Cutar da aka yadu
Cutar da aka yadu ta yadu zuwa wasu sassa; tare da ciwon daji, wannan galibi ana kiranta cutar metastatic.
Cutar tsarin
Cutar tsarin cuta ce da ke shafar dukan jiki, kamar mura ko hawan jini.

Rarraba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar dalili, pathogenesis (hanyar da cutar ta haifar), ko kuma alamomi. A madadin haka, ana iya rarraba cututtuka bisa ga tsarin gabobin da ke ciki, kodayake wannan sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa tunda cututtuka da yawa suna shafar gabobin fiye da ɗaya.

Babban matsala a cikin ilimin lissafi shine cewa sau da yawa ba za a iya bayyana cututtuka ba kuma a rarraba su a sarari, musamman idan ba a san dalilin ko asalin cututtuka. Don haka kalmomin bincike galibi suna nuna alamar ko saiti na alamomi (ciwon).

Rarrabawar gargajiya na cututtukan ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga alaƙar lura tsakanin nazarin cututtukani da cututtukano na asibiti. A yau an fi son rarraba su ta hanyar dalilin su idan an san shi.[17]

Mafi sanannun kuma ana amfani da su don rarraba cututtuka shine ICD na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ana sabunta wannan lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu, littafin karshe shine ICD-11.

Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cututtuka na iya haifar da kowane abu kuma ana iya samun su ko haihuwa. Microorganisms, kwayoyin halitta, muhalli ko haɗuwa da waɗannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga yanayin rashin lafiya.[18]

Wasu cututtuka ne kawai kamar mura suke yaduwa kuma an yi imanin cewa suna yaduwa. Kwayoyin da ke haifar da waɗannan cututtukan an san su da pathogens kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, protozoa, da fungi. Ana iya yaduwar Cututtukan cututtuka, misali ta hanyar hulɗa da hannu da baki tare da kayan cututtuka a kan farfajiya, ta hanyar cinye kwari ko wasu masu dauke da cutar, da kuma daga gurbataccen ruwa ko abinci (sau da yawa ta hanyar gurbataccen turare), da dai sauransu.[19] Har ila yau, akwai cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i. A wasu lokuta, microorganisms waɗanda ba sa yaduwa daga mutum zuwa mutum suna taka rawa, yayin da za a iya hana ko inganta wasu cututtuka tare da Abinci mai gina jiki ko wasu canje-canje na rayuwa.

Wasu cututtuka, kamar mafi yawan (amma ba duka ba) nau'ikan ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, da cututtukani na hankali, cutututtuka ne marasa kamuwa. Yawancin cututtukan da ba masu kamuwa da cuta ba suna da wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya (duba rikicewar kwayar halitta) kuma ana iya watsa su daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa wani.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a sune Yanayin zamantakewa da mutane ke rayuwa wanda ke tantance lafiyarsu. Cututtuka galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli.[20] Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada da Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya sun amince da abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya don yin tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin jama'a da na mutum. Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta Har ila yau ta amince da abubuwan da ke haifar da kiwon lafiya a cikin talauci. Canjin yanayi na iya kara yaduwa da nauyin wasu cututtukan cututtuka.[21]

Lokacin da ba a fahimci dalilin cutar sosai ba, al'ummomi suna daɗa cutar ko amfani da ita azaman kwatanci ko alama ce ta duk abin da al'adun ke ɗaukar mugunta. Misali, har sai an gano kwayar cuta da ke haifar da tarin fuka a 1882, masana daban-daban sun danganta cutar ga gado, salon rayuwa, baƙin ciki, da kuma yawan jima'i, abinci mai wadata, ko barasa, dukansu cututtukan zamantakewa ne a lokacin.

Lokacin da kwayar cuta ta haifar da cuta (misali, lokacin da zazzabin cizon sauro ya haifar da Plasmodium), bai kamata mutum ya rikita kwayar cutawa ba (wanda ya haifar da cutar) da cutar kanta. Misali, kwayar cutar Yammacin Nilu (pathogen) tana haifar da zazzabin Yammacin Nile (cutar). Rashin amfani da ma'anar asali a cikin ilmin annoba yana da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.[22]

Nau'o'in abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A child rides a bicycle. An adult and a child walk a dog along a path in a green park..
Ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun, kamar hawa keke ko tafiya, yana rage haɗarin cututtukan salon rayuwa.
Jirgin Sama
Cutar da ke cikin iska duk wata cuta ce da ke haifar da cututtuka kuma ana yaduwa ta iska.
Abincin da ake samu
Cutar da ke tattare da abinci ko guba shine duk wata cuta da ke haifar da cin abinci da aka gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta, guba, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, prions ko parasites.[23]
Cutar cututtuka
Cututtukan cututtuka, wanda aka fi sani da cututtukan da ake yaduwa ko cututtukani masu yaduwa, sun haɗa da rashin lafiya a bayyane (watau, alamun kiwon lafiya ko alamun cutar) wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da cuta, kasancewar da ci gaban masu ba da cuta a cikin kwayar halitta. An haɗa su a cikin wannan rukuni cututtukan da ke yaduwa - kamuwa da cuta, kamar mura ko sanyi na yau da kullun, wanda ke yadu daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani - da cututtukani masu yaduwa: cuta da za ta iya yaduwa daga mutum ɗaya ga wani, amma ba lallai ba ne ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullun.
Hanyar Rayuwa
Cutar salon rayuwa duk wata cuta ce da ke bayyana tana ƙaruwa a cikin mitar yayin da ƙasashe suka zama masana'antu kuma mutane suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci, musamman idan abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da zaɓin halayyar kamar salon rayuwa ko cin abinci mai yawa a cikin abinci mara lafiya kamar su carbohydrates, trans fat, ko abin sha mai barasa.
Ba za a iya sadarwa ba
Cutar da ba ta yaduwa yanayin kiwon lafiya ne ko cuta wacce ba za a iya yaduwa ba. Ba za a iya yaduwar cututtukan da ba za su iya yaduwa kai tsaye daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani ba. Cututtukan zuciya da ciwon daji misalai ne na cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa a cikin mutane.

Rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya hana cututtuka da cututtuka masu yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da tsaftacewa, Abinci mai gina jiki, isasshen motsa jiki, allurar rigakafi da sauran matakan kula da kai da lafiyar jama'a, kamar amfani da abin rufe fuska.

Magunguna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Magungunan kiwon lafiya ko jiyya ƙoƙari ne don warkarwa ko inganta cuta ko wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya. A fagen kiwon lafiya, magani yana da alaƙa da kalmar magani. Daga cikin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, kalmar na iya nufin musamman ga psychotherapy ko "magana". magunguna na yau da kullun sun haɗa da magunguna, tiyata, na'urorin kiwon lafiya, da kula da kai. Ana iya ba da magani ta hanyar Tsarin kiwon lafiya, ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hanyar mai haƙuri ko dangin.

Kula da lafiya na rigakafi hanya ce ta guje wa rauni, rashin lafiya, ko cuta da farko. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan matsalar kiwon lafiya ta riga ta fara. Magani yana ƙoƙari ya inganta ko cire matsala, amma jiyya bazai haifar da warkarwa ta dindindin ba, musamman a cikin cututtukan da ba su da tsanani. Magunguna wani bangare ne na jiyya wanda ke juyar da cututtuka gaba ɗaya ko kawo ƙarshen matsalolin kiwon lafiya har abada. Yawancin cututtukan da ba za a iya warkar da su gaba ɗaya ba har yanzu ana iya magance su. Gudanar da ciwo (wanda kuma ake kira maganin ciwo) shine reshe na magani wanda ke amfani da hanyar haɗuwa don sauƙaƙe ciwo da inganta ingancin rayuwar waɗanda ke rayuwa da ciwo.

Dole ne a ba da magani ga gaggawa na likita nan da nan, sau da yawa ta hanyar sashen gaggawa ko, a cikin yanayi mara mahimmanci, ta hanyar wurin kulawa ta gaggawa.Epidemiology shine nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar ko ƙarfafa cututtuka. Wasu cututtuka sun fi yawa a wasu yankuna, tsakanin mutanen da ke da wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta ko zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ko a lokuta daban-daban na shekara.

Ana ɗaukar ilimin annoba a matsayin hanyar tushe na binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ana ɗaukarsa sosai a cikin maganin da ke da tushe don gano Abubuwan haɗari ga cututtuka. A cikin nazarin cututtukan da ba masu yaduwa ba, aikin masu binciken cututtukani ya fito ne daga binciken barkewar cutar zuwa nazarin ƙira, tattara bayanai, da bincike ciki har da ci gaban samfuran ƙididdiga don gwada ra'ayoyi da takardun sakamakon don gabatar da mujallu masu bita. Masana ilimin cututtuka kuma suna nazarin hulɗar cututtuka a cikin yawan jama'a, yanayin da aka sani da cutar. Masana ilimin cututtukan cututtuka sun dogara da wasu fannoni na kimiyya kamar ilmin halitta (don fahimtar hanyoyin cututtukatare), Biostatistics (bayanan da ake samu a yanzu), Kimiyya ta Bayanai ta Yanayi (don adana bayanai da taswirar cututtukayyar cututtukani) da kuma ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa (don fahimtar abubuwan haɗari na kusa da nesa). Epidemiology na iya taimakawa wajen gano abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar da kuma jagorantar kokarin rigakafi.

A cikin nazarin cututtuka, ilmin annoba yana fuskantar ƙalubalen bayyana su. Musamman ga cututtukan da ba a fahimta ba, kungiyoyi daban-daban na iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Ba tare da ma'anar da aka amince da ita ba, masu bincike daban-daban na iya bayar da rahoton lambobi daban-daban da halaye na cutar.

Wasu bayanan cututtukan cututtuka an tattara su tare da bayanan da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jihohi da na yanki suka bayar, a matakan ƙasa [24] ko mafi girma (kamar European Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB)) [25] wanda zai iya ƙunsar bayanan fitar da asibiti ta hanyar cikakken bincike, shekaru da jima'i.[26] Kasashen Turai sun gabatar da bayanan HMDB na Turai ga Ofishin Yankin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Turai.

Nauyin cuta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nauyin cuta shine tasirin matsalar kiwon lafiya a yankin da aka auna ta hanyar kudi, mutuwa, cututtuka, ko wasu alamomi.

Akwai matakai da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don ƙididdige nauyin da cututtuka ke ɗorawa akan mutane. Shekaru na yiwuwar rayuwa da ta ɓace (YPLL) ƙididdiga ce mai sauƙi game da yawan shekarun da aka taƙaita rayuwar mutum saboda cuta. Misali, idan mutum ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 daga cuta, kuma mai yiwuwa zai rayu har zuwa shekaru 80 ba tare da wannan cuta ba, to wannan cuta ta haifar da asarar shekaru 15 na rayuwa. Ma'aunin YPLL ba ya lissafin yadda mutum yake da nakasa kafin ya mutu, don haka ma'aunin yana bi da mutumin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani da mutumin da suka mutu a daidai wannan shekarun bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin lafiya kamar yadda ya dace. A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta lissafa cewa shekaru miliyan 932 na yiwuwar rayuwa sun ɓace zuwa mutuwar da ba ta dace ba.[27]

Shekarar rayuwa mai inganci (QALY) da kuma shekara mai inganci mai inganci na rayuwa (DALY) suna kama amma la'akari da ko mutumin yana da lafiya bayan ganewar asali. Baya ga yawan shekarun da suka ɓace saboda mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, waɗannan ma'auni suna ƙara wani ɓangare na shekarun da suka rasa ga rashin lafiya. Ba kamar YPLL ba, waɗannan ma'auni suna nuna nauyin da aka ɗora wa mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya, amma waɗanda ke rayuwa ta al'ada. Cutar da ke da babban cututtuka, amma ƙananan mutuwa, tana da babban DALY da ƙananan YPLL. A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta lissafa cewa shekaru biliyan 1.5 da aka daidaita da nakasa sun ɓace saboda cututtuka da rauni.[27]  A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, cututtukan zuciya da bugun jini suna haifar da asarar rayuka, amma yanayin neuropsychiatric kamar Babban matsalar baƙin ciki yana haifar da mafi yawan shekarun da suka ɓace don rashin lafiya.

Nau'in cututtuka Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da suka ɓace, a duk duniya [27] Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka ɓace, a duk duniya [27] Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da suka ɓace, Turai [27] Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka ɓace, Turai [27] Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da suka ɓace, Amurka da Kanada [27] Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka ɓace, Amurka da Kanada [27]
Cututtukan cututtuka da cututtukan cuta, musamman cututtuken numfashi, zawo, Cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka, da zazzabin cizon sauro 37% 26% 9% 6% 5% 3%
Yanayin ƙwaƙwalwa, misali baƙin ciki 2% 13% 3% 19% 5% 28%
Raunin, musamman Hadarin mota 14% 12% 18% 13% 18% 10%
Cututtukan zuciya, musamman ciwon zuciya da bugun jini 14% 10% 35% 23% 26% 14%
haihuwa haihuwa da sauran mutuwar haihuwa 11% 8% 4% 2% 3% 2%
Ciwon daji 8% 5% 19% 11% 25% 13%

Al'umma da al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Girman kiba alama ce ta matsayi a al'adun Renaissance: "Janar Alessandro del Borro na Tuscan", wanda aka danganta ga Andrea Sacchi, 1645. [28] Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cuta.

Yadda al'umma ke amsawa ga cututtuka shine batun ilimin zamantakewar likita.

Ana iya ɗaukar yanayin cuta a wasu al'adu ko lokutan amma ba a wasu ba. Misali, kiba yana da alaƙa da wadata da yalwa, kuma wannan fahimta ta ci gaba a yankuna da yawa na Afirka, musamman tun farkon HIV / AIDS.[29] Ana ɗaukar farfajiya alama ce ta kyaututtuka na ruhaniya tsakanin Mutanen Hmong.

Rashin lafiya yana ba da izinin zamantakewa na wasu fa'idodi, kamar fa'idodin rashin lafiya, guje wa aiki, da kuma kula da wasu. Mutumin da ke rashin lafiya yana ɗaukar rawar zamantakewa da ake kira rawar rashin lafiya. Mutumin da ke amsawa ga cutar da ake tsoro, kamar ciwon daji, a cikin al'adun da aka yarda da shi na al'ada na iya zama a fili da kuma sirri tare da matsayi mafi girma. A sakamakon wadannan fa'idodi, mai rashin lafiya ya tilasta neman magani kuma yayi aiki don sake zama lafiya. A matsayin kwatankwacin, la'akari da ciki, wanda ba a fassara shi azaman cuta ko cuta ba, koda kuwa uwa da jariri na iya amfana daga kulawar likita.

Yawancin addinai suna ba da izini daga ayyukan addini ga mutanen da ke rashin lafiya. Misali, wanda rayuwarsa za ta kasance cikin haɗari ta hanyar azumi a ranar Yom Kippur ko a lokacin watan Ramadan an cire shi daga abin da ake buƙata, ko ma an hana shi shiga.[30][31] Mutanen da ba su da lafiya kuma an cire su daga ayyukan zamantakewa. Misali, rashin lafiya shine kawai dalilin da ya dace da jama'a ga Ba'amurke ya ƙi gayyatar zuwa Fadar White House.

Gano yanayin a matsayin cuta, maimakon kawai bambancin tsarin mutum ko aiki, na iya samun mahimman tasirin zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Sanarwar cututtuka masu rikitarwa kamar raunin damuwa mai maimaitawa (RSI) da rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni (PTSD) sun sami sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau a kan kudi da sauran nauyin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, da cibiyoyi ga mutane, da kuma mutane da kansu. Sakamakon zamantakewa na kallon tsufa a matsayin cuta na iya zama mai zurfi, kodayake wannan rarrabuwa bai riga ya yadu ba.

Masu kuturta mutane ne waɗanda aka guje su a tarihi saboda suna da cutar cututtuka, kuma kalmar "kuturta" har yanzu tana haifar da kunya ta zamantakewa. Tsoron cututtuka har yanzu yana iya zama sanannen abin da ke faruwa a cikin zamantakewa, kodayake ba duk cututtukan da ke haifar da matsanancin kunya na zamantakewa ba.

Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin tattalin arziki yana shafar kiwon lafiya. Cututtukan talauci cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da talauci da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa; cututtukani na wadata cututtukana ne da ke da alaka da matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki. Waɗanne cututtuka ne ke da alaƙa da waɗanne jihohi sun bambanta bisa ga lokaci, wuri, da fasaha. Wasu cututtuka, kamar Ciwon sukari, na iya haɗawa da talauci (zaɓin abinci mara kyau) da wadata (tsawon rayuwa da salon rayuwa), ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban. Kalmar cututtukan salon rayuwa tana bayyana cututtukani da ke da alaƙa da tsawon rai kuma waɗanda suka fi yawa tsakanin tsofaffi. Misali, ciwon daji ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin mambobi ke zaune har sai sun kai shekaru 80 fiye da al'ummomi da yawancin mambofi ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru 50.

Harshen cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Labarin rashin lafiya hanya ce ta shirya kwarewar likita a cikin labarin da ya dace wanda ke kwatanta kwarewar mutum mara lafiya.

Mutane suna amfani da misalai don fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru da cuta. Misalai suna motsa cuta daga wani abu mai ma'ana wanda ke akwai zuwa kwarewar motsin rai. Mafi mashahuriyar kwatanci ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin soja: Cutar abokin gaba ne wanda dole ne a ji tsoro, yaƙi, yaƙi da kuma rushewa. Mai haƙuri ko mai ba da kiwon lafiya jarumi ne, maimakon wanda aka azabtar ko mai kallo. Wakilan cututtukan da ke yaduwa sune masu mamayewa; cututtukun da ba su yaduwa sun zama tashin hankali na ciki ko yakin basasa. Saboda barazanar tana da gaggawa, watakila batun rayuwa da mutuwa, ba zato ba tsammani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, har ma da zalunci, matakan aikin ɗabi'a ne na al'umma da mai haƙuri yayin da suke da ƙarfin zuciya don yin gwagwarmaya da hallaka. "Yaƙin kan ciwon daji" misali ne na wannan amfani da harshe. Wannan harshe yana ba da ƙarfi ga wasu marasa lafiya, amma yana barin wasu suna jin kamar sun gaza.

Wani nau'i na kwatanci ya bayyana kwarewar rashin lafiya a matsayin tafiya: Mutum yana tafiya zuwa ko daga wurin cuta, kuma yana canza kansa, yana gano sabon bayani, ko ƙara kwarewarsa a hanya. Zai iya tafiya "a kan hanyar zuwa murmurewa" ko yin canje-canje don "sauka kan hanyar da ta dace" ko zaɓar "hanyoyi". Wasu suna da jigogi na shige da fice a bayyane: an kori mai haƙuri daga yankin kiwon lafiya zuwa ƙasar marasa lafiya, canza ainihi da dangantaka a cikin tsari. Wannan harshe ya fi kowa a tsakanin masu kula da kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya fiye da harshe na tashin hankali na jiki.[32]

Wasu misalai suna da takamaiman cuta. Bautar alama ce ta yau da kullun don jaraba: Mai shan giya ya zama bawa ta hanyar abin sha, kuma mai shan sigari ya zama bauta wa nicotine. Wasu marasa lafiya na ciwon daji suna kula da asarar gashin su daga maganin chemotherapy a matsayin metonymy ko kwatanci ga duk asarar da cutar ta haifar.

Some diseases are used as metaphors for social ills: "Cancer" is a common description for anything that is endemic and destructive in society, such as poverty, injustice, or racism. AIDS was seen as a divine judgment for moral decadence, and only by purging itself from the "pollution" of the "invader" could society become healthy again. More recently, when AIDS seemed less threatening, this type of emotive language was applied to avian flu and type 2 diabetes mellitus.[33] Authors in the 19th century commonly used tuberculosis as a symbol and a metaphor for transcendence. People with the disease were portrayed in literature as having risen above daily life to become ephemeral objects of spiritual or artistic achievement. In the 20th century, after its cause was better understood, the same disease became the emblem of poverty, squalor, and other social problems.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". WHO. 24 August 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  2. ↑ "Regents Prep: Living Environment: Homeostasis: Introduction". Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  3. ↑ "illness". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Elsevier. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via Medical Dictionary - The Free Dictionary.
  4. ↑ Emson HE (April 1987). "Health, disease and illness: matters for definition". CMAJ. 136 (8): 811–13. PMC 1492114. PMID 3567788.
  5. ↑ McWhinney IR (April 1987). "Health and disease: problems of definition". CMAJ. 136 (8): 815. PMC 1492121. PMID 3567791.
  6. ↑ Hart BL (1988). "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 12 (2): 123–37. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 3050629. S2CID 17797005.
  7. ↑ Johnson R (2002). "The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 87 (3–4): 443–50. doi:10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00069-7. PMID 12072271.
  8. ↑ Kelley KW, Bluthe RM, Dantzer R, Zhou JH, Shen WH, Johnson RW, Broussard SR (2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain Behav Immun. 17 (Suppl 1): S112–18. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. PMID 12615196. S2CID 25400611.
  9. ↑ "Disorder". www.cancer.gov (in Turanci). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  10. ↑ Sefton, Phil (21 November 2011). "Condition, Disease, Disorder". AMA Style Insider. American Medical Association. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  11. ↑ "Expat Insurance Glossary by The Insurance Page". Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
  12. ↑ "morbidity". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Elsevier. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com.
  13. ↑ Viera, Anthony J. (2011). "Predisease: when does it make sense?". Epidemiologic Reviews. 33 (1): 122–34. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxr002. PMID 21624963. S2CID 12090327. When the goal of preventing adverse health outcomes is kept in mind, this review poses the idea that "predisease" as a category on which to act makes sense only if the following 3 conditions are met. First, the people designated as having predisease must be far more likely to develop the disease than those not so designated. Second, there must be a feasible intervention that, when targeted to people with predisease, effectively reduces the likelihood of developing the disease. Third, the benefits of intervening on predisease must outweigh the harms in the population.
  14. ↑ "clinical disease". Mosby's Medical Dictionary (9th ed.). Elsevier. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. a stage in the history of a pathological condition that begins with anatomical or physiological changes that are sufficient to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of a disease
  15. ↑ Shiel, William C. Jr. (20 June 2019). "Definition of Flare". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "definition of subclinical". Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via The Free Dictionary.
  17. ↑ Loscalzo, Joseph; Kohane, Isaac; Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo (2007). "Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: A complex systems approach to human pathobiology". Molecular Systems Biology (in Turanci). 3 (124): 124. doi:10.1038/msb4100163. ISSN 1744-4292. PMC 1948102. PMID 17625512.
  18. ↑ "Human disease – Pathogenesis, Etiology, Resistance, and Immunity | Britannica". britannica.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  19. ↑ Knappett, Peter S.K.; Escamilla, Veronica; Layton, Alice; McKay, Larry D.; Emch, Michael; Williams, Daniel E.; Huq, R.; Alam, J.; Farhana, Labony; Mailloux, Brian J.; Ferguson, Andy; Sayler, Gary S.; Ahmed, Kazi M.; van Geen, Alexander (2011-08-01). "Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 409 (17): 3174–3182. Bibcode:2011ScTEn.409.3174K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.043. PMC 3150537. PMID 21632095.
  20. ↑ "Social determinants of health". www.who.int (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  21. ↑ Van de Vuurst, Paige; Escobar, Luis E. (2023-05-16). "Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends". Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 12 (1): 51. doi:10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2. ISSN 2049-9957. PMC 10186327 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37194092 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Marcantonio, Matteo; Pascoe, Emily; Baldacchino, Frederic (January 2017). "Sometimes Scientists Get the Flu. Wrong...!". Trends in Parasitology. 33 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.005. PMID 27856180.
  23. ↑ Mead, Paul S.; Slutsker, Laurence; Dietz, Vance; McCaig, Linda F.; Bresee, Joseph S.; Shapiro, Craig; Griffin, Patricia M.; Tauxe, Robert V. (October 1999). "Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases. CDC. 5 (5): 607–625. doi:10.3201/eid0505.990502. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2627714. PMID 10511517.
  24. ↑ "National Hospital Morbidity Database". aihw.gov.au. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  25. ↑ "Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB)". statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  26. ↑ "European Hospital Morbidity Database". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also DALY spreadsheet and YLL spreadsheet.
  28. ↑ Gerten-Jackson, Carol. "The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro". Archived from the original on 2 May 2009.
  29. ↑ Haslam DW, James WP (2005). "Obesity". Lancet. 366 (9492): 1197–209. Bibcode:2005Lanc..366.1197H. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1. PMID 16198769. S2CID 208791491.
  30. ↑ Gupta, Nikita; Gusdorf, Jason (2023-07-13). "Guidance for Physicians on the Yom Kippur Fast". Georgetown Medical Review (in Turanci). 7 (1). doi:10.52504/001c.83342 Check |doi= value (help). ISSN 2689-095X.
  31. ↑ Rashed, A. H. (1992-02-29). "The fast of Ramadan". BMJ (in Turanci). 304 (6826): 521–522. doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6826.521. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1881417. PMID 1559053.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  33. ↑ Hanne M, Hawken SJ (December 2007). "Metaphors for illness in contemporary media". Med Humanit. 33 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1136/jmh.2006.000253. PMID 23674429. S2CID 207000141.
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