duga

See also: Appendix:Variations of "duga"

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duˈɡaʔ/ [d̪uˈɡaʔ]
• Hyphenation: du‧ga

Noun

dugâ (Badlit spelling ᜇᜓᜄ)

1. juice, nectar, sap
2. (slang) sperm, semen

Central Bikol

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈduɡaʔ/ [ˈd̪u.ɡaʔ]
• Hyphenation: du‧ga

Noun

dugà (Basahan spelling ᜇᜓᜄ)

1. nectar

   Synonym: tagok

2. sap

   Synonym: pulot

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse duga (“to help, to suffice”), from Proto-Germanic *duganą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtuːwa/
• Rhymes: -uːwa

Verb

duga (third person singular past indicative dugdi, supine dugað)

1. to know how to

   Tey duga føroyskt.

   They can speak Faroese.

Conjugation

Conjugation of duga (group v-25)

infinitive	duga
supine	dugað
	present	past
first singular	dugi	dugdi
second singular	dugir	dugdi
third singular	dugir	dugdi
plural	duga	dugdu
participle (a6)1	dugandi	dugaður
	imperative
singular	duga!
plural	dugið!

¹Only the past participle being declined.

Further reading

"duga" at Sprotin.fo

Higaonon

Etymology

Akin to Cebuano duga.

Noun

duga

1. honey

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse duga (“to help, to suffice”), from Proto-Germanic *duganą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈtʏːɣa]

  Rhymes: -ʏːɣa

Verb

duga (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative dugði, supine dugað) or
duga (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative dugaði, supine dugað)

1. to suffice, to be enough [with dative ‘for someone’]

   Synonym: nægja

   Þetta dugir/dugar mér. ― This is enough for me.

2. (third person only, quirky subject) to suffice, to be enough [with preceding dative ‘for someone’ and following nominative ‘something’] (idiomatically translated as “be satisfied with” or “find sufficient”, with the dative object as the logical subject)

   Synonym: nægja

   Mér dugir/duga(r) ekki þessar afsakanir.

   I am not satisfied with these excuses.

   (literally, “For me these excuses don't suffice.”)

3. to serve, to work, to do the trick [with dative ‘for someone’]

   Synonym: gagnast

   Mig vantar blað... Þetta umslag dugir/dugar alveg.

   I need a piece of paper... This old envelope will do the trick!

4. (third person only, quirky subject) to serve, to work, to do the trick [with preceding dative ‘for someone’ and following nominative ‘something’] (idiomatically translated as “find effective” or “find useful”, with the dative object as the logical subject)

   Synonym: gagnast

   Mér dug(a)ði ekki lyfið.

   I didn't find the medicine effective.

   (literally, “For me the medicine didn't work.”)

Usage notes

• The verb duga is a so-called alternating dative-nominative verb, i.e. a verb where two different possibilities are allowed for the word order of the subject and object. These are experiential verbs, typically expressing suitability, adequacy or benefit, where the (typically animate) experiencer is in the dative case but may be placed before or after the verb, and the (typically inanimate) trigger is in the nominative case and is placed in the opposite position. Whichever argument occurs before the verb behaves for most purposes as the logical subject despite its case marking. Canonical examples are nægja (“to suffice (for someone)”), duga (“to be enough (for someone)”), henta (“to suit (someone)”), endast (“to last (for someone)”) and gagnast (“to be of use (to someone)”). For example:
  1. With experiencer (dative case) as the subject: Mér nægja(r) þessir peningar. ― I find this money enough. (literally, “For me is/are enough these funds.”)
  2. With trigger (nominative case) as the subject: Þessir peningar nægja mér. ― This money is enough for me. (literally, “These funds are enough for me.”)
• As shown, with a dative subject, the verb may or may not agree in number with the logical nominative object, but with a nominative subject, agreement is mandatory. Furthermore, with a dative subject, the verb must be in the third person, and a first or second person pronoun cannot be the object; only the nominative-dative order is possible in this situation.
• Such verbs should be contrasted with strict dative-nominative verbs, which allow only the dative-nominative order. Canonical examples are blöskra (“to be shocked by”), líka (“to like”), leiðast (“to be bored by”), þykja (“to think/find/seem”) and áskotnast (“to receive/obtain by luck, to luck into (something)”). Such verbs behave the same way as alternating dative-nominative verbs in that the number agreement is optional and the verb is third-person-only. Such verbs cannot be used with a first or second-person pronoun; e.g. to express the equivalent of “I am shocked by you”, a different verb must be used.
• In Wiktionary, we first express the literal definition from the perspective of the nominative argument, and then add a note indicating how it is to be translated idiomatically.

Derived terms

• duga til (“to be good for”)
• duga eða drepast (“to do or die”)
• nú er að duga eða drepast

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay duga. Probably from Sanskrit दृग (dṛga, “to see”) or Sanskrit दूर (dūra, “distant, far, remote”). Doublet of dura.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈduɡa/ [ˈdu.ɡa]
• Rhymes: -uɡa
• Syllabification: du‧ga

Verb

duga (active menduga, reflexive passive terduga, ordinary passive diduga, imperative duga, emphatic-jussive dugalah)

1. to gauge, to measure (the depth of a body of water)
2. to think that, to guess that, to suppose that

   Saya menduga dia akan marah. ― I thought that they would be angry.

Derived terms

• diduga
• dugaan
• menduga
• menduga-duga
• penduga
• pendugaan
• terduga
• terduga-duga

Further reading

• “duga”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Etymology

Probably from Sanskrit दृग (dṛga, “to see”) or Sanskrit दूर (dūra, “distant, far, remote”). Doublet of dura.

Pronunciation

• (schwa-variety) IPA^(key): /ˈduɡə/ [ˈdu.ɡə]
  • Rhymes: -ɡə, -ə

• (/a/-variety, Literary Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈduɡa/ [ˈdu.ɡa]
  • Rhymes: -ɡa, -a
• Hyphenation: du‧ga

Verb

duga (Jawi spelling دوݢ, active menduga, third-person passive diduga)

1. to guess

   Synonyms: agak, sangka, teka

2. to measure or gauge the depth of a body of water

   Synonyms: ajuk, ukur

3. to test

   Synonyms: ukur, uji

Derived terms

Affixations

• diduga (“guessed; suspected”)
• dugaan (“ordeal; trial; guess”)
• menduga (“to guess; to probe”)
• penduga (“gauge; sensor”)
• terduga (“predictable; forseen”)

Compounds

• duga akal (“brain teaser, puzzle”)
• duga hati (“to test someone's feelings or loyalty”)
• soal duga (“quiz (oral)”)
• temu duga (“interview”)

Phrases

• tidak terduga (“unexpected”)

Descendants

• > Indonesian: duga (inherited)

Further reading

• "duga" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
  (also see "duga" at PRPM first version)

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• duge

Etymology

From Old Norse duga.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʉːɡa/

Verb

duga (present tense duger, past tense dugde, past participle dugt/dugd, passive infinitive dugast, present participle dugande, imperative dug)

1. help, be useful; be good enough; work

   Dette duger ikkje. Me lyt freista noko anna.

   This doesn't work. We'll have to try something else.

2. be skilled enough

   Er du viss på at dei duger til jobben?

   Are you sure that they are skilled enough for the job?

References

• “duga” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *duganą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰówgʰe, from the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).

Verb

duga (singular past indicative dugði, plural past indicative dugðu, past participle dugat)

1. to help, aid
2. to do, suffice

   hefir oss þó dugat þessi átrúnaðr

   but this faith has served us well

   fátt er svá illt at einugi dugi

   few things are utterly useless

   mun þér eigi þat duga at sofa hér

   it will not do (is not safe) for thee to sleep here

3. to show prowess, do good service

   dugði hverr sem hann mátti

   everyone did his best

4. to suffice, be strong enough

   ef vitni duga

   if the witness fail not

Declension

Conjugation of duga — active (weak class 3)

infinitive	duga
present participle	dugandi
past participle	dugar
	indicative			subjunctive
	present	past		present	past
1st person singular	dugi	dugða		duga	dygða
2nd person singular	dugir	dugðir		dugir	dygðir
3rd person singular	dugir	dugði		dugi	dygði
1st person plural	dugum	dugðum		dugim	dygðim
2nd person plural	dugið	dugðuð		dugið	dygðið
3rd person plural	duga	dugðu		dugi	dygði
imperative	present
2nd person singular	dug
1st person plural	dugum
2nd person plural	dugið

Conjugation of duga — mediopassive (weak class 3)

infinitive	dugask
present participle	dugandisk
past participle	dugazk
	indicative			subjunctive
	present	past		present	past
1st person singular	dugumk	dugðumk		dugumk	dygðumk
2nd person singular	dugisk	dugðisk		dugisk	dygðisk
3rd person singular	dugisk	dugðisk		dugisk	dygðisk
1st person plural	dugumsk	dugðumsk		dugimsk	dygðimsk
2nd person plural	dugizk	dugðuzk		dugizk	dygðizk
3rd person plural	dugask	dugðusk		dugisk	dygðisk
imperative	present
2nd person singular	dugsk
1st person plural	dugumsk
2nd person plural	dugizk

Derived terms

• dugnaðr m

Descendants

• Icelandic: duga
• Faroese: duga
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: duge
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: duga, duge
• Old Swedish: dugha, dogha
  • Swedish: duga
• Old Danish: dughæ
  • Danish: du

Further reading

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “duga”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Polish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Kuyavia) IPA^(key): [ˈdu.ɡa]
• (Masovia):
  • (Łowicz) IPA^(key): [ˈdu.ɡa]
• (Lesser Poland):
  • (Kielce) IPA^(key): [ˈdu.ɡa]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

duga f

1. (Kuyavia) synonym of dźwig

   wziąć na dugę (Kujawy) ― to lift

   1. (Kielce, agriculture) crane or lift for lifting bales of hay onto a heap
   2. (Łowicz, Strugienice) synonym of drąg

Derived terms

verbs

• dugować impf

Further reading

• Oskar Kolberg (1867), “dugować”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 270
• Jan Łoś (1886), “duga”, in “Gwara opoczyńska. Studium dialektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (1), volume 11, page 183
• Halina Świderska (1929), “duga”, in Dialekt Księstwa Łowickiego (in Polish), Warsaw, →ISBN, page 96

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dǫga.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dǔːɡa/

Noun

dúga f (Cyrillic spelling ду́га)

1. rainbow

Declension

Declension of duga

	singular	plural
nominative	duga	duge
genitive	duge	duga
dative	duzi	dugama
accusative	dugu	duge
vocative	dugo	duge
locative	duzi	dugama
instrumental	dugom	dugama

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

duga (Cyrillic spelling дуга)

1. inflection of dug:
   1. feminine nominative/vocative singular
   2. indefinite masculine/neuter genitive singular
   3. indefinite animate masculine accusative singular
   4. neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Etymology 3

Noun

duga (Cyrillic spelling дуга)

1. genitive singular of dug

Sicilian

Alternative forms

• dua, duva

Etymology

Inherited from Latin doga. Compare Italian doga. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Latin -ŏ-?”)

Noun

duga f (plural dughi)

1. stave (narrow strip of wood forming barrels, buckets, etc.)

Descendants

• → Maltese: dugħ

References

• AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 1327: “la doga” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
• Traina, Antonino (1868), “duga e dua”, in Nuovo vocabolario Siciliano-Italiano [New Sicilian-Italian vocabulary] (in Italian), Liber Liber, published 2020, page 1429
• Pasqualino (c. 1790), “duga”, in Vocabolario siciliano etimologico, italiano e latino (in Italian), volume 2, page 59

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish dugha, from Old Norse duga, from Proto-Germanic *duganą. The (formerly) colloquial strong declension mirrors the declensions of words like suga and ljuga.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

duga (present duger, preterite dugde or dög, supine dugt or dugit, imperative dug)

1. to be good enough; to suffice, to be acceptable, etc.

   Om den dugde åt din syster så duger den åt dig

   If it was good enough for your sister, it is good enough for you

   Oroa dig inte. Du duger som du är.

   Don't worry. You are good enough the way you are.

   Hon hade dåligt självförtroende. Tyckte inte att hon dugde.

   She had low self-esteem. Didn't think she was good enough.

   – Behöver jag göra någonting mer? – Nej då, det duger.

   – Do I need to do anything more? – No, that's enough [suffices]. [The "då" affirms the "nej," softening the tone a bit, like "nah"]

   Han duger ingenting till

   He's a good-for-nothing ["Han duger till ingenting" would be less literary except "duga ingenting till" has become idiomatic]

   Han duger inte mycket till

   He's not good for much [same as above]

   • 1968, Cornelis Vreeswijk, “Somliga går med trasiga skor [Some people walk in tattered shoes]”, in Tio vackra visor och Personliga Person [Ten beautiful songs and Personal Person]‎^[3]:

     Jag är en tvivelaktig figur. Duger ej mycket till. Bakom ett hörn står döden på lur. Han tar mig när han vill.

     I'm a dubious figure. Not good for much. Behind a corner, Death lurks. He'll take me whenever he wants.

Conjugation

Conjugation of duga (weak)

	active		passive
infinitive	duga		—
supine	dugt		—
imperative	dug		—
imper. plural1	dugen		—
	present	past	present	past
indicative	duger	dugde	—	—
ind. plural1	duga	dugde	—	—
subjunctive2	duge	dugde	—	—
present participle		dugande
past participle		—

¹ Archaic. ² Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

Conjugation of duga (class 2 strong)

	active		passive
infinitive	duga		—
supine	dugit		—
imperative	dug		—
imper. plural1	dugen		—
	present	past	present	past
indicative	duger	dög	—	—
ind. plural1	duga	dögo	—	—
subjunctive2	duge	döge	—	—
present participle		dugande
past participle		—

¹ Archaic. ² Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

Derived terms

• som heter duga

Related terms

• dugande
• duglig

References

• “duga”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “duga”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈduɡaʔ/ [ˈd̪uː.ɣ̠ɐʔ]
• Rhymes: -uɡaʔ
• Syllabification: du‧ga

Noun

dugà (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜄ) (colloquial)

1. deception; cheating; trickery

   Synonyms: daya, pagdaraya, panduruga, linlang, panlilinlang, lansi, panlalansi, gantso, panggagantso, gulang, budol, estapa, dugas, pandurugas, (colloquial) onse

Derived terms

• dugain
• maduga
• manduga
• panduruga

Ternate

Adverb

duga

1. only, merely

Synonyms

• cuma

Venda

Verb

duga

1. to burn