-ar

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

Languages (31)

Abau • Albanian • Aromanian • Azerbaijani • Asturian • Basque • Catalan • Franco-Provençal • Galician • German • Ido • Interlingua • Latin • Middle English • Ngarrindjeri • Norwegian Nynorsk • Occitan • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Norse • Old Spanish • Polish • Portuguese • Romanian • Serbo-Croatian • Slovene • Spanish • Swedish • Turkish • Uzbek • Welsh

Page categories

English

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālis

Latin -ārisbor.

English -ar

Borrowed from Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”). Distant doublet of -al.

Suffix

-ar

Of, near, or pertaining to; adjective suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.
Synonyms: -al, -an, -ary, -ese, -ic, -id, -ish, -like, -oid, -ory, -ous, -y

‎alveolus + ‎-ar → ‎alveolar

‎lobe + ‎-ar → ‎lobar

Usage notes

See usage notes at -al.

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ar (adjective)

Translations

of, near, or pertaining to

Arabic: ـِيّ (ar) (-iyy)
Hungarian: -áris
Polish: -arny
Portuguese: -ar (pt)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-os?

Proto-Indo-European *-o-

Proto-Indo-European *-so-

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-

Proto-Indo-European *-yós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós

Proto-Italic *-āsijos

Proto-Italic *-āsios

Latin -āriusnom.

Latin -āriusbor.

Old French -airebor.

Middle English -ar, -er, -arie

English -ar

Inherited from Middle English -ar, -er, -arie, borrowed from Latin -ārius or Old French -aire. Doublet of -ary, -eer, -ier, and -yer.

Suffix

-ar

(unproductive) Ending of some nouns denoting occupations, chiefly inherited from Middle English nouns borrowed from Old French or Medieval Latin.

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ar (occupation)

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ar, -are, variant of Middle English -ere, from Old English -ere. More at -er.

Suffix

-ar

(unproductive) Ending of some agent nouns inherited from Middle English.
beggar, liar, pedlar

Etymology 4

Clipping of star or stellar; modelled after the earlier coinages pulsar and quasar.

Suffix

-ar

(astronomy) Used to form names of star types.

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ar (astronomy)

Anagrams

'RA, 'Ra, ra, RA, Ra

Abau

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/

Suffix

-ar

(intensifier) very; real

References

SIL International (2020), “Abau Dictionary”, in Webonary.org‎^[2], archived from the original on 16 May 2025

Albanian

Etymology

Likely from Latin -ārius.

Suffix

-ar

a suffix appended to words to create an agent noun, much like English -er/-or

Derived terms

Aromanian

Alternative forms

-aru, -ariu

Etymology

From Latin -ārius, -ārium. Compare Daco-Romanian -ar.

Suffix

-ar m

suffix used to denote a profession or craft

Derived terms

Azerbaijani

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	a / ı / o / u	e / ə / i̇ / ö / ü
postconsonantal	-ar	-ər
postvocalic	-yar	-yər

-ar

Postconsonantal form of -ər after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Asturian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Italic *-āzi

▲

Latin -ereinflu.

Latin -āre

Asturian -ar

Inherited from Latin -āre.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/ [ˈaɾ]
Rhymes: -aɾ
Syllabification: -ar

Suffix

-ar

forms first conjugation verbs

Derived terms

Asturian terms suffixed with -ar

Basque

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ar

alternative form of -tar (demonym-forming suffix)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From ar (“male”).

Suffix

-ar

male (animals)
‎katu (“cat”) + ‎-ar → ‎katar (“tomcat”)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ar

[with verbal noun] about to
Itxaron, bukatzear nago. ― Wait, I'll finish in a moment.

Catalan

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”).

Pronunciation

(adjective)

IPA^(key): (Northern, Central, Northwestern) [ˈar]
IPA^(key): (Balearic) [ˈa]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]

(noun)

IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Northwestern) [ˈa]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]

Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -ars)

-ar; forms adjectives of one form indicating that the noun that is modified by the adjective is pertaining to the root word used to form the adjective

Suffix

-ar m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ars)

forms nouns indicating where a given crop is grown
‎taronger (“orange tree”) + ‎-ar → ‎tarongerar (“orange grove”)
forms nouns indicating where something is usually found
‎canyís (“common reed”) + ‎-ar → ‎canyissar (“reed bed”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -āre (first conjugation present active infinitive). The endings of the first and second person plurals come from the Latin second conjugation (1P -em < Lat. -ēmus with loss of the final -us, 2P -eu < Lat. -ētis with loss of the final S); older versions of Catalan had -am (from Latin -āmus with loss of the final -us; the expected ending would be *-amos or *-ames) as the first person plural, and -au (from Latin -ātis with loss of the final S; the expected ending would be *-aus or *-ats) as the second person plural. The third person plural ending -en replaced -ānt due to the stress being pulled to the end in -an, while the second person singular ending -es was affected by natural sound development.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Northwestern) [ˈa]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]

Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -at)

forms first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
‎col·lecció (“collection”) + ‎-ar → ‎col·leccionar (“to collect”)

Conjugation

Central Catalan conjugation of -ar (first conjugation)

person		singular			plural
infinitive			-ar
gerund			-ant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		-at		-ada
		plural		-ats		-ades
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	-o	-es	-a	-em	-eu	-en
	imperfect	-ava	-aves	-ava	-àvem	-àveu	-aven
	future	-aré	-aràs	-arà	-arem	-areu	-aran
	preterite	-í	-ares	-à	-àrem	-àreu	-aren
	conditional	-aria	-aries	-aria	-aríem	-aríeu	-arien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	-i	-is	-i	-em	-eu	-in
	imperfect	-és	-essis	-és	-éssim	-éssiu	-essin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	-a	-i	-em	-eu	-in
	negative (no)	—	no -is	no -i	no -em	no -eu	no -in

In older versions of Catalan, the second person endings for the preterite were -ast in the singular and -às in the plural.

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -ar

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -āre.

Suffix

-ar (ORB, broad)

Forms first-conjugation verbs.

Derived terms

Franco-Provençal terms suffixed with -ar

Galician

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālis

Latin -āris

Galician -ar

Inherited from Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”).

Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -ares)

-ar; forms relational adjectives from nouns
‎molécula (“molecule”) + ‎-ar → ‎molecular (“molecular”)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Italic *-āzi

▲

Latin -ereinflu.

Latin -āre

Galician -ar

Inherited from Latin -āre.

Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -ei, past participle -ado)

forms first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
‎fragmento (“fragment”) + ‎-ar → ‎fragmentar (“to fragment”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	-ar
Personal	-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-aren
Gerund
	-ando
Past participle
Masculine	-ado			-ados
Feminine	-ada			-adas
Indicative
Present	-o	-as	-a	-amos	-ades	-an
Imperfect	-aba	-abas	-aba	-abamos	-abades	-aban
Preterite	-ei	-aches	-ou	-amos	-astes	-aron
Pluperfect	-ara	-aras	-ara	-aramos	-arades	-aran
Future	-arei	-arás	-ará	-aremos	-aredes	-arán
Conditional	-aría	-arías	-aría	-ariamos	-ariades	-arían
Subjunctive
Present	-e	-es	-e	-emos	-edes	-en
Imperfect	-ase	-ases	-ase	-ásemos	-ásedes	-asen
Future	-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-aren
Imperative
Affirmative		-a	-e	-emos	-ade	-en
Negative (non)		non -es	non -e	non -emos	non -edes	non -en

Derived terms

Galician terms suffixed with -ar

German

Etymology

From Latin -arius. Doublet of -är and -er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈaːr/, [ˈaː(ɐ̯)], [ˈaːʁ]
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)

Suffix

-ar

-ary
‎Mission + ‎-ar → ‎Missionar

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French -er, Italian -are, Spanish -ar, from Latin -āre.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈar/

Suffix

-ar

This ending denotes the present infinitive form of a verb.
Me volas komprar ca objekto. ― I want to buy this thing.

Derived terms

Related terms

-ir (past infinitive tense)
-or (future infinitive tense)

Interlingua

Suffix

-ar

Added to a noun root word, this forms a verb meaning to apply or make use of the root.
Added to an adjectival root word, this forms a verb meaning to render/make (adjective) the object of the verb.

Latin

Alternative forms

-āre
-al (when not containing /l/)

Etymology

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āre, the nominative neuter singular ending of -āris, a dissimilated variant of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.

Suffix

-ar n (genitive -āris); third declension

noun-forming suffix

Usage notes

Only appears attached to bases that contain /l/: other bases get the suffix -al instead. Although the suffix -ārium n is etymologically distinct, a number of nouns show variation between the two endings, likely facilitated by the fact that they share the same form (-āria) in the nominative/accusative plural.

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, pure i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	-ar	-āria
genitive	-āris	-ārium
dative	-ārī	-āribus
accusative	-ar	-āria
ablative	-ārī	-āribus
vocative	-ar	-āria

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -ar

Middle English

Suffix

-ar

alternative form of -ere (agentive suffix)

Ngarrindjeri

Suffix

-ar

Suffix meaning many and used to denote a plural.
‎mimini (“woman”) + ‎-ar → ‎miminar (“women”)

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse -ar, the nominative plural ending for masculine a-stem and feminine ō-stem nouns.

Suffix

-ar m or f

Used to form regular indefinite plurals of most masculine nouns.
‎gut (“boy”) + ‎-ar → ‎gutar (“boys”)
Used to form regular indefinite plurals of some feminine nouns.
‎gjerning (“act”) + ‎-ar → ‎gjerningar (“acts”)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse -ar, the genitive singular ending for strong feminine nouns and masculine i- and u-stem nouns.

Alternative forms

-a

Interfix

-ar m or f

Used to form indefinite genitive singulars of strong feminine nouns and some strong masculine nouns, used in frozen expressions.
Ein fredar mann. ― A peaceful man/person.

Etymology 3

From Old Norse -ari.

Alternative forms

-ari, -are, -ær (dialectal)

Suffix

-ar m

Used to form nouns from verbs, a person who performs the action of the verb.
Ein som lever av å baka, er ein bakar. ― One who makes his living baking is a baker.

Etymology 4

From Old Norse -arr, from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“warrior”), *warjaz (“defender”) and *gaizaz (“spear”).

Suffix

-ar m

A name suffix, meaning warrior, guardian or spear

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan -ar, from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈa/

Suffix

-ar

Suffix of verbs of the first conjugation

Conjugation

Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ar			aver -at
gerund		-ant			*use gerund of aver* + past participle**
past participle		-at			—
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-i	-as	-a	-am	-atz	-an
	imperfect	-avi	-avas	-ava	-àvem	-àvetz	-avan
	preterite	-èri	-ères	-èt	-èrem	-èretz	-èron
	future	-arai	-aràs	-arà	-arem	-aretz	-aràn
	conditional	-ariái	-ariás	-ariá	-ariam	-ariatz	-arián
	conditional 2nd form¹	-èra	-èras	-èra	-eram	-eratz	-èran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-e	-es	-e	-em	-etz	-en
	imperfect	-èssi	-èsses	-èsse	-èssem	-èssetz	-èsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
imperative			-a		-em	-atz	¹Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ar			aver -at
gerund		-ant			*use gerund of aver* + past participle**
past participle		-at			—
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-e	-es	-a	-am	-atz	-on
	imperfect	-ave	-aves	-ava	-aviam	-aviatz	-avon
	preterite	-ere	-eres	-et	-em	-etz	-eron
	future	-arai	-aràs	-ará	-arem	-aretz	-arán
	conditional	-ariá	-ariás	-ariá	-ariam	-ariatz	-arián
	conditional 2nd form¹	-èra	-èras	-èra	-eram	-eratz	-èran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-e	-es	-e	-assiam	-assiatz	-on
	imperfect	-esse	-esses	-esse	-essiam	-essiatz	-esson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
imperative			-a		-assiam	-atz	¹Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ar			aver -at
gerund		-ant			*use gerund of aver* + past participle**
past participle		-at			—
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-i	-as	-a	-am	-atz	-an
	imperfect	-avi	-avas	-ava	-àvam	-àvatz	-avan
	preterite	-èi	-ès	-è	-èm	-ètz	-èn
	future	-arèi	-aràs	-arà	-aram	-aratz	-aràn
	conditional	-arí	-arés	-aré	-arem	-aretz	-arén
	conditional 2nd form¹	-èra	-èras	-èra	-eram	-eratz	-èran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-i	-es	-e	-em	-etz	-en
	imperfect	-èssi	-èsses	-èsse	-èssem	-èssetz	-èssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
imperative			-a		-em	-atz	¹Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ar			aver -at
gerund		-ant			*use gerund of aver* + past participle**
past participle		-at			—
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-e	-as	-a	-am	-atz	-an
	imperfect	-ava	-avas	-ava	-àvam	-àvatz	-avan
	preterite	-ei	-eras	-et	-èram	-èratz	-eran
	future	-arai	-aràs	-ará	-arem	-aretz	-arán
	conditional	-ariá	-ariàs	-ariá	-ariam	-ariatz	-arián
	conditional 2nd form¹	-èra	-èras	-èra	-eram	-eratz	-èran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-e	-es	-e	-em	-etz	-en
	imperfect	-èsse	-èsses	-èsse	-èssem	-èssetz	-èssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
imperative			-a		-em	-atz	¹Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ar			aver -at
gerund		-ant			*use gerund of aver* + past participle**
past participle		-at			—
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-e	-es	-a	-am	-atz	-an
	imperfect	-avi	-avas	-ava	-àvem	-àvetz	-avan
	preterite	-ère	-ères	-èt	-eriam	-eriatz	-èron
	future	-arai	-aràs	-arà	-arem	-aretz	-aràn
	conditional	-ariáu	-ariás	-ariá	-ariam	-ariatz	-arián
	conditional 2nd form¹	-èra	-èras	-èra	-eram	-eratz	-èran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-e	-es	-e	-em	-etz	-an
	imperfect	-èsse	-èsses	-èsse	-essiam	-essiatz	-èsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
imperative			-a		-em	-atz	¹Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Italic *-āzi

▲

Latin -ereinflu.

Latin -āre

Old Galician-Portuguese -ar

Inherited from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-ar

forms verbs from nouns or adjectives — forms regular first-conjugation verbs in the impersonal infinitive
forms the first-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs
forms the third-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ar

gerund		compound		gerund of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
infinitive				-ar
gerund		simple		-ando
past participle				singular		plural
		masculine		-ado		-ados
		feminine		-ada		-adas
present participle				-ante		-antes
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative mood		eu ei	tu	el~ele ela	nos nos outros nos outras	vos vos outros vos outras	eles elas
simple tenses	present	-o	-as	-a	-amos	-ades, -aes, -ais, -aas, -ás	-an
	imperfect	-ava	-avas	-ava	-avamos, -ávamos	-avades, -ávades, -ávaes, -ávais, -ávees, -áveis	-avan
	preterite	-ei	-aste, -asche, -ache	-ou	-amos	-astes	-aron
	pluperfect	-ara	-aras	-ara	-aramos, -áramos	-arades, -árades, -áraes, -árais, -árees, -áreis	-aran
	future	-arei	-arás	-ará	-aremos	-aredes, -arees, -areis, -arês	-arán
	conditional	-aria	-arias	-aria	-ariamos, -aríamos	-ariades, -aríades, -aríaes, -aríais, -aríees, -aríeis	-arian
compound tenses	present perfect	present of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	past anterior	preterite of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	pluperfect anterior	simple pluperfect of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	future perfect	future of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
subjunctive mood		eu ei	tu	el~ele ela	nos nos outros nos outras	vos vos outros vos outras	eles elas
simple tenses	present	-e	-es	-e	-emos	-edes, -ees, -eis, -ês	-en
	imperfect	-asse	-asses	-asse	-assemos, -ássemos	-assedes, -ássedes, -ássees, -ásseis	-assen
	future	-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-aren
compound tenses	present perfect	present subjunctive of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
	future perfect	future subjunctive of haver or tẽer¹ + past participle
imperative mood		—	tu	—	nos nos outros nos outras	vos vos outros vos outras	—
affirmative		—	-a	—	-emos	-ade, -ae, -ai	—
negative		—	non -es	—	non -emos	non -edes, non -ees, non -eis, non -ês	—
personal infinitive		eu ei	tu	el~ele ela	nos nos outros nos outras	vos vos outros vos outras	eles elas
personal infinitive		-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-aren
¹ Haver is more common than tẽer.

Derived terms

Old Galician-Portuguese terms suffixed with -ar (verb)

Descendants

Fala: -al
Galician: -ar
Portuguese: -ar

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālis

Latin -ārislbor.

Old Galician-Portuguese -ar

Learned borrowing from Latin -āre.

Suffix

-ar

forms adjectives from nouns
‎capitulo (“ecclesiastical chapter”) + ‎-ar → ‎capitular (“capitular”)

Derived terms

Category Old Galician-Portuguese terms suffixed with -ar (adjective) not found

Descendants

Galician: -ar
Portuguese: -ar

Old Norse

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/

Etymology 1

Originally multiple distinct endings:

In the a-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-oes, from *-os (o-stem suffix) +‎ *-es (nominative plural suffix).
In the n-stems, a modification of Proto-Germanic *-aniz after the a-stems.
In the ō-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) +‎ *-es (nominative plural suffix).
In the ō-stem accusative, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) +‎ *-ms (accusative plural suffix).

Suffix

-ar

masculine a-stem/n-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix
ō-stem indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix

Descendants

Icelandic: -ar
Faroese: -ar
Middle Norwegian: -ar
- Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar
- Norwegian Bokmål: -er
Elfdalian: -er
Old Swedish: -ar, -ær
- Swedish: -ar
Danish: -e
→? Old Frisian: -ar

Etymology 2

Originally multiple distinct endings:

In the ō-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s, from *-eh₂ (ō-stem suffix) +‎ *-s (genitive singular suffix).
In the u-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from either Proto-Indo-European *-ows or *-ews with the o-grade levelled in from other case forms.
In the i-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-aiz, a modification of earlier *-īz on the analogy of *-auz.^[1]

Suffix

-ar

i-stem/ō-stem/u-stem indefinite genitive singular suffix

Descendants

Icelandic: -ar
Faroese: -ar
Middle Norwegian: -ar
- Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar (fossilized)
Old Swedish: -ar

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 272

Old Spanish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āris (adjectival suffix)

Suffix

-ar

indicates membership or status

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -āre (first conjugation infinitive suffix).

Suffix

-ar

forms regular first-conjugation verbs

Descendants

Spanish: -ar

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-arъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/
Rhymes: -ar
Syllabification: -ar

Suffix

-ar m

forms nouns
‎ciążyć + ‎-ar → ‎ciężar

Declension

Declension of *-ar*
	singular	plural
nominative	-ar	-ary
genitive	-aru	-arów
dative	-arowi	-arom
accusative	-ar	-ary
instrumental	-arem	-arami
locative	-arze	-arach
vocative	-arze	-ary

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ar

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Italic *-āzi

▲

Latin -ereinflu.

Latin -āre

Old Galician-Portuguese -ar

Portuguese -ar

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -ar, from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ʁ)/ [ˈa(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ʁ)/ [ˈa(χ)]
- (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ɻ)/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɾi/

(Caipira) IPA^(key): [ˈaɻ]
(Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): [ˈa(ʁ)]
Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -aɾ, (Brazil) -aʁ, (Brazil, with r-dropping) -a

Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -ei, past participle -ado)

forms verbs from nouns or adjectives — forms regular first-conjugation verbs in the impersonal infinitive
‎asfalto (“asphalt”) + ‎-ar → ‎asfaltar (“to asphalt”)

‎diálogo (“dialogue”) + ‎-ar → ‎dialogar (“to dialogue”)
forms the first-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs
forms the third-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs

Usage notes

The following ending(s) change(s) in words appended with this suffix:

⟨-ição⟩ (being part of a hiatus in feminine nouns, including plurals) → ⟨-(i)cion-⟩
⟨-ção⟩, ⟨-são⟩ (in feminine nouns, including plurals) → ⟨-cion-⟩, ⟨-sion-⟩
⟨-ão⟩ (as a non-verb suffix, including plurals) → ⟨-on-⟩
⟨-ã(o)-⟩ (including plurals) → ⟨-(i)an-⟩, ⟨-am-⟩, or ⟨-(i)on-⟩, depending on the base word's etymology
⟨-m⟩ (including plurals) → ⟨-n-⟩
⟨-z⟩ (in some nouns from Latin, including plurals) → ⟨-c(i)-⟩
⟨-vel⟩ (unstressed and adjectival, including plurals) → ⟨-bili-⟩
⟨-z⟩ (adjectival, including plurals) → ⟨-ci-⟩
⟨-dade⟩ (as a noun suffix, including plurals) → ⟨-t-⟩

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	-ar
Personal	-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-arem
Gerund
	-ando
Past participle
Masculine	-ado			-ados
Feminine	-ada			-adas
Indicative
Present	-o	-as	-a	-amos	-ais	-am
Imperfect	-ava	-avas	-ava	-ávamos	-áveis	-avam
Preterite	-ei	-aste	-ou	-amos¹, -ámos²	-astes	-aram
Pluperfect	-ara	-aras	-ara	-áramos	-áreis	-aram
Future	-arei	-arás	-ará	-aremos	-areis	-arão
Conditional	-aria	-arias	-aria	-aríamos	-aríeis	-ariam
Subjunctive
Present	-e	-es	-e	-emos	-eis	-em
Imperfect	-asse	-asses	-asse	-ássemos	-ásseis	-assem
Future	-ar	-ares	-ar	-armos	-ardes	-arem
Imperative
Affirmative		-a	-e	-emos	-ai	-em
Negative (não)		não -es	não -e	não -emos	não -eis	não -em

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Derived terms

Portuguese terms suffixed with -ar (verb)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālis

Latin -ārislbor.

Old Galician-Portuguese -ar

Portuguese -ar

From Old Galician-Portuguese -ar, from Latin āre.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈaʁ/ [ˈaχ]
- (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈaɻ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɾi/

Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -aɾ, (Brazil) -aʁ

Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -ares)

alternative form of -al

Usage notes

See usage notes at -al.

Derived terms

Portuguese terms suffixed with -ar (adjective)

Romanian

Alternative forms

-ariu m (archaic)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-os?

Proto-Indo-European *-o-

Proto-Indo-European *-so-

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-

Proto-Indo-European *-yós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós

Proto-Italic *-āsijos

Proto-Italic *-āsios

Latin -āriusnom.

Latin -ārius

Romanian -ar

Inherited from Latin -ārium, accusative of -ārius.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/

Suffix

-ar m (plural -ari)

Added to a word to denote a profession or craft; -er
‎roată (“wheel”) + ‎-ar → ‎rotar (“wheeler”)

‎oală (“pot”) + ‎-ar → ‎olar (“potter”)

‎fier (“iron”) + ‎-ar → ‎fierar (“blacksmith”)

‎vacă (“cow”) + ‎-ar → ‎văcar (“cowherd”)

‎porc (“pig”) + ‎-ar → ‎porcar (“swineherd”)

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	-ar	-arul	-ari	-arii
genitive-dative	-ar	-arului	-ari	-arilor
vocative	-arule		-arilor

Derived terms

Romanian terms suffixed with -ar

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

-jār (stems ending with c, g, h, k and z)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-os?

Proto-Indo-European *-o-

Proto-Indo-European *-so-

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-

Proto-Indo-European *-yós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós

Proto-Italic *-āsijos

Proto-Italic *-āsios

Latin -āriusnom.

Latin -āriusbor.

Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz

Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-areis)bor.

Proto-Slavic *-ařь

Serbo-Croatian -ār

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ařь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aːr/

Suffix

-ār (Cyrillic spelling -а̄р)

suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, a person who does something, or an animal who does something

Usage notes

Nouns with this ending may use either the non-palatal declension (V sg. -e, I sg. -om) or the palatal declension (V sg. -u, I sg. -em), e.g. s pekarom or s pekarem.

Derived terms

-ičār

References

Browne, Wayles (1993), “Serbo-Croat”, in Comrie, Bernard, Corbett, Greville G., editors, The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, page 320
Babić, Stjepan (2002), Tvorba riječi u hrvatskome književnome jeziku, 3rd revised edition, Zagreb: HAZU, page(s) 122, § 321

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ařь.

Suffix

-ar m

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun.

Derived terms

Slovene terms suffixed with -ar

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/ [ˈaɾ]
Rhymes: -aɾ
Syllabification: -ar

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?

Proto-Italic *-ālis

Latin -ālis

Latin -āris

Old Spanish -ar

Spanish -ar

Inherited from Old Spanish -ar, from Latin -āris.

Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -ares)

indicates membership or status
‎gránulo (“granule”) + ‎-ar → ‎granular (“granular”)

‎testículo (“testicle”) + ‎-ar → ‎testicular (“testicular”)

Suffix

-ar m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ares)

indicates a place where something is grown
Synonym: -al

‎anís (“anise”) + ‎-ar → ‎anisar (“anise field”)

‎haba (“bean”) + ‎-ar → ‎habar (“bean patch”)

‎sandía (“watermelon”) + ‎-ar → ‎sandiar (“watermelon patch”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -āre

Old Spanish -ar

Spanish -ar

Inherited from Latin -āre (first conjugation infinitive suffix). Cognate with French -er, Italian -are, Romanian -a.

Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -é, past participle -ado)

forms infinitives of first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
‎programa (“program”) + ‎-ar → ‎programar (“to schedule”)

Cortar las verduras en trozos pequeños.
Cut the vegetables in small pieces.

La computadora ha dejado de funcionar.
The computer has stopped working.

Fumar es malo.
Smoking is bad.

Lo hago para descansar.
I do it to rest.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

		singular			plural
infinitive			-ar
gerund			-ando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		-ado		-ada
		plural		-ados		-adas
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	-o	-as^{^tú} -ás^{^vos}	-a	-amos	-áis	-an
	imperfect	-aba	-abas	-aba	-ábamos	-abais	-aban
	preterite	-é	-aste	-ó	-amos	-asteis	-aron
	future	-aré	-arás	-ará	-aremos	-aréis	-arán
	conditional	-aría	-arías	-aría	-aríamos	-aríais	-arían

subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	-e	-es^{^tú} -és^{^vos²}	-e	-emos	-éis	-en
	imperfect (ra)	-ara	-aras	-ara	-áramos	-arais	-aran
	imperfect (se)	-ase	-ases	-ase	-ásemos	-aseis	-asen
	future¹	-are	-ares	-are	-áremos	-areis	-aren

imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		-a^{^tú} -á^{^vos}	-e	-emos	-ad	-en
	negative		no -es	no -e	no -emos	no -éis	no -en

¹Rare; now chiefly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tuteo-form for the present subjunctive.

Selected combined forms of -ar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive -ar	dative	-arme	-arte	-arle, -arse	-arnos	-aros	-arles, -arse
with infinitive -ar	accusative	-arme	-arte	-arlo, -arla, -arse	-arnos	-aros	-arlos, -arlas, -arse

with gerund -ando	dative	-ándome	-ándote	-ándole, -ándose	-ándonos	-ándoos	-ándoles, -ándose
with gerund -ando	accusative	-ándome	-ándote	-ándolo, -ándola, -ándose	-ándonos	-ándoos	-ándolos, -ándolas, -ándose

with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative -a	dative	-ame	-ate	-ale	-anos	not used	-ales
with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative -a	accusative	-ame	-ate	-alo, -ala	-anos	not used	-alos, -alas

with informal second-person singular voseo imperative -á	dative	-ame	-ate	-ale	-anos	not used	-ales
with informal second-person singular voseo imperative -á	accusative	-ame	-ate	-alo, -ala	-anos	not used	-alos, -alas

with formal second-person singular imperative -e	dative	-eme	not used	-ele, -ese	-enos	not used	-eles
with formal second-person singular imperative -e	accusative	-eme	not used	-elo, -ela, -ese	-enos	not used	-elos, -elas

with first-person plural imperative -emos	dative	not used	-émoste	-émosle	-émonos	-émoos	-émosles
with first-person plural imperative -emos	accusative	not used	-émoste	-émoslo, -émosla	-émonos	-émoos	-émoslos, -émoslas

with informal second-person plural imperative -ad	dative	-adme	not used	-adle	-adnos	-aos	-adles
with informal second-person plural imperative -ad	accusative	-adme	not used	-adlo, -adla	-adnos	-aos	-adlos, -adlas

with formal second-person plural imperative -en	dative	-enme	not used	-enle	-ennos	not used	-enles, -ense
with formal second-person plural imperative -en	accusative	-enme	not used	-enlo, -enla	-ennos	not used	-enlos, -enlas, -ense

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -ar (verb suffix)

Related terms

Swedish

Suffix

-ar

Suffix for the indefinite plural form of nouns of the second declension.
Suffix for the present tense, active voice, indicative mood for the absolute majority of Swedish verbs.

Usage notes

For verbs, it is more customary to identify the -a of this 'suffix' as belonging to the stem of the verb, and thus only consider -r to be the suffix. However, the verbs which in present tense ends in the letters -ar are commonly called -ar-verbs, as to differentiate them from -er-verbs and verbs which don't end in -a in infinitive.
See also the usage notes for -r.

Turkish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aɾ/

Etymology 1

Form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Suffix

-ar

Simple present and aorist tense marker.

Etymology 2

Form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Suffix

-ar

Makes adjectives out of verbs.
Makes nouns out of verbs.

Etymology 3

Post-consonantal form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Suffix

-ar

Derives distributive numbers.

Etymology 4

From Ottoman Turkish ـر (-r, -er, -ar), from Proto-Turkic *-gar.^[1]

Suffix

-ar

Derives intransitive verbs from names of colors.
‎kara (“black”) + ‎-ar → ‎kararmak (“to turn black, to darken”)

‎ak (“white, light”) + ‎-ar → ‎ağarmak (“to turn white, to whiten”)

‎mor (“purple”) + ‎-ar → ‎morarmak (“to turn purple, to bruise”)
Derives transitive verbs from nouns.
‎ev (“home, house”) + ‎-er → ‎evermek (“to marry off”)

‎ön (“front, ahead”) + ‎-er → ‎önermek (“to put forward, to propose”)

References

^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+gAr-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük

Uzbek

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic -ür

Suffix

-ar

Simple present and aorist tense marker.

oqar, qilar, yetar.

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-ar, from Proto-Celtic *-aros, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hrós.^[1] (See byddar (“deaf”).)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ar/

Suffix

-ar (adjective-forming suffix, feminine singular -ar, plural -ar, comparative -arach, equative -ared, superlative -araf) (unproductive)

forms certain time-related adjectives
‎cynt (“before, earlier”) + ‎-ar → ‎cynnar (“early”)

‎diwedd (“end”) + ‎-ar → ‎diweddar (“late”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -ar

cynnar

diweddar

-gar

References

^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i (4)

English

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 2

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Suffix

Etymology 4

Suffix

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

Anagrams

Abau

Pronunciation

Suffix

References

Albanian

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Azerbaijani

Suffix

Asturian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Basque

Etymology 1

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

Etymology 3

Suffix

Further reading

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Suffix

Suffix

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Suffix

Conjugation

Derived terms

Further reading

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Galician

Etymology 1

Suffix

Etymology 2

Suffix

Conjugation

Derived terms

German

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Ido

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Related terms

Interlingua

Suffix

See also