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等

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 朩
等 U+7B49, 等
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B49
← 筈
[U+7B48] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 筊 →
[U+7B4A]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character

[edit]

等 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+6, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 竹土木戈 (HGDI), four-corner 88341, composition ⿱𥫗寺)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 882, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25992
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1311, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2962, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7B49

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
等 *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待 *dɯːʔ
寺 *ljɯs
持 *l'ɯ
峙 *dɯʔ
痔 *dɯʔ
跱 *dɯʔ
歭 *dɯʔ
洔 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲 *dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤 *dɯʔ
時 *djɯ
鰣 *djɯ
塒 *djɯ
蒔 *djɯ, *djɯs
榯 *djɯ
恃 *djɯʔ
侍 *djɯs
詩 *hljɯ
邿 *hljɯ
特 *dɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).

竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.

Etymology 1

[edit]
trad. 等
simp. # 等
2nd round simp. ⿱艹寸
alternative forms 𡬝
䓁
𱽍
朩
䒭

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • Southern Sixian:
    • tên/nên - plural particle.
Note: literary.
Note: literary.
Note: literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 等
Mandarin Beijing /təŋ²¹⁴/
Harbin /təŋ²¹³/
Tianjin /təŋ¹³/
Jinan /təŋ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /təŋ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /təŋ⁵³/
Xi'an /təŋ⁵³/
Xining /tə̃⁵³/
Yinchuan /təŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /tə̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /tɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /tən⁴²/
Chengdu /tən⁵³/
Guiyang /ten⁴²/
Kunming /tə̃⁵³/
Nanjing /tən²¹²/
Hefei /tən²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /təŋ⁵³/
Pingyao /təŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /tə̃ŋ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /təŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /tən⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ten⁵³/
Wenzhou /taŋ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /tʌ̃³⁵/
Tunxi /tɛ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /tən⁴¹/
Xiangtan /tən⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /tɛn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ten³¹/
Taoyuan /ten³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐŋ³⁵/
Nanning /tɐŋ³⁵/
Hong Kong /tɐŋ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiŋ⁵³/
/tan⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tiŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /taiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /teŋ⁵³/
/taŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdeŋ²¹³/
/ʔdɔŋ²¹³/
/ʔdaŋ²¹³/
Rime
Character 等 等
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 端 (5) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 咍 (41) 登 (129)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 多改切 多肯切
Baxter tojX tongX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tʌiX/ /təŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/təiX/ /təŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tɒiX/ /təŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/təjX/ /təŋX/
Li
Rong 		/tᴀiX/ /təŋX/
Wang
Li 		/tɒiX/ /təŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tɑ̆iX/ /təŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dǎi děng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		doi2 dang2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 等
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		děng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tongX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁəŋʔ/
English step, grade

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 等 等
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12028 12054
Phonetic
component 		寺 寺
Rime
group 		之 蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		等 等
Old
Chinese 		/*tɯːʔ/ /*tɯːŋʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

等

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to arrange bamboo slips neatly
  2. rank; grade; class
  3. sort; kind; type
  4. (Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
    重紐三等／重纽三等  ―  chóngniǔ sānděng  ―  the third division member of a rime doublet
  5. (in compounds or after a number/degree) equal; equivalent
    二乘二等四。  ―  Èr chéng èr děng sì.  ―  Two times two equals four.
    等於／等于  ―  děngyú  ―  to be equal
  6. and the like; and so on; etc.; et al.
    今天晚上有話劇、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, trad.]
    今天晚上有话剧、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu huàjù, chànggē, tiàowǔ děng jīngcǎi biǎoyǎn. [Pinyin]
    Tonight there are wonderful performances like drama, singing, dancing, and more.
  7. Particle indicating the ending of enumeration.
    中國有北京、上海、天津、重慶等四個直轄市。 [MSC, trad.]
    中国有北京、上海、天津、重庆等四个直辖市。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó yǒu Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Tiānjīn, Chóngqìng děng sì ge zhíxiáshì. [Pinyin]
    China has four direct-administered municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing.
  8. (literary or Hakka) Plural particle used after personal pronouns or nouns.
    爾等／尔等 [Classical Chinese]  ―  ěrděng [Pinyin]  ―  you (plural)
    𠊎等 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  ngài-tén [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  we; us
  9. a surname
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 們 (“(plural marker on personal pronouns)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 等
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 們
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 們
Taiwan 們
Harbin 們
Singapore 們
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 們, 這夥
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 這些兒, 乜些兒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 們
Wanrong 的
Xi'an 的, 們
Xining 們
Xuzhou 們
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 們
Lanzhou 們
Ürümqi 們
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 們
Wuhan 們
Guiyang 們
Liuzhou 們
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 們
Yangzhou 們
Hefei 們
Cantonese Guangzhou 哋
Hong Kong 哋
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 哋
Macau 哋
Guangzhou (Panyu) 哋
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 哋
Guangzhou (Conghua) 啲
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 班人
Foshan 哋
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 哋
Foshan (Shunde) 哋
Foshan (Sanshui) 哋
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 哋
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 哋
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 哋
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 哋
Dongguan 哋
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 哋
Singapore (Guangfu) 哋
Gan Nanchang 個俚, 們
Lichuan 多
Pingxiang 俚
Jianning 多
Taining 郎
Hakka Meixian 等人
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 大家
Dongguan (Qingxi) 兜
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 兜
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 哋
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 兜
Yudu 底
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 這兜
Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian) 兜
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 等
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 等
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 等
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 等
Huizhou Jixi 人
Jin Taiyuan 們
Xinzhou 們
Northern Min Jian'ou 夥人, 人
Nanping (Xiayang, Yanping) 人
Songxi 叢人
Zhenghe 人
Jianyang 夥人
Wuyishan 夥人
Eastern Min Fuzhou 各儂
Fuqing 各儂
Gutian 各儂
Ningde 各儂
Fuding 儂
Youxi 各儂
Southern Min Singapore (Hokkien) 儂
Manila (Hokkien) 儂
Longyan 儂
Datian 夥
Jieyang 儂
Singapore (Teochew) 儂
Leizhou 儂
Wenchang 儂
Haikou 儂
Singapore (Hainanese) 儂
Puxian Min Putian 輩
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 厝
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 輩
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 輩
Xianyou (Youyang) 輩
Central Min Yong'an 儕
Sanming (Sanyuan) 儕
Sanming (Shaxian) 儕
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 多
Guangze 多
Jiangle 多
Mingxi 多倽
Shunchang 大家
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 呀儂
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 哋
Wu Danyang 己
Hangzhou 們
Wenzhou 倈
Jinhua 浪
Xiang Changsha 們
Shuangfeng 俚
Descendants
[edit]
Sino-Xenic (等):
  • → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
  • → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
  • → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

Others:

  • → Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

[edit]
trad. 等
simp. # 等
2nd round simp. ⿱艹寸

A medieval word, probably related to 待 (OC *dɯːʔ, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • Southern Sixian:
    • tén/nén/nún/lún - progressive particle;
    • tén - other senses.
Note: vernacular.
Note:
  • tán - vernacular;
  • téng/tńg - literary.
Note:
  • dang2 - vernacular;
  • dêng2 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 等
Mandarin Beijing /təŋ²¹⁴/
Harbin /təŋ²¹³/
Tianjin /təŋ¹³/
Jinan /təŋ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /təŋ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /təŋ⁵³/
Xi'an /təŋ⁵³/
Xining /tə̃⁵³/
Yinchuan /təŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /tə̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /tɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /tən⁴²/
Chengdu /tən⁵³/
Guiyang /ten⁴²/
Kunming /tə̃⁵³/
Nanjing /tən²¹²/
Hefei /tən²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /təŋ⁵³/
Pingyao /təŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /tə̃ŋ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /təŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /tən⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ten⁵³/
Wenzhou /taŋ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /tʌ̃³⁵/
Tunxi /tɛ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /tən⁴¹/
Xiangtan /tən⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /tɛn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ten³¹/
Taoyuan /ten³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐŋ³⁵/
Nanning /tɐŋ³⁵/
Hong Kong /tɐŋ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiŋ⁵³/
/tan⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tiŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /taiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /teŋ⁵³/
/taŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdeŋ²¹³/
/ʔdɔŋ²¹³/
/ʔdaŋ²¹³/

Definitions

[edit]

等

  1. to wait (for)
    你等多久了？  ―  Nǐ děng duōjiǔ le?  ―  How long have you been waiting?
    你等邊個啊？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你等边个啊？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 dang2 bin1 go3 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Who are you waiting for?
  2. when (something happens at a point in time in the future)
    等我做完嘢先同你傾。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    等我做完嘢先同你倾。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dang2 ngo5 zou6 jyun4 je5 sin1 tung4 nei5 king1. [Jyutping]
    Let's talk when I finish my work.
  3. (Cantonese) to be in need of
    等錢使／等钱使 [Cantonese]  ―  dang2 cin4-2 sai2 [Jyutping]  ―  short of money (literally, “in need of money to spend”)
  4. (Cantonese, Xiang) to let; to allow; to permit
    Synonym: 讓 / 让 (ràng) (Mandarin)
    等我諗下先。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    等我谂下先。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dang2 ngo5 nam2 haa5 sin1. [Jyutping]
    Let me think a little first.
  5. (Cantonese) to let (used to give notice to something in the future)
    等我一五一十話你知啦！ [Cantonese, trad.]
    等我一五一十话你知啦！ [Cantonese, simp.]
    dang2 ngo5 jat1 ng5 jat1 sap6 waa6 nei5 zi1 laa1! [Jyutping]
    Let me tell you in full detail!
  6. (Cantonese) to cause; to make
    Synonym: 讓 / 让 (ràng) (Mandarin)
    細佬唔記得交學費，我專登冇提佢，等佢畀爸爸鬧餐飽。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    细佬唔记得交学费，我专登冇提佢，等佢畀爸爸闹餐饱。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    sai3 lou2 m4 gei3 dak1 gaau1 hok6 fai3, ngo5 zyun1 dang1 mou5 tai4 keoi5, dang2 keoi5 bei2 baa1-4 baa1 naau6 caan1 baau2. [Jyutping]
    My little brother forgot to pay his tuition fees. I intentionally didn't remind him of it to make him get a good scolding from Dad.
  7. (Cantonese) Introduces a clause that expresses negative surprise.
    原來你哋冇一個識揸車㗎，等我仲以為實有人車我添。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    原来你哋冇一个识揸车㗎，等我仲以为实有人车我添。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jyun4 loi4 nei5 dei6 mou5 jat1 go3 sik1 zaa1 ce1 gaa4, dang2 ngo5 zung6 ji5 wai4 sat6 jau5 jan4 ce1 ngo5 tim1. [Jyutping]
    It turns out that none of you know how to drive? I thought there had to be someone who would drive me.
    等你仲笑得咁開心，畀人搵咗笨都唔知。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    等你仲笑得咁开心，畀人揾咗笨都唔知。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dang2 nei5 zung6 siu3 dak1 gam3 hoi1 sam1, bei2 jan4 wan2 zo2 ban6 dou1 m4 zi1. [Jyutping]
    You're still smiling so happily!? You were taken advantage of and you didn't know.
  8. (Gan) by
  9. (Hakka) Progressive particle, used after verbs to indicate the continuation of an action or a state.
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to wait):
  • (by):
Dialectal synonyms of 被 (“by”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 被
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 讓, 叫, 給
Taiwan 讓, 叫, 給
Malaysia 被, 給
Singapore 被, 讓, 給
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 叫, 讓
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 叫
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 遭, 叫
Wuhan 把得
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 給, 把
Hefei 給, 叫
Cantonese Guangzhou 畀
Hong Kong 畀
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 畀
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 畀
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 畀
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 畀
Macau 畀
Guangzhou (Panyu) 畀
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 畀
Guangzhou (Conghua) 畀
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 畀
Foshan 畀
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 畀
Foshan (Shunde) 畀
Foshan (Sanshui) 畀
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 畀
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 畀
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 畀
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 畀
Zhuhai (Doumen) 畀
Jiangmen (Baisha) 畀
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 畀
Taishan 畀
Kaiping (Chikan) 畀
Enping (Niujiang) 畀
Heshan (Yayao) 畀
Dongguan 畀
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 畀
Shaoguan 畀
Yunfu 畀
Yangjiang 畀
Xinyi 畀
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 畀
Singapore (Guangfu) 畀
Gan Nanchang 讓, 等
Hakka Meixian 分
Xingning 分
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 畀
Huiyang 分
Huidong (Daling) 分
Dongguan (Qingxi) 分
Boluo (Bendihua) 畀
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 分
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 畀
Wuhua (Huacheng) 分
Heyuan (Bendihua) 把
Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) 畀
Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) 把
Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) 分
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 分
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 分
Liannan 分
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 分
Jiexi 分
Changting 得
Wuping 得
Wuping (Pingyu) 得
Liancheng 給
Ninghua 分
Ruijin 得
Shicheng 得
Shangyou (Shexi) 討
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 分
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 分
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 分
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 分
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 分
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 得
Hong Kong 分
Senai (Huiyang) 分
Kuching (Hepo) 分
Jin Taiyuan 叫, 給
Northern Min Jian'ou 吶
Eastern Min Fuzhou 乞
Southern Min Xiamen 予, 乞
Quanzhou 予, 乞, 傳
Zhangzhou 予, 乞
Taipei 予
New Taipei (Sanxia) 予
Kaohsiung 予
Yilan 予
Changhua (Lukang) 予
Taichung 予
Tainan 予
Hsinchu 予
Kinmen 予
Penghu (Magong) 予
Singapore (Hokkien) 予
Manila (Hokkien) 予
Chaozhou 分, 乞
Shantou 分, 乞, 予
Shantou (Chaoyang) 乞
Jieyang 分, 乞
Singapore (Teochew) 分
Leizhou 乞
Haikou 要
Wu Shanghai 撥, 撥辣
Suzhou 撥, 撥勒
Ningbo 撥, 撥人家
Wenzhou 匄
Xiang Changsha 聽, 撈, 讓, 被
Shuangfeng 耗
  • (progressive marker):
Dialectal synonyms of 著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 著
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 著
Taiwan 著
Harbin 著
Singapore 著
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 著
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 著
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 著
Xi'an 著
Xuzhou 著
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 倒
Guiyang 倒
Guilin 倒
Liuzhou 倒, 穩
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 著
Cantonese Guangzhou 緊
Hong Kong 緊
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 緊, 住
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 緊
Singapore (Guangfu) 緊
Gan Nanchang 倒
Hakka Meixian 等
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 等
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 等
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 等
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 緊
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 等
Kuching (Hepo) 緊
Jin Taiyuan 著
Southern Min Penang (Hokkien) 牢
Klang (Hokkien) 牢, 壏
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 緊
Wu Shanghai 垃海, 垃該
Hangzhou 勒
Ningbo 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
Zhoushan 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼

Compounds

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Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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等

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. equal
  2. et cetera
  3. a pluralizer

Readings

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  • Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 等しい, Jōyō)、など (nado, 等)、なんど (nando)、ら (ra, 等)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
等
とう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 等 (tongX, “step, grade”), extended to mean ... kind of thing.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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等(とう) • (tō) 

  1. et cetera

Suffix

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等(とう) • (-tō) 

  1. rank, class, order
  2. et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
Usage notes
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  • For the et cetera sense, the reading tō is somewhat more formal than nado. Spelling the native Japanese readings of this character in hiragana (such as など or ら) is standard practice, as it prevents phonetic and tonal ambiguity with this formal Sino‐Japanese reading.

Derived terms

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
等
など
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
抔 (obsolete)

From earlier なんど (nando, “etc., and so forth, and such like”), from earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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等(など) • (nado) 

  1. et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
    魚(さかな)や肉(にく)等(など) ― sakana ya niku nado ― fish and meat and things like that
Usage notes
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  • This term is often spelled in hiragana, as など (nado).
  • For the et cetera sense, the reading tō is somewhat more formal than nado. Spelling this term in hiragana is advantageous as it clearly distinguishes it from the formal Sino‐Japanese reading, preventing unintended shifts in tone and providing a visual cue for parsing lists.

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
等
なんど
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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等(なんど) • (nando) 

  1. (archaic, chiefly obsolete) et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
Usage notes
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Largely superseded by the nado reading above.

May be spelled in hiragana, as なんど.

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
等
ら
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Likely related to ろ (-ro).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ɾa̠]
  • Audio:(file)

Suffix

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等(ら) • (-ra) 

  1. pluralizer
    Synonyms: 達(たち) (-tachi), 共(ども) (-domo)
    我(われ) → 我(われ)ら ― ware → warera ― I → we
    これ → これら ― kore → korera ― this → these
  2. qualifier, softener: around, about
    今日(きょう)等(ら) ― kyōra ― roughly today
    そこ等(ら)辺(へん) ― sokora hen ― that area around there
Usage notes
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  • This term is often spelled in hiragana, as ら (ra).
  • Spelling this suffix in hiragana visually distinguishes it from the kanji's formal Sino‐Japanese reading, 等(とう) (tō), which can also occupy the same grammatical position.
  • Attached to words referring to people, the pluralizer may be slightly humbling or derogatory (though not to the extent of 共(ども) (-domo)).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 等 (MC tojX|tongX).

Historical readings

Hanja

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等 (eumhun 무리 등 (muri deung))

  1. hanja form? of 등 (“rank, class, order”)
  2. hanja form? of 등 (“et cetera”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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等: Hán Nôm readings: đẳng, đấng, đứng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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