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真

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 眞, 具, and 直
真 U+771F, 真
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-771F
← 眞
[U+771E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 眠 →
[U+7720]
真 U+2F946, 真
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F946
← 眞
[U+2F945] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 真 →
[U+2F947]

真 U+2F947, 真
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F947
← 真
[U+2F946] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 睊 →
[U+2F948]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes
Traditional 真
Simplified 真
Japanese 真
Korean 眞

Alternative forms

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In simplified and traditional Chinese, the 目 component is connected to the horizontal line below it (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary) whereas, in Japanese and Korean, 目 is separate from that line.

Han character

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真 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+5, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 十月一金 (JBMC), four-corner 40801, composition ⿱十具)

Usage notes

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The Kangxi dictionary considers 真 as an unorthodox form (俗字) of 眞. However, the traditional Kangxi form 眞 with 匕 on top is rarely used nowadays. In modern times, 真 is considered the orthodox form in all regions except South Korea.

Derived characters

[edit]
[edit]
  • 眞 (Original form of 真)

Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 805, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23236
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1221, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 249, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+771F

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 真/眞
simp. 真
2nd round simp. 𰅴
alternative forms
𡙊
𠤛
⿱𥃭大
⿱𥃰大
⿱𥃰六
𡙊
𠤛
⿱𥃭大
⿱𥃰大
⿱𥃰六
𰶵
𰶱
⿳上目大
⿳止目六
⿳十且八 1981
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 真
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (真) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寘 *tjels
䡩 *kʰriːn
黰 *ʔriːn, *ʔljinʔ
顛 *tiːn, *tʰiːns
滇 *tiːn, *tʰiːns, *diːn
齻 *tiːn
槙 *tiːn, *tjinʔ
瘨 *tiːn
傎 *tiːn
蹎 *tiːn
厧 *tiːn
巔 *tiːn
癲 *tiːn
瑱 *tʰiːns, *tins
填 *diːn, *diːns, *tin, *tins
窴 *diːn, *diːns
闐 *diːn, *diːns
磌 *diːn, *tjin
鷏 *diːn
嗔 *diːn, *tʰjin
搷 *diːn
鎮 *tin, *tins
縝 *tʰin, *ʔljinʔ, *tʰjin
真 *ʔljin
禛 *tjin
稹 *ʔljin, *ʔljinʔ
蒖 *tjin
鬒 *ʔljinʔ
瞋 *tʰjin
謓 *tʰjin
慎 *djins

Bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, *tiŋ): semantic 貝 (“cowrie; shell”) + phonetic 𠂈 (*tˤiŋ). 𠂈 is the original pictograph of 顛 (OC *tˤiŋ) (“to fall headlong”).[1][2] From the late Western Zhou period, forms with 鼎 (dǐng) instead of 貝 are also attested.

Oracle-bone forms are composed of 匕 (bǐ) (“spoon”) and 鼎 (dǐng). These have been read by some scholars as 真 (zhēn)[3], but some of them are better interpreted as 肆 (sì)[4] or 煮 (zhǔ)[5].

In Chu bamboo-slip script, forms with 鼎 (dǐng) became dominant. The legs of 鼎 (dǐng) gradually became graphically confused with 火 (huǒ), and the lower horizontal stroke, left-falling stroke, and dot in Qin-slip and later forms of 真 (zhēn) may be reduced from 火 (huǒ). In the Zeng Hou Yi bamboo slips, an elaborated form with an added 丌 (jī) at the bottom is also attested.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བདེན (bden, “true; truth”). Possibly connected with 貞 (OC *teŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • zeng1 - vernacular;
  • zing1 - literary.
Note: zêng1 - Jieyang, Pontianak.
Note:
  • Ningbo:
    • 1cin - literary;
    • 1tsyun - vernacular (used in 頂真／顶真);.
Rime
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 側鄰切
Baxter tsyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕiɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cin/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕiĕn/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭĕn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ti[n]/
English true, real

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 真
Reading # 1/1
No. 17068
Phonetic
component 		眞
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔljin/
Notes 原側鄰切依韻目改。金文象以匕充填鼎實爲填初文，
充實引指眞實不虛

Definitions

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真

  1. true; genuine; real; actual
    那不是真鑽石項鏈，是假的！ [MSC, trad.]
    那不是真钻石项链，是假的！ [MSC, simp.]
    Nà bù shì zhēn zuànshí xiàngliàn, shì jiǎ de! [Pinyin]
    That's not a real diamond necklace, it's just a fake!
    那些是真鑽石還是贗品？ [MSC, trad.]
    那些是真钻石还是赝品？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nàxiē shì zhēn zuànshí háishì yànpǐn? [Pinyin]
    Are those real diamonds or only shams?
  2. clear; distinct; sharp
  3. really; truly; very; quite
    今天真熱。／今天真热。  ―  Jīntiān zhēn rè.  ―  It's so hot today.
    那些演員真了不起。 [MSC, trad.]
    那些演员真了不起。 [MSC, simp.]
    nà xiē yǎnyuán zhēn liǎobuqǐ [Pinyin]
    Those actors are really great.
    真的嗎？／真的吗？  ―  Zhēn de ma?  ―  Really?
  4. portrait; image
  5. natural disposition
  6. (Chinese calligraphy) short for 真書／真书 (zhēnshū, “regular script”)
  7. (～日) (telegraphy) the eleventh day of a month
  8. a surname
    真德秀  ―  Zhēn Déxiù  ―  Zhen Dexiu (a Song dynasty scholar)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 超級, 真
Harbin 嘎嘎
Malaysia 很, 西北
Singapore 很, 非常
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
Weifang (Weicheng) 綦, 真
Jinan 挺, 楞
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 很
Xi'an 很
Xuzhou 很
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
Chongqing 很
Chongqing (Changshou) 很, 好
Wuhan 蠻, 很
Guilin 好
Liuzhou 好
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 很
Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
Hefei 很
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
Taishan 好, 十分之
Yangjiang 好
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
Gan Nanchang 蠻
Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還
Huidong (Daling) 好
Wuhua (Meilin) 好
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
Changting 野
Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
Liancheng 樣
Ninghua 好
Ruijin 蠻
Shicheng 蠻
Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
Hong Kong 好
Sabah (Bao'an) 好
Kuching (Hepo) 很
Singapore (Dabu) 好
Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
Singapore (Fuqing) 真
Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
Jinjiang 野, 萬代
Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
Dongshan 真, 非常
Taipei 真, 誠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Hsinchu 真, 誠
Kinmen 足, 誠
Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
Klang (Hokkien) 野
Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
Medan (Hokkien) 按呢, 真, 誠, 真正
Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
Bangkok (Teochew) 好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
Haikou 但顧
Qionghai 但顧, 真
Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
Puxian Min Putian 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 若何, 連天, 裂地, 萬靆
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 確傷
Xianyou 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 盡篤, 若何, 一貢, 連天, 裂地
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
Shanghai (Songjiang) 蠻, 交關
Shanghai (Jiading) 蠻, 交關
Shanghai (Chongming) 蠻, 交關
Suzhou 蠻, 窮, 交關
Danyang 蠻, 交關
Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
Shaoxing 蠻, 蠻蠻, 呆呆, 交關
Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
Shuangfeng 蠻

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (真):
  • → Japanese: 真(しん) (shin)
  • → Korean: 진(眞) (jin)
  • → Vietnamese: chân (真)

Others:

Compounds

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ 謝明文：《釋“顛”字》
  2. ^ 蔣玉斌：《釋殷墟花東卜辭的“顛”》
  3. ^ 陳年福：《實用甲骨文字典》，四川辭書出版社，2019年。
  4. ^ 陳劍：《甲骨金文舊釋“䵼”之字及相關諸字新釋》，《出土文獻與古文字研究》第二輯，上海：復旦大學出版社，2008年，第13–47頁。
  5. ^ 王子楊：《甲骨文煮字補釋》，《出土文獻研究》第十八輯，上海：中西書局，2019年，第22–35頁。

Further reading

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 真
Kyūjitai 眞

Kanji

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真

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 眞)

  1. truth
  2. reality
  3. sincerity
  4. naturalness
  5. regular script

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
真
しん
Grade: 3
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 真 (MC tsyin).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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真(しん) • (shin) 

  1. truth, reality
Derived terms
[edit]
Idioms
[edit]

Affix

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真(しん) • (shin) 

  1. truth, reality, genuineness
  2. natural, pristine
  3. complete, wholly
  4. regular script (楷書, kaisho)
  5. (logic) a true statement
    Antonym: 偽 (gi)
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Proper noun

[edit]

真(しん) • (Shin) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
真
ま
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
【ま】
[noun] [from 712] the truth, reality, genuineness
[prefix] [from 720] real, genuine
[prefix] [from 759] pure, unadulterated
[prefix] [from 1595] definitely, certainly, exactly, precisely, directly
[prefix] [date unknown] true, real, main (appended to words for animals or plants to indicate the representative type)
[prefix] [from 759] (archaic, possibly obsolete, honorific) great, excellent
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
真
まこと
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
【まこと】
[noun] truth; reality; fact; genuineness
[noun] sincerity; honesty; faithfulness
[adverb] (dated) truly, really, absolutely, indeed
[interjection] used for recalling information previously forgotten or sudden change of subjects: that's right
[proper noun] 実, 真, 真琴: a unisex given name
Alternative spellings
眞, 実, 誠, 信, 真琴
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
真
あつし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 厚し (atsushi), modern 厚い (atsui, “thick, heavy; kind, warm”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

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真(あつし) • (Atsushi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
真
ただし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 正し (tadashi), modern 正しい (tadashii, “correct, right, true”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

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真(ただし) or 真(たゞし) • (Tadashi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 6

[edit]
Kanji in this term
真
まさし
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)

From classical adjective 正し (masashi, “accurate, authentic, correct”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

真(まさし) • (Masashi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 7

[edit]
Kanji in this term
真
まお
Grade: 3
nanori
Alternative spelling
眞 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
【まお】
[proper noun] a female given name
Alternative spellings
真央, 摩緒, 真緒, 麻央, 真魚, 麻緒, 麻生
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

真 (eumhun 참 진 (cham jin))

  1. alternative form of 眞

References

[edit]
  • Zonmal.com Hanja Dictionary (존말닷컴 한자사전／漢字辭典) (2002-2005). [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

真: Hán Việt readings: chân[1][2][3][4][5][6], sân[3]
真: Nôm readings: chân[1][2][3], chan[3][5], chang[3][5], nhởn[1], chăm[2], chăn[4], chần[4], chờn[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of chân (“truth”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of chân (“foot; leg”)
    • 1752, 古珠法雲佛本行語録 [Cổ Châu Pháp Vân Phật bản hạnh ngữ lục]‎[4], page 7a:
      柴等曵弋真，庄某丿唏侈丕哿湄。
      Thầy đứng dậy nhấc chân, chẳng mấy phút hơi xảy vậy cả mưa.
      The monk stood up and lifted his legs; in an instant, a heavy rain suddenly began to fall.

Compounds

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References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Takeuchi (1988).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hồ (1976).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
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