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皇帝

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Chinese

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emperor; surname emperor
simp. and trad.
(皇帝) 		皇 帝
anagram 帝皇
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Etymology

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Traditionally attributed to be coined by first emperor of Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang, who retained 皇 (huáng) from the proposed title 泰皇 (“Supreme Huang”) and combined it with 帝 (dì):

王曰：「去『泰』，著『皇』，采上古『帝』位號，號曰『皇帝』。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
王曰：「去『泰』，著『皇』，采上古『帝』位号，号曰『皇帝』。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Records of the Grand Historian, 秦始皇本紀
Wáng yuē: “Qù ‘tài’, zhù ‘huáng’, cǎi shànggǔ ‘dì’ wèihào, hào yuē ‘huángdì’.” [Pinyin]
The King said: "Remove '泰', keep '皇', and adopt '帝' from the title of high antiquity; the designation shall be '皇帝'.

However, the compound is already attested in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions:

肆皇帝無斁，臨保我有周，于四方民，無不康靖。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
肆皇帝无𭣧，临保我有周，于四方民，无不康靖。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師訇簋 (c. late mid– to early late Western Zhou)
Sì huángdì wú yì, lín bǎo wǒ yǒu Zhōu, yú sìfāng mín, wú bù kāng jìng. [Pinyin]
Thus the Huangdi was untiring, watching over and protecting our Zhou, so that among the people of the four quarters, none were not at peace.
申固皇帝大魯命，用𪟹保我家、朕位、㝬身。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
申固皇帝大鲁命，用𪟹保我家、朕位、㝬身。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 㝬簋 (reign of King Li of Zhou, late Western Zhou)
Shēn gù huángdì dà lǔ mìng, yòng 𪟹 bǎo wǒ jiā, zhèn wèi, hú shēn. [Pinyin]
He reaffirmed and secured the great mandate of the Huangdi, that it might protect our house, my position, and Hu's person.
More information

Notably, nearly all Western Zhou bronze attestations of 秦 (Qín) — such as 秦夷 and 戍秦人 — occur on vessels associated with the 師 / 师 (shī) or 訇 (hōng)/詢 / 询 (xún):

師酉，嗣乃祖適官邑人、虎臣：西門夷、𬉖夷、秦夷、京夷、弁狐夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
师酉，嗣乃祖适官邑人、虎臣：西门夷、𬉖夷、秦夷、京夷、弁狐夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師酉簋 (mid-Western Zhou)
Shī Yǒu, sì nǎi zǔ shì guān yìrén, hǔchén: Xīmén yí, 𬉖 yí, Qín yí, Jīng yí, BiànHú yí. [Pinyin]
Shi You, succeed to your ancestor's primary office [overseeing] the settlement people and the tiger guards: the Ximen Yi, the Yi Yi, the Qin Yi, the Jing Yi, and the Bianhu Yi.
今余命汝適官司邑人，先虎臣後庸：西門夷、秦夷、京夷、𬉖夷、……戍秦人、降人、服夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
今余命汝适官司邑人，先虎臣后庸：西门夷、秦夷、京夷、𬉖夷、……戍秦人、降人、服夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 訇簋 (mid-Western Zhou)
Jīn yú mìng rǔ shì guān sī yìrén, xiān hǔchén hòu yōng: Xīmén yí, Qín yí, Jīng yí, Yì yí,...... Shù Qín rén, jiàng rén, fú yí. [Pinyin]
Now I command you to take the proper office overseeing the settlement people — first the tiger guards, then the auxiliaries: the Ximen Yi, the Qin Yi, the Jing Yi, the Yi Yi, [...] the Garrison Qin people, the Xiang people, and the Fu Yi.
唯五月既朢，王……于師秦宮，王格于享廟。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
唯五月既望，王……于师秦宫，王格于享庙。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師秦宮鼎 (mid-Western Zhou)
Wéi wǔyuè jì wàng, wáng...... Yú Shī Qín gōng, wáng gé yú xiǎng miào. [Pinyin]
In the fifth month, after the full moon, the King [...] at the Palace of Shi Qin; the King arrived at the ancestral temple.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 唐 (102) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) I IV
Fanqie 胡光切 都計切
Baxter hwang tejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦwɑŋ/ /teiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷɑŋ/ /teiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaŋ/ /tɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /teiH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣwɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huáng dì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wong4 dai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 2/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huáng dì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwang › ‹ tejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ /*tˁek-s/
English sovereign God

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 12696 2313
Phonetic
component 		王 帝
Rime
group 		陽 賜
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		黃 帝
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷaːŋ/ /*teːɡs/
Notes 禮王制鄭注冕屬，
金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文 		甲金文象根啇非朿聲

Noun

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皇帝

  1. emperor (any monarch ruling an empire, irrespective of gender)
    輔佐皇帝／辅佐皇帝  ―  fǔzuǒ huángdì  ―  to assist an emperor
  2. (tarot) the Emperor

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (皇帝):

Others:

See also

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
皇 帝
こう
Grade: 6 		てい
Grade: S
kan'on
 皇帝 on Japanese Wikipedia

Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 皇帝 (hwang tejH). See also 三皇五帝 (Sankō Gotei) and 始皇帝 (Shikōtei).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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皇(こう)帝(てい) • (kōtei) ←くわうてい (kwautei)?

  1. emperor (of a country other than Japan)
  2. East Asian empress regnant
    則(そく)天(てん)大(たい)聖(せい)皇(こう)帝(てい)
    Sokuten Taisei Kōtei
    Great Sage Empress Zetian
  3. (tarot) the Emperor

Usage notes

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  • 天(てん)皇(のう) (tennō) is generally used exclusively to refer to the Emperor of Japan, while 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei) is generally used exclusively to refer to emperors of other countries.
  • An East Asian empress regnant has the same title as an emperor, not specifically "empress (regnant)" like in European languages. Similarly, a queen regnant has the same title as an emperor.

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Khitan

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 皇帝 (MC hwang tejH).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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皇帝 (hongdi)

  1. emperor
    • 1081, 《多羅里本郎君墓誌碑》 [Memorial for Lord Dorlipun], line 3, characters 11-20[3]:
      皇帝[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      皇帝-[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]-弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯-[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      hongdi-enpo-doDangur-enjariqo[4]
      皇帝-之時-於丹國-之宰相
      emperor-GENtime-LOCDankingdom-GENprime minister
      "the prime minister of the Dan (Dongdan) kingdom during the time of the Emperor"

References

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  1. ^ Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Wang Yunlong 王雲龍 (November 2004), “契丹大字《耶律昌允墓誌铭》之研 [A Decipherment of Yelu Changyun's Epitaph in Qitan Large Characters]”, in 燕京學報 [Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies] (in Chinese), volume 17, appendix 1.70-71, page 82
  2. ^ Shimunek, Andrew (2017), Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 247
  3. ^ Cong Yanshuang 叢艷雙; Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Chi Jianxue 池建學 (2005), “契丹大字《多羅里本郎君墓志銘》考釋 [A Textual Research and Explanation on the Inscription for Duoluoliben in Big Qidan Script]”, in 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China]‎[1] (in Chinese), number 4, pages 51, 54
  4. ^ Wu Yingzhe; András Róna-Tas (2019), “Khitan Studies: The glyphs of the Khitan Small Script (The consonants): Labial stops”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎[2], volume 72, number 1, pages 47-79

Korean

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Hanja in this term
皇帝

Noun

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皇帝 • (hwangje) (hangeul 황제)

  1. hanja form? of 황제 (“emperor”)

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
皇帝

Noun

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皇帝

  1. chữ Hán form of hoàng đế (“emperor”)
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