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候

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 侯
候 U+5019, 候
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019
← 倘
[U+5018] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 倚 →
[U+501A]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

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候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰⿰亻丨⿱ユ矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
  • Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5019

Chinese

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trad. 候
simp. # 候
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 𠋫
𠊱

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡoːs): semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (modified so that ⺈ becomes 乛 on top and 丿 at left becomes 丨) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hieo5 - literary;
  • hao2 - vernacular.
Note:
  • hiō/hō͘ - literary;
  • hāu - vernacular.
Rime
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡遘切
Baxter huwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦəuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣəuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəwH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣəuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣə̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hòu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hau6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hòu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huwH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o-s/
English wait upon

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
No. 5154
Phonetic
component 		侯
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		𠋫
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːs/

Definitions

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候

  1. to reconnoitre; to scout
  2. to observe; to survey
  3. to wait for; to await
  4. to respectfully await
  5. to visit; to send one's respects to
  6. to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
  7. to forecast; to predict (by divination)
  8. (historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
  9. (historical) alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”)
  10. (historical) official
  11. (historical) posthouse; station
  12. (historical) pentad (ancient time unit composed of five days)
  13. climate; season
  14. omen; sign; portent
  15. (traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
  16. (traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
  17. (dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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候

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. climate
  2. season
  3. weather

Readings

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See also

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Compounds

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Derived terms

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
候
こう
Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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候(こう) • (kō) 

  1. (literary) the season, the weather of the current season
Derived terms
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Compounds
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Compounds derived from こう

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
候
うかみ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 候 – see the following entry.
【窺見うかみ】
[noun] lookout, scout, patrol
(This term, 候, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
候
そうろう
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
候ふ (archaic)

/saburaɸu/ → /sauraɸu/ → /soːroː/

A sound shift from 侍(さぶら)う (saburau, “to serve by one's side”), historical さぶらふ. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Verb

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候(そうろう) • (sōrou) ←さうらふ (saurafu)?godan (stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta))

  1. (archaic) alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”)
Derived terms
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Terms derived from そうろう
Compounds
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
候
そろ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Late-medieval transition from sōrō above.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [sɨ]
  • Audio:(file)

Verb

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候(そろ) or 候(す) or 候(そう) • (soro or su or sou) ←さう (sau)?

  1. (archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
  2. (archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb
    • 1939, Takamori Saigō, 遺牘‎[3]:
      誠(まこと)に可笑(わらうべき)事(こと)に御座(ござい)候(そろ)。
      Makoto ni waraubeki koto ni gozaisoro.
      It is verily a laughable thing.
Derived terms
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Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
候
ぞうろ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

/zauro/ → /zoːro/

Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ←ざうろ (zauro)?

  1. service
  2. doing

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

候 (eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu))

  1. hanja form? of 후 (“climate; season”)
  2. hanja form? of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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候: Hán Nôm readings: hầu, hậu, thoắng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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