Voiceless palatal lateral fricative

Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative
Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative
ɬ̠ʲ

Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
ʎ̥
IPA number	157 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA	L_0

Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
𝼆
ʎ̥˔
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	𝼆
Unicode (hex)	U+1DF06
X-SAMPA	L_0_r
Image

Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant
l̠̊ʲ

A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].

The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021. Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.

If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent. The approximant also occurs and can be represented as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bura^{[citation needed]}		^{[example needed]}			Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/.
Dahalo^{[citation needed]}		[𝼆aːbu]		'leaf'	Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ]
Faroese^[1]		kjálki	[ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ]	'jaw'	Allophone of /l/.^[1] See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq^[2]		sikł̣aq	[sik𝼆̟ɑq]	'pickaxe'	Alveolo-palatal;^[2] also described as an approximant.^[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Inupiaq^[2]		nuiŋił̣ł̣uni	[nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni]	'because it did not appear'
Kumeyaay^[4]		kałyəxwiiw	[kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw]	'skunk'	Rare in word-initial position.^[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Mochica	17th century	xllac	[𝼆ak]	'fish'	Alternative realizations have been proposed. Shifted to [ç] in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[5]
Norwegian	Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk^[6]	alt	[ɑʎ̥c]	'everything, all'	Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.^[6] See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Some subdialects of Trøndersk^[6]	tatle	[tɑʎ̥]	'acting silly'	According to some scholars,^[7]^[8] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)^[6] See Norwegian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[9]		coilltean	[ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən]	'woods'	Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲʰ/.^[9]
Turkish^[10]		dil	[ˈd̟iʎ̟̊]	'tongue'	Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.^[10] See Turkish phonology
Xumi	Lower^[11]	[ʎ̥˖o˦]		'spirit'	Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.^[11]^[12]
Xumi	Upper^[12]	[ʎ̥˖ɛ˦]		'flavorless'

Post-palatal

Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative
𝼆̠
𝼄̟

Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless palatal lateral fricatives: plain [𝼆], labialized [𝼆ʷ], fortis [𝼆ː], and labialized fortis [𝼆ːʷ]. Although clearly fricatives, these are further back than palatals in most languages, but further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called post-palatal or pre-velar. Archi also has a voiced fricative, as well as a voiceless and several ejective lateral velar affricates, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.^[13]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Archi^[13]		лъат	[𝼄̟at]	'sea'	Pre-velar.^[14]

Notes

1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
1 2 MacLean (1980), p. XX.
↑ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
1 2 Langdon (1966), p. 33.
↑ Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
↑ Such as Vanvik (1979)
↑ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
1 2 Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 11.
1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
1 2 "the Archi language tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 207. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

References

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Mac Gill-Fhinnein, Gòrdan (1966), Gàidhlig Uidhist a Deas, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-1-85500-215-9
Langdon, Margaret (1966), A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect (PhD thesis), Berkeley: University of California
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. xvii–xx, retrieved 20 December 2017^{[dead link]}
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017
Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7

External links

List of languages with [ʎ̥] on PHOIBLE

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-1] 1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.

[FOOTNOTEMacLean1980XX-2] 1 2 MacLean (1980), p. XX.

[FOOTNOTEKaplan198129-3] Kaplan (1981), p. 29.

[FOOTNOTELangdon196633-4] 1 2 Langdon (1966), p. 33.

[:2-5] Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.

[FOOTNOTEVanvik197937-6] 1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.

[7] Such as Vanvik (1979)

[8] An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.

[FOOTNOTEMac_Gill-Fhinnein196611-9] 1 2 Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 11.

[FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155-10] 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365,_367–368-11] 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChenKocjančič_Antolík2013382–383-12] 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

[Archihandout-13] 1 2 "the Archi language tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-23.

[14] Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 207. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

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