Voiceless labiodental affricate
| Voiceless labiodental affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| p̪f | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| |||
A voiceless labiodental affricate ([p̪͡f] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a labiodental stop [p̪] and released as a voiceless labiodental fricative [f]. The dental diacritic is frequently omitted from the stop component in transcriptions of the sound, yielding ⟨p͡f⟩.
The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga has this affricate, as in [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] "hippopotamuses" and aspirated [ɱp̪͡fʰuka] "distance" (compare [ɱfutsu] "tortoise", which shows that the stop is not epenthetic), as well as a voiced labiodental affricate, [b̪͡v], as in [ʃileb̪͡vu] "chin". There is no voiceless labiodental fricative [f] in this dialect of Tsonga, only a voiceless bilabial fricative, as in [ɸu] "finished". (Among voiced fricatives, both [β] and [v] occur, however.)
German also has this sound in words like Pfeffer /ˈp͡fɛfɐ/ ('pepper') and Apfel /ˈap͡fəl/ ('apple'). Phonotactically, this sound does not occur after long vowels, diphthongs or /l/.
In many varieties of Central Plains Mandarin and Lanyin Mandarin, labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates [ʂʷ, tʂʷ, tʂʰʷ] (sometimes including [ʐʷ ~ ɻʷ]) become labiodental, respectively resulting in the production of [f, p̪͡f, p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including [v]).
The sound occurs occasionally in English, in words where one syllable ends with "p" and the next starts with "f", like in "helpful" or "stepfather".
Features
[edit]Features of a voiceless labiodental affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burushaski[1] | iphusimi | [ip̪͡fusimi] | 'he ties him' | In free variation with /pʰ/. May also be realized as /f/. | |
| English | Some speakers | helpful | [ˈhɛɫp̚ˌp̪͡fəɫ] | 'helpful' | Occurs for some speakers in consonant clusters of /pf/ |
| info | [ˈɪɱˌp̪͡fəʊ̯] | 'info' | Allophone of /f/ after nasal consonants for some speakers as a form of epenthesis; usually occurs during fast and casual speech. | ||
| German | Standard[2] | Pfirsiche | ⓘ | 'peaches' | Arose as a reflex of /p/ in the 8th century High German sound shift.[3] See Standard German phonology |
| Swiss dialects[4][5] | Soipfe | [ˈz̥oi̯p̪͡fə] | 'soap' | The example word is from the Zürich dialect. | |
| Ghomalaʼ | [example needed] | ||||
| Italian | Some central-south dialects[6] | infatti | [iɱˈp̪͡fät̪̚t̪i] | 'indeed' | Allophone of /f/ after nasals.[6] See Italian phonology |
| Luxembourgish[7] | Kampf | [ˈkʰɑmp̪͡f] | 'fight' | Occurs only in Standard German loanwords.[7] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Ngiti[8] | pfɔ̀mvɔ | [p̪͡fɔ̀ɱ(b̪)vɔ̄] | 'water spirit' | Less commonly [p͡ɸ][9] | |
| Kinyarwanda | gupfundikira | [gup̪͡fu:ndiciɾa] | 'to close, seal' | ||
| Central Plains Mandarin | Guanzhong dialect | 猪/豬 zhū | [p̪͡fú˦˥][clarification needed] | 'pig' | The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates in Old Mandarin became labiodental.[10] Possible route: [tʂʷ] > [tf] > [p̪͡f]. |
| Yanhe dialect | 砖/磚 zhuān | [p̪͡fã˨˦] | 'brick' | ||
| Dungan Language | 穿 чуaн | [p̪͡fʰæ̃˨˦] | 'to wear' | ||
| Slovene | pfenig | [ˈp̪féːnìk] | 'pfennig' | Rarely occurs, mostly in German loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |
| Sopvoma[11] | ōpfǒ | [o̞˧p̪͡fo̞˦] | 'father' | Aspirated [p̪͡fʰ] in some words, in free variation. "ǒ" represents a "Higher Mid" tone between the Mid and Lower High tones found in some speakers. | |
| Tsonga | XiNkuna dialect | timpfuvu | [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] | 'hippopotami' | Contrasts with aspirated form. |
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Berger, Hermann (1998). Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager. Neuindische Studien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-03961-1.
- ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 45.
- ↑ Fausto Cercignani, The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.
- ↑ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 244.
- ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- 1 2 Canepari (1992), p. 71.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
- ↑ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 31.
- ↑ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 45.
- ↑ Karlgren, Bernhard (1916). Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise (in French). Leyde, Stockholm, Gotembourg: Brill; Norstedt; Elander.
- ↑ Giridhar, P P. "Mao Naga Grammar." 1994, p. 26. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2262/page/n9/mode/2up
References
[edit]- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994), Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927620-71-1
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5
