Jump to content

1920 United States presidential election in Michigan

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1920 United States presidential election in Michigan
← 1916
November 2, 1920
1924 →
All 15 Michigan votes to the Electoral College
 
Nominee Warren G. Harding James M. Cox
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Ohio Ohio
Running mate Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt
Electoral vote 15 0
Popular vote 762,865 233,450
Percentage 72.76% 22.27%
County results
President before election

Woodrow Wilson
Democratic

 Elected President

Warren G. Harding
Republican

The 1920 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15[1] representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Since the Panic of 1893 and the Populist movement, Michigan had been a rigidly one-party polity dominated by the Republican Party.[2] In the 1894 elections, the Democratic Party lost all but one seat in the Michigan legislature,[3] and the party would never make major gains there over the four ensuing decades.[2]

The dominance of the culture of the Lower Peninsula by anti-slavery Yankees[4] would be augmented by the turn of formerly Democratic-leaning German Catholics away from that party as a result of the remodelled party's agrarian and free silver sympathies, which became rigidly opposed by both the upper class and workers who followed them.[5] At the same time, the Populist movement eliminated Democratic ties with the business and commerce of Michigan and other Northern states.[6] Unlike the other states of the Upper Midwest, the Yankee influence on the culture of the Lower Peninsula was so strong that left-wing third parties did not provide significant opposition to the Republicans, nor was there more than a moderate degree of coordinated factionalism within the hegemonic Michigan Republican Party.[7]

Although by taking a substantial proportion of the 1912 “Bull Moose” vote, incumbent president Woodrow Wilson had managed the best performance in Michigan by a Democrat since Grover Cleveland in 1888,[8] 1918 saw a major reaction against Wilson throughout the Midwest, due to supposed preferential treatment of Southern farmers:[9] Republicans would hold every seat in the State Senate for over a decade after the fall election,[10] as they had between 1895 and 1897 and between 1905 and 1911.

During the 1920 election campaign, Michigan gained almost no attention because it had been so firmly Republican over the past quarter-century. A poll of four university students showed three voting for Republican candidate Warren G. Harding and one for Democratic opponent James M. Cox.[11] A later poll in October showed that the very small August poll was not inaccurate, with Harding leading by slightly less than three-to-one.[12] The Post-Crescent’s expectations were fulfilled, as Harding won in a landslide, with almost 73 percent of the vote to only 22.27 percent for Cox. Harding swept all of Michigan's 83 counties, receiving more than 60% of the vote in every county except for Manistee County.[a]

Results

[edit]
General Election Results[13]
Party Pledged to Elector Votes
Republican Warren G. Harding Walter J. Hayes 762,865
Republican Warren G. Harding Mary L. Veenflict 757,562
Republican Warren G. Harding Charles K. Warren 756,895
Republican Warren G. Harding George W. Cook 756,639
Republican Warren G. Harding Ferry K. Heath 756,569
Republican Warren G. Harding Charles F. Clippert 756,406
Republican Warren G. Harding Alfred M. Fleischhauer 756,215
Republican Warren G. Harding Eber W. Yost 755,736
Republican Warren G. Harding William T. Hosner 755,735
Republican Warren G. Harding Francis St. Peter 754,605
Republican Warren G. Harding Louie Vandervoot-Stegman 754,464
Republican Warren G. Harding Herman C. Buck 754,279
Republican Warren G. Harding Louisa Yeoman-King 754,132
Republican Warren G. Harding Grace Cookson-Stair 753,893
Republican Warren G. Harding Myron J. Sherwood 753,831
Democratic James M. Cox George J. Burke 233,450
Democratic James M. Cox Howard W. Cavanagh 232,230
Democratic James M. Cox Joses T. LaMeasure 232,121
Democratic James M. Cox Sidney T. Miller 232,079
Democratic James M. Cox William L. McManus Jr. 232,067
Democratic James M. Cox Charles V. Taylor 231,910
Democratic James M. Cox John Lennane 231,855
Democratic James M. Cox John George Zink 231,840
Democratic James M. Cox Estelle L. Moore 231,759
Democratic James M. Cox William H. Loutit 231,749
Democratic James M. Cox Albert S. Ley 231,741
Democratic James M. Cox August C. Goehrend 231,684
Democratic James M. Cox Lola K. Brown 231,677
Democratic James M. Cox Hattie B. Vanzelingen 231,673
Democratic James M. Cox Ethel G. Kelbie 231,672
Socialist Eugene V. Debs A. Glenn Berry 28,947
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Joseph W. Hawkins 28,534
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Violet M. Blumenbery 28,475
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Arthur A. Wood 28,469
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Frank H. Dixon 28,445
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Charles G. Taylor 28,439
Socialist Eugene V. Debs W. F. Long 28,419
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Otto J. Young 28,419
Socialist Eugene V. Debs W. W. Lloyd 28,417
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Ruby Grant 28,412
Socialist Eugene V. Debs William Cobine 28,395
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Frank Zeek 28,382
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Henry Pilch 28,372
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Inez Luther 28,369
Socialist Eugene V. Debs Ellsworth A. Kellogg 28,368
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Robert G. Ewald 10,480
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Joseph Obernwayer 10,372
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen August Kleinow 10,193
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen James Douglas 10,191
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Frank S. Lehnen 10,164
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Robert A. Washburn 10,157
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Albert L. Cheney 10,154
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Edmond L. Ege 10,153
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Henry F. Repke 10,152
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Arthur Darling 10,149
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Robert Legg 10,138
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Edward C. Scheid 10,120
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Albert Begin 10,031
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Lily M. McCone 9,646
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Mary J. Johnston 9,552
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins William Calkins 9,541
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Elmer Scott 9,526
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Jarvis M. Green 9,523
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Adelaide Z. Sewell 9,516
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Ernest H. Clark 9,502
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Roseltha Huff 9,502
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Edith R. Luttenbacher 9,500
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins M. Adelaide Titus 9,498
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Emir L. Wilder 9,485
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Alexander Peterkin 9,484
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins John McCoil 9,470
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Frederick C. Nieman 9,468
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Oscar V. Schwensen 8,673[b]
Farmer-Labor Parley P. Christensen Edward W. Second 7,850[c]
Prohibition Aaron S. Watkins Lester G. Rathburn 7,078[d]
Socialist Labor William Wesley Cox Charles Pierson 2,539
Socialist Labor William Wesley Cox D. Theofanis 2,361
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley William C. McCarthy 484
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley A. Lawrence Smith 464
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Henry C. L. Forler 430
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Ray Robson 429
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Alexander S. Diack 424
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Basil McKnight 419
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Wilbur Brotherton 416
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley George D. Ball 414
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley James N. Symons 411
Single Tax Robert C. Macauley Elmer Letourneam 394
Write-in Scattering 54
Votes cast[e] 1,048,465

Results by county

[edit]

The results below are those for the highest elector on each ticket. The results listed in the 1921-1922 Michigan Manual are a "general average" for each ticket and thus not the "true" results.

County[13][14][15] Warren G. Harding
Republican		 James M. Cox
Democratic		 Eugene V. Debs
Socialist		 Parley P. Christensen
Farmer-Labor		 Aaron S. Watkins
Prohibition		 All Others
Various		 Margin Total votes cast[e]
# % # % # % # % # % # % # %
Alcona 1,048 75.67% 267 19.28% 41 2.96% 5 0.36% 14 1.01% 10 0.72% 781 56.39% 1,385
Alger 1,272 66.04% 471 24.45% 146 7.58% 23 1.19% 0 0.00% 14 0.73% 801 41.59% 1,926
Allegan 7,852 75.87% 2,158 20.85% 129 1.25% 29 0.28% 164 1.58% 17 0.16% 5,694 55.02% 10,349
Alpena 3,490 63.36% 1,907 34.62% 84 1.53% 7 0.13% 14 0.25% 6 0.11% 1,583 28.74% 5,508
Antrim 2,255 77.44% 519 17.82% 63 2.16% 9 0.31% 63 2.16% 3 0.10% 1,736 59.62% 2,912
Arenac 1,528 66.32% 673 29.21% 56 2.43% 12 0.52% 31 1.35% 4 0.17% 855 37.11% 2,304
Baraga 1,378 74.69% 307 16.64% 120 6.50% 25 1.36% 7 0.38% 8 0.43% 1,071 58.05% 1,845
Barry 5,169 70.61% 1,883 25.72% 45 0.61% 14 0.19% 207 2.83% 3 0.04% 3,286 44.88% 7,321
Bay 13,933 64.93% 7,011 32.67% 180 0.84% 207 0.96% 54 0.25% 75 0.35% 6,922 32.26% 21,460
Benzie 1,522 71.93% 423 19.99% 89 4.21% 29 1.37% 48 2.27% 5 0.24% 1,099 51.94% 2,116
Berrien 15,795 74.05% 4,866 22.81% 373 1.75% 87 0.41% 161 0.75% 48 0.23% 10,929 51.24% 21,330
Branch 5,712 69.72% 2,182 26.63% 79 0.96% 18 0.22% 196 2.39% 6 0.07% 3,530 43.09% 8,193
Calhoun 16,780 69.10% 6,314 26.00% 541 2.23% 170 0.70% 391 1.61% 87 0.36% 10,466 43.10% 24,283
Cass 4,515 64.71% 2,186 31.33% 153 2.19% 23 0.33% 84 1.20% 16 0.23% 2,329 33.38% 6,977
Charlevoix 3,090 77.00% 706 17.59% 136 3.39% 12 0.30% 59 1.47% 10 0.25% 2,384 59.41% 4,013
Cheboygan 2,487 63.41% 1,291 32.92% 61 1.56% 44 1.12% 28 0.71% 11 0.28% 1,196 30.49% 3,922
Chippewa 4,763 74.27% 1,281 19.98% 184 2.87% 78 1.22% 86 1.34% 21 0.33% 3,482 54.30% 6,413
Clare 1,772 73.50% 510 21.15% 80 3.32% 4 0.17% 28 1.16% 17 0.71% 1,262 52.34% 2,411
Clinton 6,039 78.91% 1,468 19.18% 40 0.52% 13 0.17% 90 1.18% 3 0.04% 4,571 59.73% 7,653
Crawford 730 64.49% 363 32.07% 25 2.21% 5 0.44% 9 0.80% 0 0.00% 367 32.42% 1,132
Delta 4,975 65.11% 2,029 26.55% 353 4.62% 199 2.60% 32 0.42% 53 0.69% 2,946 38.56% 7,641
Dickinson 3,571 76.29% 596 12.73% 360 7.69% 37 0.79% 46 0.98% 71 1.52% 2,975 63.55% 4,681
Eaton 7,376 70.98% 2,738 26.35% 93 0.90% 28 0.27% 149 1.43% 7 0.07% 4,638 44.63% 10,391
Emmet 3,075 68.87% 1,077 24.12% 188 4.21% 23 0.52% 87 1.95% 15 0.34% 1,998 44.75% 4,465
Genesee 24,604 74.60% 7,444 22.57% 545 1.65% 85 0.26% 250 0.76% 52 0.16% 17,160 52.03% 32,980
Gladwin 1,696 78.55% 317 14.68% 82 3.80% 6 0.28% 53 2.45% 5 0.23% 1,379 63.87% 2,159
Gogebic 5,569 79.57% 839 11.99% 375 5.36% 69 0.99% 88 1.26% 59 0.84% 4,730 67.58% 6,999
Grand Traverse 4,097 74.13% 1,163 21.04% 158 2.86% 20 0.36% 83 1.50% 6 0.11% 2,934 53.08% 5,527
Gratiot 6,583 77.38% 1,849 21.74% 42 0.49% 15 0.18% 17 0.20% 1 0.01% 4,734 55.65% 8,507
Hillsdale 6,717 71.13% 2,478 26.24% 56 0.59% 13 0.14% 172 1.82% 7 0.07% 4,239 44.89% 9,443
Houghton 14,976 80.18% 3,103 16.61% 380 2.03% 117 0.63% 85 0.46% 18 0.10% 11,873 63.56% 18,679
Huron 8,444 82.61% 1,597 15.62% 94 0.92% 20 0.20% 59 0.58% 8 0.08% 6,847 66.98% 10,222
Ingham 18,524 69.59% 7,093 26.65% 516 1.94% 90 0.34% 351 1.32% 44 0.17% 11,431 42.94% 26,618
Ionia 8,001 67.60% 3,405 28.77% 94 0.79% 23 0.19% 305 2.58% 8 0.07% 4,596 38.83% 11,836
Iosco 2,025 76.56% 551 20.83% 41 1.55% 15 0.57% 9 0.34% 4 0.15% 1,474 55.73% 2,645
Iron 3,548 82.68% 504 11.75% 176 4.10% 18 0.42% 14 0.33% 31 0.72% 3,044 70.94% 4,291
Isabella 5,113 73.80% 1,634 23.59% 73 1.05% 10 0.14% 87 1.26% 11 0.16% 3,479 50.22% 6,928
Jackson 16,020 64.97% 7,810 31.67% 293 1.19% 89 0.36% 413 1.67% 32 0.13% 8,210 33.30% 24,657
Kalamazoo 13,819 67.55% 5,283 25.83% 552 2.70% 521 2.55% 218 1.07% 63 0.31% 8,536 41.73% 20,456
Kalkaska 891 73.21% 225 18.49% 37 3.04% 9 0.74% 51 4.19% 4 0.33% 666 54.72% 1,217
Kent 40,802 70.14% 14,763 25.38% 973 1.67% 783 1.35% 713 1.23% 141 0.24% 26,039 44.76% 58,175
Keweenaw 1,274 90.10% 89 6.29% 39 2.76% 1 0.07% 10 0.71% 1 0.07% 1,185 83.80% 1,414
Lake 933 74.76% 263 21.07% 31 2.48% 11 0.88% 10 0.80% 0 0.00% 670 53.69% 1,248
Lapeer 5,558 78.54% 1,307 18.47% 39 0.55% 20 0.28% 146 2.06% 7 0.10% 4,251 60.07% 7,077
Leelanau 2,185 82.14% 415 15.60% 40 1.50% 4 0.15% 13 0.49% 3 0.11% 1,770 66.54% 2,660
Lenawee 12,004 68.86% 5,117 29.35% 85 0.49% 19 0.11% 192 1.10% 15 0.09% 6,887 39.51% 17,432
Livingston 4,654 64.19% 2,436 33.60% 12 0.17% 8 0.11% 136 1.88% 4 0.06% 2,218 30.59% 7,250
Luce 717 76.03% 193 20.47% 7 0.74% 3 0.32% 22 2.33% 1 0.11% 524 55.57% 943
Mackinac 1,685 62.87% 932 34.78% 37 1.38% 8 0.30% 15 0.56% 3 0.11% 753 28.10% 2,680
Macomb 9,791 74.03% 3,029 22.90% 184 1.39% 68 0.51% 117 0.88% 36 0.27% 6,762 51.13% 13,225
Manistee[a] 3,274 57.65% 2,196 38.67% 151 2.66% 14 0.25% 35 0.62% 9 0.16% 1,078 18.98% 5,679
Marquette 9,368 70.54% 3,040 22.89% 542 4.08% 206 1.55% 89 0.67% 35 0.26% 6,328 47.65% 13,280
Mason 3,705 69.33% 1,360 25.45% 159 2.98% 21 0.39% 86 1.61% 13 0.24% 2,345 43.88% 5,344
Mecosta 3,951 74.82% 1,149 21.76% 113 2.14% 7 0.13% 59 1.12% 2 0.04% 2,802 53.06% 5,281
Menominee 5,089 72.46% 1,568 22.33% 243 3.46% 66 0.94% 32 0.46% 25 0.36% 3,521 50.14% 7,023
Midland 4,161 78.94% 967 18.35% 79 1.50% 12 0.23% 47 0.89% 5 0.09% 3,194 60.60% 5,271
Missaukee 1,812 82.48% 347 15.79% 14 0.64% 2 0.09% 22 1.00% 0 0.00% 1,465 66.68% 2,197
Monroe 8,671 61.38% 5,229 37.01% 119 0.84% 12 0.08% 93 0.66% 3 0.02% 3,442 24.36% 14,127
Montcalm 6,676 77.38% 1,694 19.64% 109 1.26% 18 0.21% 119 1.38% 11 0.13% 4,982 57.75% 8,627
Montmorency 844 75.56% 201 17.99% 55 4.92% 5 0.45% 10 0.90% 2 0.18% 643 57.56% 1,117
Muskegon 11,778 73.67% 3,494 21.86% 489 3.06% 57 0.36% 127 0.79% 42 0.26% 8,284 51.82% 15,987
Newaygo 4,200 78.87% 931 17.48% 82 1.54% 11 0.21% 94 1.77% 7 0.13% 3,269 61.39% 5,325
Oakland 19,349 70.90% 6,449 23.63% 926 3.39% 112 0.41% 385 1.41% 69 0.25% 12,900 47.27% 27,290
Oceana 3,562 77.94% 786 17.20% 101 2.21% 22 0.48% 89 1.95% 10 0.22% 2,776 60.74% 4,570
Ogemaw 1,695 75.50% 448 19.96% 43 1.92% 7 0.31% 45 2.00% 7 0.31% 1,247 55.55% 2,245
Ontonagon 1,996 67.87% 660 22.44% 215 7.31% 37 1.26% 15 0.51% 18 0.61% 1,336 45.43% 2,941
Osceola 3,612 80.81% 772 17.27% 35 0.78% 11 0.25% 38 0.85% 2 0.04% 2,840 63.53% 4,470
Oscoda 442 83.08% 77 14.47% 5 0.94% 3 0.56% 5 0.94% 0 0.00% 365 68.61% 532
Otsego 875 63.96% 468 34.21% 4 0.29% 10 0.73% 11 0.80% 0 0.00% 407 29.75% 1,368
Ottawa 10,566 78.75% 2,396 17.86% 207 1.54% 41 0.31% 182 1.36% 25 0.19% 8,170 60.89% 13,417
Presque Isle 2,523 80.68% 527 16.85% 36 1.15% 22 0.70% 6 0.19% 13 0.42% 1,996 63.83% 3,127
Roscommon 664 75.37% 185 21.00% 21 2.38% 3 0.34% 4 0.45% 4 0.45% 479 54.37% 881
Saginaw 20,529 68.20% 8,522 28.31% 583 1.94% 257 0.85% 144 0.48% 68 0.23% 12,007 39.89% 30,103
Sanilac 7,299 84.66% 1,152 13.36% 59 0.68% 7 0.08% 95 1.10% 10 0.12% 6,147 71.29% 8,622
Schoolcraft 1,797 71.11% 433 17.13% 235 9.30% 26 1.03% 16 0.63% 20 0.79% 1,364 53.98% 2,527
Shiawassee 7,221 69.92% 2,605 25.23% 143 1.38% 36 0.35% 313 3.03% 9 0.09% 4,616 44.70% 10,327
St. Clair 14,967 75.15% 4,568 22.94% 152 0.76% 84 0.42% 124 0.62% 21 0.11% 10,399 52.21% 19,916
St. Joseph 6,052 66.66% 2,723 29.99% 120 1.32% 24 0.26% 129 1.42% 31 0.34% 3,329 36.67% 9,079
Tuscola 7,310 82.38% 1,276 14.38% 62 0.70% 29 0.33% 164 1.85% 33 0.37% 6,034 68.00% 8,874
Van Buren 6,954 75.02% 2,007 21.65% 166 1.79% 17 0.18% 114 1.23% 11 0.12% 4,947 53.37% 9,269
Washtenaw 14,004 74.14% 4,518 23.92% 157 0.83% 9 0.05% 163 0.86% 37 0.20% 9,486 50.22% 18,888
Wayne 224,122 74.67% 52,529 17.50% 14,872 4.96% 6,124 2.04% 1,036 0.35% 1,453 0.48% 171,593 57.17% 300,136
Wexford 3,440 72.88% 1,108 23.47% 64 1.36% 22 0.47% 78 1.65% 8 0.17% 2,332 49.41% 4,720
Totals762,86572.76%233,45022.27%28,947[f]2.76%10,4801.00%9,6460.92%3,0770.29%529,41550.49%1,048,459

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

Analysis

[edit]

With 72.76 percent of the popular vote, Michigan proved to be Harding's third strongest state in the 1920 election terms of popular vote percentage after North Dakota and Vermont.[16]

Harding received the largest share of the popular vote in a presidential election for Michigan at the time, though that record would be broken four years later. Cox fell more than 3.5 percent below the previous worst Democratic showing by Alton B. Parker from 1904. This was the first of three consecutive elections where Michigan supported a Republican candidate with more than seventy percent of the vote and the only example of any presidential candidate receiving such a high share in the state.[8]

Concurrent with Harding's triumph in the state, the Republicans would win every single seat in the State Senate, and the State House of Representatives.

Manistee county

[edit]

Many sources show Cox carrying Manistee County by five votes. This result can be traced back to the 1921-1922 Michigan Official Directory and Legislative Manual (link included in references). However, during this era, Michigan was still voting for presidential electors directly and the Michigan Manuals reported only average votes per ticket in each county. In 1920, the votes received by Republican presidential electors in Manistee County varied considerably, from a high of 3,936 (for Mary L. Veenflict) to a low of 661 (for Myron J. Sherwood). The following table shows the Republican and Democratic vote in Manistee County in 1920:

1920 United States presidential election in Manistee County[17]
Republican Democratic
Elector Votes Elector Votes
Mary L. Veenflict 3,936 George J. Burke 2,196
Walter J. Hayes 3,274 Joses T. La Measure 2,189
Ferry K. Heath 3,184 John Lennane 2,187
Alfred M. Fleischhauer 3,125 William H. Loutit 2,185
Charles K. Warren 2,713 Charles V. Taylor 2,185
Charles F. Clippert 2,613 August C. Goehrend 2,184
George W. Cook 2,459 William L. McManus Jr. 2,184
Eber W. Yost 2,267 Sidney T. Miller 2,184
William T. Hosner 2,209 John George Zink 2,184
Francis St. Peter 1,695 Estelle L. Moore 2,183
Louie Vandervoot-Stegman 1,425 Lola K. Brown 2,182
Louisa Yeoman-King 1,231 Howard W. Cavanagh 2,182
Grace Cookson-Stair 975 Albert S. Ley 2,182
Herman C. Buck 931 Hattie B. Vanzelingen 2,181
Myron J. Sherwood 661 Ethel G. Kelbie 2,180
Total 32,698 Total 32,768

Based on these figures, the average vote is 2,180 for Harding and 2,185 for Cox (the 1921-22 Manual lists 2,179 and 2,184, respectively, by rounding down). However, the usual convention for reporting on presidential elections from before the introduction of the modern short ballot is to use the results for the elector on each ticket who received the most votes statewide. Following that convention, the results in Manistee County are 3,274 for Harding and 2,196 for Cox (as shown in the full county by county table above). However, there were ultimately more total Democratic votes than Republican votes recorded in the county, so that gives some support to a potential Cox victory.

Michigan also held simultaneous elections for state officers in 1920. In the gubernatorial election, for instance, the vote in Manistee County was 59.88% Republican and 38.16% Democratic.[18] Similar results were polled in other races. Thus, Cox winning Manistee County in the presidential election would be entirely inconsistent with the rest of the results in Michigan. Indeed, following the highest elector convention results in the split in Manistee County being 57.65% for Harding and 38.67% for Cox, which is consistent with the other statewide elections.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Whether Harding or Cox won Manistee County is debatable, see detailed section below.
  2. ↑ There were also 1,469 votes for "Olaf V. Schwensen" that were listed separately.
  3. ↑ There were also 2,292 votes for "Eward W. Second" that were listed separately.
  4. ↑ There were also 2,427 votes for "Lester G. Rathbun" that were listed separately.
  5. 1 2 Based on highest elector on each ticket
  6. ↑ The county results add up to 28,941

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "1920 Election for the Thirty-Fourth Term (1921-1925)". Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Burnham, Walter Dean (December 23, 1981). "The System of 1896: An Analysis". The Evolution of American Electoral Systems. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0313213798.
  3. ↑ "Swamped! The Democrats Drowned Out by a Tremendous Republican Tidal Wave". The L'Anse Sentinel. L'Anse. November 10, 1894. p. 1.
  4. ↑ English, Gustavus P.; Proceedings of the Ninth Republican National Convention (1888), p. 234
  5. ↑ Sundquist, James (December 2010). Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years. Brookings Institution Press. p. 526. ISBN 978-0815719090.
  6. ↑ Rogowski, Ronald (2020). Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691219431.
  7. ↑ Hansen, John Mark; Shigeo, Hirano; Snyder Jr., James M. (February 27, 2017). "Parties within Parties: Parties, Factions, and Coordinated Politics, 1900-1980". In Gerber, Alan S.; Schickler, Eric (eds.). Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-1-107-09509-0.
  8. 1 2 "Presidential General Election Results Comparison — Michigan". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
  9. ↑ Morello, John A. (April 30, 2001). Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 64. ISBN 0275970302.
  10. ↑ Kang, Michael S. (May 29, 2019). "Hyperpartisan Gerrymandering". Boston College Law Review. 69: 1395.
  11. ↑ "Harding Elected By Students of N.Y. University — Practically Every State Is Represented in "Election" Held Recently: Many Women Vote for Him; Cox Runs Second and Debs Polls Nearly as Many as Democrat". The Lima Gazette and The Lima Republican. Lima, Ohio. August 22, 1920. p. 15.
  12. ↑ "Women of Nation Vote for Harding: Rexall Returns Show that They Furnish One-Quarter of Voting Strength". The Post-Crescent. Appleton, Wisconsin. October 8, 1920. p. 8.
  13. 1 2 Michigan State Archives, Canvass of the votes given at the General Election, held in the State of Michigan on Tuesday the 2nd day of November A.D. 1920
  14. ↑ DeLand, Charles J. (1921). Michigan Official Directory and Legislative Manual for the Years 1921-1922. Lansing. pp. 636–638. Retrieved May 24, 2026.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ↑ The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1921. New York: The Press Publishing Co. 1921. p. 698. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  16. ↑ "1920 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  17. ↑ Michigan State Archives, Statement of votes cast in the county of Manistee, State of Michigan, at the General Election held in the said county, on Tuesday, the second day of November, in the year one thousand nine hundred twenty.
  18. ↑ DeLand, Charles J. (1921). Michigan Official Directory and Legislative Manual for the Years 1921-1922. Lansing. pp. 389–404. Retrieved May 24, 2026.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan&oldid=1382545433"