Penguin

Penguins ; Periode Danian Ungkur-Mangkin, 62–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Minab Aab Kapur manut saking data molekulér
	Spheniscidae
	; Spésies penguin saking genera mabinayan; saking duur-kiwa, arah jaum jam: Penguin kaisar (Aptenodytes forsteri), penguin jambul (Eudyptes robustus), penguin alit (Eudyptula minor), penguin mata kuning (Megadyptes antipodes), penguin gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), penguin Afrika (Spheniscus demersus)
Rekaman (id)
Data (id)
Cara bergerak (id)	bipedalisme (id)
Taksonomi
Klad	Sauropsida
kelas	Reptilia
Klad	Eureptilia
Klad	Romeriida
Klad	Diapsida
Klad	Neodiapsida
Klad	Sauria
Klad	Archelosauria
Klad	Archosauromorpha
Klad	Archosauriformes
Klad	Crurotarsi
Klad	Archosauria
Klad	Avemetatarsalia
Klad	Ornithodira
Klad	Dinosauromorpha
Klad	Dinosauriformes
Klad	Dracohors
Klad	Dinosauria
Klad	Saurischia
Klad	Eusaurischia
klad	Theropoda
Klad	Neotheropoda
Klad	Averostra
infraordo	Tetanurae
klad	Orionides
Klad	Avetheropoda
klad	Coelurosauria
Klad	Tyrannoraptora
Klad	Maniraptoromorpha
klad	Neocoelurosauria
klad	Maniraptoriformes
klad	Maniraptora
Klad	Pennaraptora
Klad	Paraves
Klad	Avialae
Klad	Euavialae
Klad	Avebrevicauda
Klad	Pygostylia
Klad	Ornithothoraces
Klad	Euornithes
Klad	Ornithuromorpha
Klad	Ornithurae
kelas	Aves
subkelas	Neornithes
infrakelas	Neognathae
superordo	Neoaves
Klad	Aequorlitornithes
superordo	Aequornithes
Klad	Austrodyptornithes
ordo	Sphenisciformes
Kaluwarga	Spheniscidae ; Bonaparte , 1831
Tata aran
Status nomenklatur (id)	Lua error ring mw.lua baris 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Ejaan asli (id)	Lua error ring mw.lua baris 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Gender of a scientific name of a genus (en)	Lua error ring mw.lua baris 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'.
Généra modérn
	Aptenodytes; Eudyptes; Eudyptula; Megadyptes; Pygoscelis; Spheniscus; antuk généra purba, cingak Sistematik
Distribusi
	; Sebaran mataluh pingun, makasami spésiés (aqua); wénten spésiés ngelah sebaran masa migrasi sané linggah

Penguin utawi pinguin inggih punika sekaa paksi akuatik sané ten mersidayang mekeber saking famili Spheniscidae saking ordo Sphenisciformes.^[4]

Subkaluwarga Spheniscinae – penguin modérn

Gambar	Génus	Spésiés
	Aptenodytes Miller, JF, 1778 – penguin ageng	Penguin raja, Aptenodytes patagonicus Penguin kaisar, Aptenodytes forsteri
	Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832 – brush-tailed penguins	Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticus Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua
	Eudyptula Bonaparte, 1856 – little penguins	Little penguin, Eudyptula minor Australian little penguin, Eudyptula novaehollandiae
	Spheniscus Brisson 1760 – banded penguins	Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti Galápagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus African penguin, Spheniscus demersus
	Megadyptes Milne-Edwards, 1880	Yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes †Waitaha penguin, Megadyptes waitaha (extinct, disputed)^[5]
	Eudyptes Vieillot, 1816 – crested penguins	Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri Southern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome Northern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (disputed) Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus †Chatham penguin, Eudyptes warhami (extinct)

Pustaka

↑ Tambussi, C.; Hospitaleche, C. A. (2007). "Antarctic birds (Neornithes) during the Cretaceous–Eocene time" (PDF). Revista de la Asociación Geológica. 62 (4): 604–617. Kaarsipin (PDF) saking versi asli tanggal April 2, 2021. Kaaksés March 21, 2021.
↑ Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama "Ksepka"
↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Kaaksés 16 April 2023.
↑ Cole, T.L.; Ksepka, D.T.; Mitchell, K.J.; Tennyson, A.J.; Thomas, D.B.; Pan, H.; Zhang, G.; Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Bover, P.; Bouzat, J.L. (2019). "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (4): 784–797. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017. PMID 30722030.

[tambussi-1] Tambussi, C.; Hospitaleche, C. A. (2007). "Antarctic birds (Neornithes) during the Cretaceous–Eocene time" (PDF). Revista de la Asociación Geológica. 62 (4): 604–617. Kaarsipin (PDF) saking versi asli tanggal April 2, 2021. Kaaksés March 21, 2021.

[2] Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

[Ksepka-3] Pikobet nganggit: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama "Ksepka"

[IOU-4] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Kaaksés 16 April 2023.

[5] Cole, T.L.; Ksepka, D.T.; Mitchell, K.J.; Tennyson, A.J.; Thomas, D.B.; Pan, H.; Zhang, G.; Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Bover, P.; Bouzat, J.L. (2019). "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (4): 784–797. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017. PMID 30722030.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]