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tropical lands

  • 1 regione

    f region
    * * *
    regione s.f.
    1 region; area, zone; district: le regioni artiche, tropicali, the Arctic, tropical regions; la regione dei laghi, the lake district; una regione montuosa, a mountainous area (o district); una regione industriale, agricola, an industrial, agricultural area (o zone) // (astr.) regione attiva, ( della superficie solare) active region // (ecol.) regione faunistica antiboreale, antiboreal faunal region // (geol.) regione mineraria, ore district
    2 ( divisione amministrativa) district; region, department (anche dir.): la Toscana è una delle più belle regioni d'Italia, Tuscany is one of the most beautiful regions in Italy; regione a statuto ordinario, speciale, district (o region) with ordinary, special autonomy; il presidente della regione, the president of the region
    3 (anat.) region: la regione lombare, the lumbar region
    4 (fig.) province, realm: nelle regioni dell'arte, in the province (o realms) of art; le più intime regioni dell'animo, the innermost recesses of the soul.
    * * *
    [re'dʒone]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) amm. region
    2) geogr. region, land
    3) anat. region
    * * *
    regione
    /re'dʒone/
    sostantivo f.
     1 amm. region; le -i d'Italia the regions of Italy
     2 geogr. region, land; - i tropicali tropical lands; regione desertica desert region; regione industriale industrial area
     3 anat. region.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > regione

  • 2 país

    m.
    country, nation, region.
    * * *
    1 country
    \
    del país local
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=nación) country

    los países miembros o participantes — the member countries

    país en desarrollo, país en vías de desarrollo — developing nation

    2) (=tierra) land, region
    3) (Arte) (=paisaje) landscape
    * * *
    a) ( unidad política) country
    b) ( ciudadanos) nation
    c) ( en ficción) land

    en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

    * * *
    = country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].
    Ex. It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.
    Ex. Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.
    Ex. Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.
    ----
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * código del país = country code.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * corazón de un país = heartland.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.
    * de un país desarrollado = first world.
    * división de país = country division.
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en nuestro país = at home.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.
    * nacido en el país = native-born.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].
    * país anfitrión = host country.
    * país capitalista = capitalist country.
    * país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.
    * país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.
    * país de adopción = adopted country.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * País de Gales = Wales.
    * país de las maravillas = wonderland.
    * país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.
    * país del tercer mundo = third world country.
    * país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.
    * país de procedencia = country of origin.
    * país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países ACP = ACP countries.
    * países árabes = Arab countries.
    * Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.
    * países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.
    * países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * países industrializados = industrially developed countries.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.
    * país exportador = exporting country.
    * país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.
    * país extraño = foreign country.
    * país firmante = signatory country.
    * país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * país multicultural = rainbow nation.
    * país natal = back home.
    * país productor de información científica = science producer.
    * país socialista = socialist country.
    * país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país subtropical = subtropical country.
    * país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país tropical = tropical country.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * * *
    a) ( unidad política) country
    b) ( ciudadanos) nation
    c) ( en ficción) land

    en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

    * * *
    = country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

    Ex: It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

    Ex: Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.
    Ex: Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * código del país = country code.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * corazón de un país = heartland.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.
    * de un país desarrollado = first world.
    * división de país = country division.
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en nuestro país = at home.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.
    * nacido en el país = native-born.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].
    * país anfitrión = host country.
    * país capitalista = capitalist country.
    * país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.
    * país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.
    * país de adopción = adopted country.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * País de Gales = Wales.
    * país de las maravillas = wonderland.
    * país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.
    * país del tercer mundo = third world country.
    * país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.
    * país de procedencia = country of origin.
    * país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países ACP = ACP countries.
    * países árabes = Arab countries.
    * Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.
    * países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.
    * países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * países industrializados = industrially developed countries.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.
    * país exportador = exporting country.
    * país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.
    * país extraño = foreign country.
    * país firmante = signatory country.
    * país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * país multicultural = rainbow nation.
    * país natal = back home.
    * país productor de información científica = science producer.
    * país socialista = socialist country.
    * país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país subtropical = subtropical country.
    * país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país tropical = tropical country.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

    * * *
    El País (↑ país a1)
    A
    los países miembros the member countries
    2 (ciudadanos) nation
    se dirigió al país he addressed the nation
    el apoyo de todo el país the support of the whole nation o country
    el país de los sueños the land of Nod
    en un país lejano in a distant o faraway land
    ciego2 (↑ ciego (2))
    Compuestos:
    trading nation
    (de una persona) home country, native land; (de un producto) country of origin
    (UE) candidate countries
    (UE) Central and Eastern European Countries
    satellite, satellite nation
    B (de un abanico) covering
    * * *

     

    país sustantivo masculino



    ( de producto) country of origin;

    el Ppaís de Gales Wales;
    el Ppaís Vasco the Basque Country


    país sustantivo masculino country, land: recorrió países lejanos, he travelled around distant lands
    los países tropicales, the tropical countries
    País Valenciano, Valencia
    País Vasco, Basque Country
    Países Bajos, Netherlands pl
    ' país' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adelantada
    - adelantado
    - añorar
    - atrasada
    - atrasado
    - atraso
    - ciudad
    - Congo
    - contarse
    - damnificada
    - damnificado
    - desarraigar
    - desarrollada
    - desarrollado
    - descomposición
    - desmembrar
    - dominar
    - dominación
    - economía
    - económica
    - económico
    - ETA
    - exilio
    - fantasma
    - feudo
    - Gales
    - hambre
    - militarista
    - moneda
    - natal
    - percance
    - productor
    - productora
    - promover
    - punta
    - puntera
    - puntero
    - refugio
    - regir
    - representar
    - sacudir
    - salir
    - satélite
    - suelo
    - tierra
    - tiniebla
    - Túnez
    - vasca
    - vasco
    - abatir
    English:
    acclaim
    - acknowledge
    - acute
    - administer
    - administration
    - affair
    - alien
    - America
    - authority
    - backward
    - Basque Country
    - betray
    - brain
    - chapter
    - characteristic
    - conception
    - country
    - cripple
    - defect
    - develop
    - developing
    - distant
    - district
    - drain
    - earthquake
    - election
    - embargo
    - envisage
    - envision
    - equality
    - expatriate
    - flag
    - foreign
    - free
    - governor
    - home
    - homegrown
    - institute
    - land
    - mainland
    - map
    - mess
    - miss
    - nationwide
    - norm
    - open up
    - overcrowded
    - overrun
    - point
    - Postmaster General
    * * *
    país (pl países) nm
    1. [nación] country;
    el país votó “no” en el referéndum the country o nation voted “no” in the referendum;
    en el país de los ciegos, el tuerto es rey in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king
    los países no alineados the nonaligned countries;
    los Países Bajos the Netherlands;
    los países bálticos the Baltic States;
    países desarrollados developed countries;
    país natal native country, homeland;
    país neutral neutral country;
    país de origen country of origin;
    país de reciente industrialización newly industrialized country;
    país satélite satellite state;
    países subdesarrollados underdeveloped countries;
    el País Valenciano the autonomous region of Valencia;
    el País Vasco the Basque Country;
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries
    2. [tierra] land;
    en un país muy lejano… in a distant o far-off land…;
    el país de nunca-jamás never-never land
    * * *
    m country;
    país en vías de desarrollo developing country;
    país productor producer country;
    país comunitario EU country;
    los Países Bajos the Netherlands
    * * *
    país nm
    1) nación: country, nation
    2) región: region, territory
    * * *
    país n country [pl. countries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > país

  • 3 extensión

    f.
    1 extension, addition to a building, annex, annex of a building.
    2 area, spread, acreage, area of land.
    3 extension, telephone extension.
    4 extension, appendage.
    5 extension, extension of the alloted time, extra time, renewal.
    6 extension, electrical extension.
    7 extension, elongation, splaying, spreading.
    8 extent, size.
    9 expanse, breadth, sphere of activity, scope.
    * * *
    1 (gen) extension
    2 (dimensión) extent, size; (superficie) area, expanse
    3 (duración) duration, length
    4 (de un escrito, discurso) length
    5 MÚSICA range
    \
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word
    por extensión by extension
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=superficie) area
    2) (=duración) length
    3) (=amplitud) [de conocimientos] extent, range; [de programa] scope; [de significado] range

    esto nos afecta a nosotros y, por extensión, a todo el país — this affects us and, by extension, the whole country

    4) (=ampliación) [de incendio] spread; [de plazo] extension
    5) [de cable, cuerda] extension
    6) (Telec) extension

    ¿puede ponerme con la extensión 14? — can I have extension 14, please?, can you put me through to extension 14, please?

    7) (Mús) [de instrumento, voz] range, compass
    8) [en instituciones]
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( longitud) length

    la extensión de la novela/carretera — the length of the novel/road

    2) (grado, importancia) extent
    3) ( acción) extension
    4) ( de cable) extension lead; ( línea telefónica) extension
    * * *
    = extension, extension, extent of item, length, expansion, massiveness, great length, widening, tract.
    Ex. Searches saved ondisc are saved as disk files and are given the file name extension.SRC.
    Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex. The first element of the physical description area is the extent of item and it gives the number and the specific material designation of the units of the item being described and, in some cases, other indications of the extent (e.g. duration).
    Ex. A working guide is to seek to make any abstract as informative as possible within the constraints of time, length and audience.
    Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex. With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.
    Ex. Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    ----
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * aplicar por extensión = extend.
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * extensión agraria = agricultural extension.
    * extensión bibliotecaria = extension activity, outreach [out-reach], library outreach.
    * extensión de = mass of.
    * extensión de la cultura = cultural outreach.
    * extensión del nombre del fichero = file name extension.
    * extensión de página = page length.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * perito de extensión agraria = agricultural extension worker.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * programa de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach programme.
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.
    * servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( longitud) length

    la extensión de la novela/carretera — the length of the novel/road

    2) (grado, importancia) extent
    3) ( acción) extension
    4) ( de cable) extension lead; ( línea telefónica) extension
    * * *
    = extension, extension, extent of item, length, expansion, massiveness, great length, widening, tract.

    Ex: Searches saved ondisc are saved as disk files and are given the file name extension.SRC.

    Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex: The first element of the physical description area is the extent of item and it gives the number and the specific material designation of the units of the item being described and, in some cases, other indications of the extent (e.g. duration).
    Ex: A working guide is to seek to make any abstract as informative as possible within the constraints of time, length and audience.
    Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex: With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.
    Ex: Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * aplicar por extensión = extend.
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * extensión agraria = agricultural extension.
    * extensión bibliotecaria = extension activity, outreach [out-reach], library outreach.
    * extensión de = mass of.
    * extensión de la cultura = cultural outreach.
    * extensión del nombre del fichero = file name extension.
    * extensión de página = page length.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * perito de extensión agraria = agricultural extension worker.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * programa de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach programme.
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.
    * servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.

    * * *
    A
    (superficie, longitud): una gran extensión de terreno a large expanse o stretch of land
    grandes extensiones de la costa large stretches of the coastline
    tiene una extensión de 20 hectáreas it has an area of 20 hectares, it covers 20 hectares
    debido a la extensión de la obra no habrá intermedio owing to the length of the play there will not be an interval
    escribir un ensayo cuya extensión no supere las 500 palabras write an essay of no more than 500 words
    por extensión by extension
    B (grado, importancia) extent
    C
    (de un vocablo): en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word
    D (ampliación) extension
    la extensión de su influencia a otras esferas the extension o spreading of her influence to other areas
    pidió una extensión del plazo she asked for an extension of the deadline o for the deadline to be extended
    ofrecen una extensión de garantía they offer an extended warranty
    E
    1 (de un cable) extension lead
    3 ( Inf) extension
    * * *

     

    extensión sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) ( superficie):

    ◊ una gran extensión de terreno a large expanse o stretch of land;

    una extensión de 20 hectáreas an area of 20 hectares


    por extensión by extension
    2 (grado, importancia) extent;

    3



    ( línea telefónica) extension
    extensión sustantivo femenino
    1 extension
    (de un escrito, de tiempo) length
    (de un territorio, superficie) area
    2 (ampliación) extension
    (difusión) spreading
    3 (de una línea telefónica, un edificio) extension
    ' extensión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliación
    - extensor
    - extensora
    - prolongación
    - prórroga
    - superficie
    - supletoria
    - supletorio
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - vasta
    - vasto
    - zona
    - alargador
    - anexo
    - césped
    - interno
    - llano
    - pasto
    - playa
    - por
    - vida
    English:
    area
    - cover
    - expanse
    - expansive
    - extended
    - extension
    - extension cable
    - extension cord
    - extent
    - from
    - long
    - sheet
    - sprawl
    - spread
    - stretch
    - sweep
    - tract
    - further
    - length
    * * *
    1. [superficie] area, expanse;
    2. [amplitud] [de país] size;
    [de conocimientos] extent;
    3. [duración] duration, length;
    debido a la extensión de la película habrá un descanso due to the length of the film there will be an interval
    4. [ampliación] extension;
    se concedió una extensión del plazo an extension was granted
    5. [sentido] range of meaning;
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word;
    por extensión by extension
    6. Informát extension
    7. [de línea telefónica] extension
    * * *
    f
    1 tb
    TELEC extension;
    por extensión by extension
    2 superficie expanse, area;
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in the broadest sense of the word
    * * *
    extensión nf, pl - siones
    1) : extension, stretching
    2) : expanse, spread
    3) : extent, range
    4) : length, duration
    * * *
    1. (superficie) area
    2. (dimensión) size / extent
    3. (longitud, duración) length
    4. (de teléfono) extension

    Spanish-English dictionary > extensión

  • 4 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 5 эксплуатация лесных ресурсов

    1. forest exploitation

     

    эксплуатация лесных ресурсов
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    forest exploitation
    Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for obtaining land for agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and forest resources has led to a situation where the forest is now in rapid retreat. The main aspects of the situation are: serious shortages in the supply of industrial wood; the catastrophic erosion and floods accompanying the stripping of forests from mountainous land; the acute shortages of fuel wood in much of the developing world; the spread of desert conditions at an alarming rate in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world; and the many environmental effects of the destruction of tropical rainforests. (Source: WPR)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > эксплуатация лесных ресурсов

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