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1 architectural material
Автоматика: конструкционный материалУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > architectural material
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2 architectural material
English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > architectural material
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3 material
материал; вещество || материальный; вещественныйmaterial being cut — материал, обрабатываемый резанием; разрезаемый материал
material being fed — подаваемый материал, продвигаемый материал
material being machined — материал, обрабатываемый на станке, материал, обрабатываемый на металлорежущем станке
- abrasive materialmaterial to be routed — материал, обрабатываемый на быстроходном фасонно-фрезерном станке
- absorbing material
- absorption material
- acidproof material
- acid-resisting material
- activated material
- active material
- add material
- adding material
- adhering molding material
- alloy materials
- alloying material
- alternate material
- antifriction material
- antislip material
- architectural material
- as-received material
- audiovisual material
- auxiliary material
- backing material
- bad material
- balled material
- base material
- basic material
- bead material
- bearing material
- best quality materials
- binder material
- binding material
- bonding material
- brazing material
- brittle material
- building material
- bulk material
- burden material
- carbide material
- carbon electric material
- carbon electrical material
- carbonaceous reducing material
- carburizing material
- casthouse materials
- categorized material
- ceramic material
- certified reference material
- charge material
- charging material
- clad material
- cleansing material
- coating material
- coiled material
- cold-charged material
- cold-worked material
- combustible material
- commercial material
- composite material
- composite metallic material
- composition material
- compound material
- conducting material
- contact conductor material
- container material
- controlled-porosity material
- core material
- corrosion-resisting material
- creep strained material
- critical material
- crucible material
- cushioning material
- cutting material
- cutting-tool material
- cycled material
- damping material
- deep-coat material
- defective material
- defense material
- depleated material
- diamagnetic material
- difficult-to-cut material
- difficult-to-machine material
- dispersion-hardened material
- dispersion-strengthened material
- dissimilar materials
- dissipative material
- document material
- dolomite-based material
- ductile material
- easy-to-cut material
- elastomeric material
- electric contact material
- electrical engineering material
- electrically active polymeric material
- electrically insulating material
- electrode material
- electrotechnical material
- elongated material
- emitting material
- engineering materials
- enriched material
- environmentally resilient material
- epoxy matrix material
- excessive uncut material
- extraneous material
- extreme pressure material
- facing material
- feed material
- ferrimagnetic material
- ferroelectric material
- ferromagnetic material
- ferrous materials
- fettling material
- fiber material
- fiber-reinforced material
- fiber-strengthened material
- fibrous composite material
- fibrous material
- filling material
- fine material
- flexible-heavy material
- fluid-extruded material
- fluorescent material
- fluxing material
- foreign material
- free-cutting material
- free-machining material
- friction material
- fuel material
- fully dense material
- fully fired material
- fully flattened material
- grain material
- granular material
- grinding material
- half-finished material
- hard material
- hard-magnetic material
- hard-to-cut material
- hard-to-machine material
- hard-to-punch material
- heat-absorbing material
- heat-conductive material
- heat-insulating material
- heat-resistant material
- heat-sensitive material
- heat-transfer material
- heavily alloyed material
- heavy material
- heavy-duty material
- heavy-gravity material
- high-coercivity material
- high-conductivity material
- high-force material
- high-friction material
- high-melting-point material
- high-resistivity material
- high-strength material
- high-technology materials
- high-temperature-resistant material
- high-tempering temperature material
- high-tensile strength material
- honest material
- host material
- hot-finished material
- hyperconductor material
- ideally plastic material
- imperfect material
- incombustible material
- incoming materials
- incompressible material
- inert material
- inflammable material
- ingoing material
- in-process material
- instructional material
- insulating material
- insulation material
- intermediate material
- iron-bearing material
- isotropic material
- jointing material
- lagging material
- laser material
- light material
- light-duty material
- light-stiff material
- limy material
- lining material
- loading material
- loose material
- low-ash reducing material
- low-coercivity material
- low-density material
- low-expansion material
- low-grade material
- low-strength material
- low-temperature material
- low-tensile strength material
- luminescent material
- lump material
- magnetic material
- magnetostrictive material
- material of construction
- material of high-absorbing power
- material of high-electric conductivity
- material of low-absorbing power
- material of low-machinability rating
- matrix material
- medium-strength material
- mix material
- moderator material
- mold material
- molding material
- multilayer bearing material
- multilayer conductor material
- multilayer material
- multimedia materials
- natural material
- no-coolant material
- noise-attenuating material
- nonabsorbent material
- noncombustible material
- nonconducting material
- noncrystalline material
- nonferromagnetic material
- nonferrous materials
- nonmagnetic material
- nonproduction material
- off-gage material
- oil-attracting material
- original material
- oversized material
- oxidizing material
- packing material
- paint material
- paramagnetic material
- parent material
- particulate material
- perfect material
- phase change material
- photoelectric material
- piezoelectric material
- plastic material
- plus material
- PM material
- polycrystalline material
- polymeric material
- poor heat conducting material
- poor machinability material
- pore-forming material
- positive active material
- powder material
- powder metallurgical material
- powdered material
- powdered refractory material
- preformed material
- prehardened material
- prepared burden materials
- prestrained material
- problem material
- radioactive material
- random material
- raw material
- recycled material
- reducing material
- reference material
- refractory backing material
- refractory conductor material
- refractory material
- refused material
- reinforced material
- rejected material
- remove material
- resistive material
- return material
- rework material
- roll-compacted powder material
- rolled sheet material
- rolling material
- rust-inhibiting material
- saleable material
- sandwiched material
- sandwich-type material
- scattering material
- scrap material
- sealant material
- sealing material
- secondary raw materials
- section material
- semiconducting material
- semiconductive material
- semifinished material
- semimanufactured material
- sheet material
- sheet-like material
- shell-mold material
- shield material
- shielding material
- shipbuilding material
- short-chipping material
- siliceous material
- siliceous refractory material
- sintered bearing material
- sintered material
- sintered metal-powder material
- slag-forming material
- slagging material
- soft material
- soft-magnetic material
- solid material
- sorted secondary raw materials
- sound-absorbing material
- sound-deadening material
- spent material
- spongy material
- sprayed material
- square-loop material
- standard cubic material
- standard material
- starting material
- stock material
- stopping material
- strain-hardened material
- strain-rate-resistive material
- strong material
- structural material
- stuffing material
- substrate material
- superconducting material
- superconductor material
- support material
- surface-active material
- suspended material
- tar-dolomite material
- target material
- tar-stabilized dolomite material
- test material
- test piece material
- textured material
- thermal insulating material
- thermally insulating material
- thermal-resistant material
- thermoplastic material
- thermosetting material
- titanium-base material
- tooling material
- tough material
- tough-to-machine material
- tracer material
- undersize material
- unprotected material
- unsized burden material
- vibration-deadening material
- virgin material
- viscoelastic material
- vitrified material
- waste material
- wearable material
- web material
- weighing material
- weld material
- welding wire material
- work material
- work-hardening material
- worthless material
- xerographic materialsEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > material
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4 material
- material
- n1. материал, вещество
2. грунт
3. материальный, вещественный
materials by structural properties — материалы, классифицируемые по структурным свойствам
- abrasion-resisting material
- abrasive material
- absorbent material
- acoustic material
- anisotropic material
- architectural constructional materials
- architectural construction materials
- argillaceous material
- artificial pozzolanic material
- backfilling material
- backing material
- bagged material
- ballast material
- binding material
- bituminous materials
- bonding material
- boxing material
- brittle material
- building materials
- calcareous material
- cellular material
- cement-bound granular material
- cementing material
- ceramic materials
- clayey materials
- coated material
- coating material
- combustible material
- combustible building materials
- composite material
- concrete materials
- concrete-making materials
- concrete repair materials
- constituent materials of concrete
- construction materials
- corrugated sheet material
- damping material
- dampproofing material
- defective material
- ductile material
- durable material
- engineering materials
- excavated material
- fast-setting repair material
- faulty material
- fiber reinforced material
- fill material
- filter material
- finishing material
- fire retarding material
- flexible sheet material
- fluid material
- foamed-in-place acoustical materials
- form material
- frost-free material
- graded material
- granular material
- granular subbase material
- gritting materials
- hazardous material
- heat insulating material
- high-grade materials
- highly insulative material
- high insulative material
- incombustible material
- industrial materials
- inorganic material
- insulating materials
- isotropic material
- jointing material
- joint-sealing material
- lagging materials
- laminated material
- lime-containing material
- linear-elastic material
- lining material
- load-bearing structural insulating material
- loose fill acoustical material
- loosely packed material
- low-tensile strength material
- maintenance patching material
- manufactured construction materials
- matrix material
- mineral fill material
- moisture-resistant insulating material
- natural mineral material
- near-by material
- noncombustible material
- nonconductive material
- noncreeping material
- nonhazardous material
- one-component material
- organic material
- original raw materials
- orthotropic material
- packaged material
- packaged dry concrete materials
- parent material
- phase change materials
- plastic material
- poultice material
- pozzolanic material
- prebagged material
- prebatched material
- radioactive material
- raw materials
- reactive silica material
- recycled material
- release material
- repair materials
- resilient materials
- restoration materials
- road materials
- rock material
- roofing material
- sealing material
- sheet acoustical material
- solar cell roofing material
- solid material
- sound material
- sound absorbent material
- sound-deadening material
- sound insulation material
- sparkle material
- sprayed-on material
- sticky material
- strain-hardening material
- structural materials
- synthetic material
- synthetic resinous material
- thermal insulating material
- toxic material
- trim materials
- unrefined raw materials
- vibration-damping material
- walling material
- waterproofing material
- waterproof material
- water-repellent material
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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5 material
1) материал; мн. ч. грунты; материалы2) материальный, вещественный•material retained on sieve — остаток на сите, надрешётный продукт
- abrasive material - active material - additional materials - adsorbing material - alternate material - antirot material - asbestos-containing construction materials - auxiliary materials - backfilling material - binding material - biostatic material - bituminous road materials - blasting material - brittle material - building materials - bulk material - cartographic materials - cartographical materials - cementing material - check of design material - coating material - constructional materials - consumption of materials - contractor's materials - corroding material - customer's materials - defective materials - delivery of materials - description of materials by weight - direct materials - durable material - emulsified bituminous materials - everyday need for materials - excavated material - expendable materials - experimental constructional material - explosive material - filter material - fireproof material - fire-resistant material - flux material - foam material - frostproof material - geologic materials - geological materials - geophysic materials - geophysical materials - granular materials - graphic material - graphical material - hazardous material - heat-insulating material - high grade material - hydro-geologic materials - hydro-geological materials - import materials - improper materials - indirect material - inflammable material - insulating materials - intrusion material - ion-exchange material - jointing material - lack of materials - lining material - list of materials - load transfer material - local building materials - locally manufactured materials - loose material - low-grade material - manufactured constructional materials - mismatched material - need for materials - nonused material - operational materials - parent material - patching material - paving material - procurement of materials - qualitative roofing material - quality of materials - radioactive material - raw material - refractory material - replacement of imported construction materials - required materials - roofing materials - rough material - sandwich material - sealing material - separation material - sound-damping material - source material - spongy material - standard material - substandard material - topographic material - topographical material - transportation of materials - utilization of materials - waterproofing material - written materialto damage construction materials during transportation — повредить строительные материалы во время транспортировки
* * *1. материал, вещество2. грунт3. материальный, вещественный- abrasion-resisting materialmaterials by structural properties — материалы, классифицируемые по структурным свойствам
- abrasive material
- absorbent material
- acoustic material
- anisotropic material
- architectural constructional materials
- architectural construction materials
- argillaceous material
- artificial pozzolanic material
- backfilling material
- backing material
- bagged material
- ballast material
- binding material
- bituminous materials
- bonding material
- boxing material
- brittle material
- building materials
- calcareous material
- cellular material
- cement-bound granular material
- cementing material
- ceramic materials
- clayey materials
- coated material
- coating material
- combustible material
- combustible building materials
- composite material
- concrete materials
- concrete-making materials
- concrete repair materials
- constituent materials of concrete
- construction materials
- corrugated sheet material
- damping material
- dampproofing material
- defective material
- ductile material
- durable material
- engineering materials
- excavated material
- fast-setting repair material
- faulty material
- fiber reinforced material
- fill material
- filter material
- finishing material
- fire retarding material
- flexible sheet material
- fluid material
- foamed-in-place acoustical materials
- form material
- frost-free material
- graded material
- granular material
- granular subbase material
- gritting materials
- hazardous material
- heat insulating material
- high-grade materials
- highly insulative material
- high insulative material
- incombustible material
- industrial materials
- inorganic material
- insulating materials
- isotropic material
- jointing material
- joint-sealing material
- lagging materials
- laminated material
- lime-containing material
- linear-elastic material
- lining material
- load-bearing structural insulating material
- loose fill acoustical material
- loosely packed material
- low-tensile strength material
- maintenance patching material
- manufactured construction materials
- matrix material
- mineral fill material
- moisture-resistant insulating material
- natural mineral material
- near-by material
- noncombustible material
- nonconductive material
- noncreeping material
- nonhazardous material
- one-component material
- organic material
- original raw materials
- orthotropic material
- packaged material
- packaged dry concrete materials
- parent material
- phase change materials
- plastic material
- poultice material
- pozzolanic material
- prebagged material
- prebatched material
- radioactive material
- raw materials
- reactive silica material
- recycled material
- release material
- repair materials
- resilient materials
- restoration materials
- road materials
- rock material
- roofing material
- sealing material
- sheet acoustical material
- solar cell roofing material
- solid material
- sound material
- sound absorbent material
- sound-deadening material
- sound insulation material
- sparkle material
- sprayed-on material
- sticky material
- strain-hardening material
- structural materials
- synthetic material
- synthetic resinous material
- thermal insulating material
- toxic material
- trim materials
- unrefined raw materials
- vibration-damping material
- walling material
- waterproofing material
- waterproof material
- water-repellent material -
6 Breuer, Marcel Lajos
[br]b. 22 May 1902 Pécs, Hungaryd. 1 July 1981 New York (?), USA[br]Hungarian member of the European Bauhaus generation in the 1920s, who went on to become a leader in the modern school of architectural and furniture design in Europe and the United States.[br]Breuer began his student days following an art course in Vienna, but joined the Bauhaus at Weimar, where he later graduated, in 1920. When Gropius re-established the school in purpose-built structures at Dessau, Breuer became a member of the teaching staff in charge of the carpentry and furniture workshops. Much of his time there was spent in design and research into new materials being applied to furniture and interior decoration. The essence of his contribution was to relate the design of furniture to industrial production; in this field he developed the tubular-steel structure, especially in chair design, and experimented with aluminium as a furniture material as well as pieces of furniture made up from modular units. His furniture style was characterized by an elegance of line and a careful avoidance of superfluous detail. By 1926 he had furnished the Bauhaus with such furniture in chromium-plated steel, and two years later had developed a cantilevered chair.Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 and set up an architectural practice in Berlin. In the early 1930s he also spent some time in Switzerland. Notable from these years was his Harnischmacher Haus in Wiesbaden and his apartment buildings in the Dolderthal area of Zurich. His architectural work was at first influenced by constructivism, and then by that of Le Corbusier (see Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). In 1935 he moved to England, where in partnership with F.R.S. Yorke he built some houses and continued to practise furniture design. The Isokon Furniture Co. commissioned him to develop ideas that took advantage of the new bending and moulding processes in laminated wood, one result being his much-copied reclining chair.In 1937, like so many of the European architectural refugees from Nazism, he found himself under-occupied due to the reluctance of English clients to embrace the modern architectural movement. He went to the United States at Gropius's invitation to join him as a professor at Harvard. Breuer and Gropius were influential in training a new generation of American architects, and in particular they built a number of houses. This partnership ended in 1941 and Breuer set up practice in New York. His style of work from this time on was still modern, but became more varied. In housing, he adapted his style to American needs and used local materials in a functional manner. In the Whitney Museum (1966) he worked in a sculptural, granite-clad style. Often he utilized a bold reinforced-concrete form, as in his collaboration with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss in the Paris UNESCO Building (1953–8) and the US Embassy in the Hague (1954–8). He displayed his masterly handling of poured concrete used in a strikingly expressionistic, sculptural manner in his St John's Abbey (1953–61) in Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1973 his Church of St Francis de Sale in Michigan won him the top award of the American Institute of Architects.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Architects Medal of Honour 1964, Gold Medal 1968. Jefferson Foundation Medal 1968.Bibliography1955, Sun and Shadow, the Philosophy of an Architect, New York: Dodd Read (autobiography).Further ReadingC.Jones (ed.), 1963, Marcel Breuer: Buildings and Projects 1921–1961, New York: Praeger.T.Papachristou (ed.), 1970, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects 1960–1970, New York: Praeger.DY -
7 Coade, Eleanor
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 24 June 1733 Exeter, Devon, Englandd. 18 November 1821 Camberwell, London, England[br]English proprietor of the Coade Factory, making artificial stone.[br]Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.[br]Further ReadingA.Kelly, 1990, Mrs Coade's Stone, pub. in conjunction with the Georgian Group (an interesting, carefully written history; includes a detailed appendix on architects who used Coade stone and buildings where surviving work may be seen).DY -
8 Soane, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 September 1753 Whitchurch, Englandd. 20 January 1837 London, England[br]English architect whose highly personalized architectural style foreshadowed the modern architecture of a century later.[br]Between 1777 and 1780 Soane studied in Italy on a Travelling Scholarship, working in Rome but also making extensive excursions further south to Paestum and Sicily to study the early and more severely simple Greek temples there.His architectural career began in earnest with his appointment as Surveyor to the Bank of England in 1788. He held this post until 1833 and during this time developed his highly individual style, which was based upon a wide range of classical sources extending from early Greek to Byzantine themes. His own work became progressively more linear and austere, his domes and arches shallower and more segmental. During the 1790s and early 1800s Soane redesigned several halls in the Bank, notably the Bank Stock Office, which in 1791 necessitated technological experimentation.The redesigning was required because of security problems which limited window openings to high-level positions and a need for fireproof construction because the site was so restricted. Soane solved the difficulties by introducing light through lunettes set high in the walls and through a Roman-style oculus in the centrally placed shallow dome. He utilized hollow terracotta pots as a lightweight material in the segmental vaulting.Sadly, the majority of Soane's work in the Bank interior was lost in the rebuilding during the 1930s, but Soane went on to develop his architectural style in his houses and churches as well as in a quantity of public buildings in Whitehall and Westminster.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1831. Fellow Society of Antiquaries 1795. RA 1802. Royal Academy Professor of Architecture 1806. FRS 1821.Further ReadingSir John Summerson, 1952, Sir John Soane, 1753–1837, Art and Technics. Dorothy Stroud, 1961, The Architecture of Sir John Soane, Studio.DY -
9 Wren, Sir Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 October 1632 East Knoyle, Wiltshire, Englandd. 25 February 1723 London, England[br]English architect whose background in scientific research and achievement enhanced his handling of many near-intractable architectural problems.[br]Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673. President, Royal Society 1681–3. Member of Parliament 1685–7 and 1701–2. Surveyor, Greenwich Hospital 1696. Surveyor, Westminster Abbey 1699.Surveyor-General 1669–1712.Further ReadingR.Dutton, 1951, The Age of Wren, Batsford.M.Briggs, 1953, Wren the Incomparable, Allen \& Unwin. M.Whinney, 1971, Wren, Thames \& Hudson.K.Downes, 1971, Christopher Wren, Allen Lane.G.Beard, 1982, The Work of Sir Christopher Wren, Bartholomew.DY -
10 moulding
1. n метал. формовка, отливка2. n архит. лепное украшение3. n архит. багет4. n архит. авт. профилированный материал5. n с.-х. окучиваниеСинонимический ряд:1. architectural ornament (noun) architectural ornament; decoration; embellishment; frame; frieze2. forming (verb) forming; modelling; shaping3. making (verb) assembling; building; constructing; fabricating; fashioning; forging; framing; making; manufacturing; producing; put together -
11 Wright, Frank Lloyd
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 8 June 1869 Richland Center, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 April 1959 Phoenix, Arizona, USA[br]American architect who, in an unparalleled career spanning almost seventy years, became the most important figure on the modern architectural scene both in his own country and far further afield.[br]Wright began his career in 1887 working in the Chicago offices of Adler \& Sullivan. He conceived a great admiration for Sullivan, who was then concentrating upon large commercial projects in modern mode, producing functional yet decorative buildings which took all possible advantage of new structural methods. Wright was responsible for many of the domestic commissions.In 1893 Wright left the firm in order to set up practice on his own, thus initiating a career which was to develop into three distinct phases. In the first of these, up until the First World War, he was chiefly designing houses in a concept in which he envisaged "the house as a shelter". These buildings displayed his deeply held opinion that detached houses in country areas should be designed as an integral part of the landscape, a view later to be evidenced strongly in the work of modern Finnish architects. Wright's designs were called "prairie houses" because so many of them were built in the MidWest of America, which Wright described as a "prairie". These were low and spreading, with gently sloping rooflines, very plain and clean lined, built of traditional materials in warm rural colours, blending softly into their settings. Typical was W.W.Willit's house of 1902 in Highland Park, Illinois.In the second phase of his career Wright began to build more extensively in modern materials, utilizing advanced means of construction. A notable example was his remarkable Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, carefully designed and built in 1916–22 (now demolished), with special foundations and structure to withstand (successfully) strong earthquake tremors. He also became interested in the possibilities of reinforced concrete; in 1906 he built his church at Oak Park, Illinois, entirely of this material. In the 1920s, in California, he abandoned his use of traditional materials for house building in favour of precast concrete blocks, which were intended to provide an "organic" continuity between structure and decorative surfacing. In his continued exploration of the possibilities of concrete as a building material, he created the dramatic concept of'Falling Water', a house built in 1935–7 at Bear Run in Pennsylvania in which he projected massive reinforced-concrete terraces cantilevered from a cliff over a waterfall in the woodlands. In the later 1930s an extraordinary run of original concepts came from Wright, then nearing 70 years of age, ranging from his own winter residence and studio, Taliesin West in Arizona, to the administration block for Johnson Wax (1936–9) in Racine, Wisconsin, where the main interior ceiling was supported by Minoan-style, inversely tapered concrete columns rising to spreading circular capitals which contained lighting tubes of Pyrex glass.Frank Lloyd Wright continued to work until four days before his death at the age of 91. One of his most important and certainly controversial commissions was the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in New York. This had been proposed in 1943 but was not finally built until 1956–9; in this striking design the museum's exhibition areas are ranged along a gradually mounting spiral ramp lit effectively from above. Controversy stemmed from the unusual and original design of exterior banding and interior descending spiral for wall-display of paintings: some critics strongly approved, while others, equally strongly, did not.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRIBA Royal Gold Medal 1941.Bibliography1945, An Autobiography, Faber \& Faber.Further ReadingE.Kaufmann (ed.), 1957, Frank Lloyd Wright: an American Architect, New York: Horizon Press.H.Russell Hitchcock, 1973, In the Nature of Materials, New York: Da Capo.T.A.Heinz, 1982, Frank Lloyd Wright, New York: St Martin's.DY -
12 construction
noun1) (constructing) Bau, der; (of sentence) Konstruktion, die; (fig.): (of plan, syllabus) Erstellung, dieconstruction work — Bauarbeiten Pl.
be under construction — im Bau sein
4) (interpretation) Deutung, die* * *[-ʃən]2) (something built: That construction won't last long.) das Bauwerk* * *con·struc·tion[kənˈstrʌkʃən]na marvellous work of engineering and \construction ein Meisterwerk der Ingenieur- und Baukunst\construction costs pl Baukosten plthe \construction industry die Bauindustrie\construction site Baustelle fto be under \construction im [o in] Bau seinhow long has the hotel been under \construction? wie lange hat man an dem Hotel gebaut?absolute/idiomatic \construction absolute/idiomatische Konstruktion fachsprto put the wrong \construction on sb's actions jds Vorgehen falsch verstehen [o deuten]* * *[kən'strʌkSən]n1) (of building, road) Bau m; (of bridge, machine also, of geometrical figures) Konstruktion f; (of novel, play etc) Aufbau m; (of theory) Entwicklung f, Konstruktion fin course of or under construction — in or im Bau
2) (= way sth is constructed) Struktur f; (of building) Bauweise f; (of machine, bridge) Konstruktion f3) (= sth constructed) Bau m, Bauwerk nt; (= bridge, machine) Konstruktion fprimitive constructions — primitive Bauten
4) (= interpretation) Deutung fto put a wrong construction on sth —
* * *construction [kənˈstrʌkʃn] s1. Konstruktion f, (Er)Bauen n, Bau m, Errichtung f:construction of transformers Transformatorenbau;construction company Baufirma f;construction engineer Bauingenieur(in);construction magnate Baulöwe m;2. Bauweise f, Konstruktion f:steel construction Stahlbauweise, -konstruktion3. Bau(werk) m(n), Baulichkeit f, Anlage f4. fig Aufbau m, Anlage f, Gestaltung f, Konstruktion f5. MATH Konstruktion f (einer Figur oder Gleichung)7. fig Auslegung f, Deutung f:on the strict construction of bei strenger Auslegung (gen)cons. abk1. consecrated2. consigned3. consignment6. constitution (constitutional)7. construction8. consulting* * *noun1) (constructing) Bau, der; (of sentence) Konstruktion, die; (fig.): (of plan, syllabus) Erstellung, dieconstruction work — Bauarbeiten Pl.
4) (interpretation) Deutung, die* * *n.Anlage -n f.Bau -ten m.Errichten n.Errichtung f.Konstruktion f. -
13 Parker, James
[br]fl. 1790s Northfleet, Kent, England[br]English patentee of Roman Cement.[br]James Parker was a vicar at Northfleet in Kent. In experiments of an almost accidental nature he calcined some nodules of clay found on the beach on the Isle of Sheppey. From these he developed a cement which he called Roman, because he believed that this was the type of material the Romans made in ancient times, and which proved to be the basis of the cement industry in Britain, Parker's cement was better than any other so far produced, and was suited to engineering and architectural uses.[br]Bibliography27 July 1796, British patent no. 2,120 (Roman Cement).Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY -
14 Salt, Sir Titus
[br]b. 20 September 1803 Morley, Yorkshire, Englandd. 29 December 1876 Saltaire, Yorkshire, England[br]English industrialist, social reformer and entrepreneur who made his fortune by overcoming the problems of utilizing alpaca wool in the production of worsted, and established the early model town at Saltaire.[br]Titus Salt arrived in Bradford with his father, who was a wool merchant in the town, in 1822. He soon set up his own company and it was there that he experimented with the textile worsted. Alpaca wool comes from an animal of the camel family that resembles the llama, and flocks of domesticated breeds of the animal had been raised in the high Andes since the days of the Incas. The wool was introduced into Europe via Spain and, later, Germany and France. The first attempts to spin and weave the yarn in England were made in 1808, but despite experimentation over the years the material was difficult to work. It was in 1836 that Salt evolved his method of utilizing a cotton warp with part alpaca weft. The method proved a great success and Bradford gained a reputation as a manufacturing centre for alpaca wool, exporting both yarn and cloth in quantity, especially to the USA. By 1850 Salt, who owned six mills, was Bradford's biggest employer and was certainly its richest citizen. He decided to move out of the city and built a new mill works, the architects of which were Lockwood and Mawson, on the banks of the River Aire a few miles from the city. Around the works, between 1851 and 1871, he built houses, a hospital, library, church, institute and almshouses for his workers. The buildings were solid, good-standard structures of local stone and the houses were pleasantly situated, with their amenities making them seem palaces compared to the slums in which other Bradford textile workers lived at the time. The collection of buildings was the first example in Britain of a "model new town", and was, indeed still is, a remarkable prototype of its kind. Apart from being a philanthropist and social reformer, Salt was also concerned with taking advantage of the technical developments of his time. His mill works, which eventually covered ten acres of land, was of fashionably Italianate architectural style (its chimney even a copy of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa in Venice), although its structure was of iron framing. The weaving shed held 1,200 looms and had capacity for 3,000 workers, who produced 30,000 yards of cloth per day. Water from the river was used to produce steam to power the matchinery used in the manufacturing processes of scouring, dyeing and finishing. For the export of goods, the nearby Leeds-Liverpool Canal linked the works to Britain's chief ports, and the Midland Railway (an extension of the LeedsBradford line which opened in 1846) was of great use for the same purpose.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.Visitors Guide to Salt aire, Bradford City Council.DY
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