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1 Art
The concept of the primary process as the archaic, wholly irrational function of the deep unconscious, is now undergoing drastic revision. This revision, in Marion Milner's words, is due partly to the need for accommodating the facts of art. These facts suggest forcibly that the undifferentiated matrix is technically far superior to the narrowly focused conscious processes, if only because of its wider focus that can comprehend serial structures irrespective of their order in time and space. There is little that is primitive or infantile about Schoenberg's mastery in handling a theme without regard to its sequence in time. (Ehrenzweig, 1967, pp. 260-261)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Art
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2 Bibliography
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3 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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4 Newfield, Sam
1899-1964Nacido Samuel Neufeld, hermano de Sigmund Neufeld, futuro jefe de produccion de PRC, dirige cortometrajes desde 1926, y largometrajes desde 1933. Probablemente el mas prolifico realizador norteamericano de la era sonora, dirigio, sobre todo, westerns. Por sus manos paso una parte importante de los viejos heroes del genero, en peliculas de una hora de duracion y argumentos eternamente repetidos. Solo leer su filmografia produce cierto vertigo. Establecerla rigurosamente es una tarea ardua, especialmente en lo relativo al orden cronologico estricto, por lo que en esta ocasion mas que en ninguna otra hay que entender que ese orden es susceptible de correccion. Utiliza los seudonimos de Peter Stewart y Sherman Scott. Se ha prescindido de tres aparentes largometrajes, situados al final de su carrera y obtenidos, cada uno de ellos, por super posicion de dos episodios del serial televisivo “Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans”. Aunque el nivel medio de los filmes de Sam Newfeld es realmente bajo, hay que citar dos curiosidades: Harlem on the Prairie (1937) esta interpretado integramente por negros, y The Terror of Tiny Town (1938), por enanos, que se mueven en decorados de tamano normal.Undercover Men. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Dominion. Charles Starrett, Adrienne Dore.Northern Frontier. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Eleanor Hunt, LeRoy Mason.Code of the Mounted (Fiel a su consigna). 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Lilian Miles, Robert Warwick.Branded a Coward (El botin del rancho). 1935. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Johnny Mack Brown, Billie Seward, Syd Taylor.Trails of the Wild. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Billie Seward, Fuzzy Knight.Timber War. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Lucille Lund, Lawrence Gray.Bulldog Courage. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Joan Woodbury.Roarin’ Guns. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Rosalinda Rice, Rex Lease.Border Caballero. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Lois January, Ralph Byrd.Lightnin’ Bill Carson. 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Lois January, Rex Lease.Aces and Eights. 1936. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Luana Walters, Rex Lease.The Lion’s Den. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Joan Woodbury, Don Barclay.Ghost Patrol. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Claudia Dell, Walter Miller.The Traitor. 1936. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Frances Grant, Wally Wales.Roarin’ Lead (co-d.: Mack V. Wright). 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Christine Maple.Stormy Trails. 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony (Grand National). Rex Bell, Lois Wilde, Lane Chandler.The Gambling Terror. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith, Horace Murphy.Lightnin’ Crandall. 1937. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Lois January, Frank LaRue.Trail of Vengeance. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith.Melody of the Plains. 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Louise Small.Bar-Z Bad Men. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Lois January.Guns in the Dark. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Claire Rochelle, Syd Saylor.Gun Lords of Stirrup Basin. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Frank LaRue.A Lawman Is Born. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith, Al St. John.Doomed at Sundown. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Lorraine Randall.Boothill Brigade. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Claire Rochelle, Horace Murphy.Arizona Gunfighter. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Jean Carmen, Ted Adams.Ridin’ the Lone Trail. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Claire Rochelle, Charles King.Moonlight on the Range. 1937. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Lois January.The Fighting Deputy. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Marjorie Beebe.The Colorado Kid. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Karl Hackett.Harlem on the Prairie (co-d.: Jed Buell). 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. Herbert Jeffries, Connie Harris.Paroled To Die. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Kathleen Eliot, Karl Hackett.The Ranger’s Roundup. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Christine McIntyre.Thunder in the Desert. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Don Barclay.Code of the Rangers. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Monogram). Tim McCoy, Judith Ford, Rex Lease.The Feud Maker. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Karl Hackett.Knights of the Plains (Allende Rio Grande). 1938. 57 min. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Marion Weldon.Songs and Bullets. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Alice Ardell.Gunsmoke Trail. 1938. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Monogram). Jack Randall, Louise Stanley, Al St. John.Phantom Ranger. 1938. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Mono gram). Tim McCoy, Suzanne Kaaren.Desert Patrol. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Rex Lease.Durango Valley Raiders. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Karl Hackett.Frontier Scout. 1938. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Fine Arts (Grand Natio nal). George Houston, Al St. John, Beth Marion.Lightning Carson Rides Again. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Six-Gun Trail. 1938. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Nora Lane, Ben Corbett.The Terror of Tiny Town. 1938. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Principal (Co lumbia). Billy Curtis, Little Billy Rhodes, Nita Krebs, Yvonne Moray.Trigger Pals. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Cinemart (Grand Natio nal). Art Jarrett, Lee Powell, Dorothy Faye, Al St. John.Six-Gun Rhythm. 1939. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Arcadia (Grand National). Tex Fletcher, Joan Barclay, Ralph Peters.Code of the Cactus. 1939. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Dorothy Short, Ben Corbett.Texas Wildcats. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Outlaw’s Paradise. 1939. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Straight Shooter. 1939. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Julie Sheldon, Ben Corbett.Fighting Renegade. 1939. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joyce Bryant, Ben Corbett.Trigger Fingers. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Jill Martin (Harley Wood), Ben Corbett.Fighting Mad. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. James Newill, Sally Blane, Benny Rubin, Dave O’Brien.Flaming Lead. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Eleanor Stewart, Dave O’Brien.The Sagebrush Family Trails West (Peter Stewart). 1940. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bobby Clark, Nina Guilbert, Earle Hodgins.Texas Renegades (Peter Stewart). 1940. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Nora Lane, Harry Harvey.Death Rides the Range. 1940. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Fay McKenzie, Raph Peters.Frontier Crusader (Peter Stewart). 1940. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Dorothy Short, Lou Fulton.Billy the Kid Outlawed (Peter Stewart). 1940. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Al St. John, Louise Currie.Gun Code (Peter Stewart). 1940. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Inna Gest, Lou Fulton.Marked Men (Sherman Scott). 1940. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Warren Hull, Isabel Jewell.Arizona Gang Busters (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Pauline Haddon, Lou Fulton.Billy the Kid in Texas (Peter Stewart). 1940. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Terry Walker, Al St. John.Riders of Black Mountain (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Pauline Haddon, Ralph Peters, Rex Lease.Billy the Kid’s Gun Justice (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Louise Currie, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Rides On. 1941. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Hillary Brooke, Al St. John.Billy the Kid’s Range War (Peter Stewart). 1941. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Joan Barclay, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio/Across the Border. 1941. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Roquell Verrin, Al St. John.Outlaws of the Rio Grande (Peter Stewart). 1941. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Virginia Carpenter, Ralph Peters.Billy the Kid’s Fighting Pals (Sherman Scott). 1941. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Phyllis Adair, Al St. John.The Lone Rider in Ghost Town. 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Alaine Brandes, Al St. John.Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (Sherman Scott). 1941. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Al St. John, Rex Lease.The Texas Marshal (Paul Stewart). 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Kay Leslie, Art Davis, Dave O’Brien.The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury. 1941. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Hillary Brooke, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Ambushed. 1941. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Maxine Leslie, Al St. John.Billy the Kid Wanted (Sherman Scott). 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Choti Sherwood, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Fights Back. 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Dorothy Short, Al St. John.Billy the Kid’s Round-Up (Sherman Scott). 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Joan Barclay, Al St. John.Texas Manhunt (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Julie Duncan, Lee Powell.The Lone Rider and the Bandit. 1942. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Vickie Lester.Raiders of the West (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Virginia Carroll, Lee Powell.Billy the Kid Trapped (Sherman Scott). 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Anne Jeffreys.The Lone Rider in Cheyenne. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Ella Neal.Rolling Down the Great Divide (Peter Stewart). 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Wanda McKay, Lee Powell.Billy the Kid’s Smoking Guns (Sherman Scott). 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Joan Barclay.Texas Justice. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Wanda McKay.Tumbleweed Trail (Peter Stewart). 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Marjorie Manners, Lee Powell.Law and Order (Sherman Scott). 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Wanda McKay.Prairie Pals (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Esther Estrella, Lee Powell.Border Roundup. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Hous ton, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Along the Sundown Trail (Peter Stewart). 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Julie Duncan, Lee Powell.Sheriff of Sage Valley (Sherman Scott). 1962. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Maxine Leslie.The Mysterious Rider. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Caroline Burke.Outlaws of Boulder Pass. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Overland Stagecoach. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Julie Duncan.The Kid Rides Again (Sherman Scott). 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Iris Meredith.Wild Horse Rustlers. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Lane Chandler, Linda Johnson.Fugitive of the Plains. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Maxine Leslie.Death Rides the Plains. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Nica Doret.Western Cyclone. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Wolves of the Range. 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Frances Gladwyn.Cattle Stampede. 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.The Renegade. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Lois Ranson.Blazing Frontier. 1943. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Raiders of Red Gap. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Myrna Dell.The Devil Riders. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Frontier Outlaws. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Thundering Gunslingers. 1944. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Valley of Vengeance. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Evelyn Finley.The Drifter. 1944. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Carol Parker.Fuzzy Settles Down. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Rustler’s Hideout. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Wild Horse Phantom. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Elaine Morley.Oath of Vengeance. 1944. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Mady Lawrence.His Brother’s Ghost. 1945. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John.Shadows of Death. 1945. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Donna Dax.Gangster’s Den. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Sydney Logan.Stagecoach Outlaws. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Border Badmen. 1945. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Lorraine Miller.Fighting Bill Carson. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Kay Hugues.Prairie Rustlers. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Evelyn Finley.Ligthning Raiders. 1946. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Mady Lawrence.Gentlemen with Guns. 1946. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Terrors on Horseback. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Ghost of Hidden Valley. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Jean Carlin.Prairie Badmen. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Overland Riders. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Outlaws of the Plains. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Western Pacific Agent. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Kent Taylor, Sheila Ryan, Robert Lowery.Three Desperate Men. 1951. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Preston Foster, Virginia Grey, Jim Davis.Skipalong Rosenbloom. 1951. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Eagle Lion Classics (UA). Max Rosenbloom, Jackie Coogan, Hillary Brooke.Outlaw Women (co-d.: Ron Ormond). 1952. 75 minutos. Cinecolor. Howco (Lippert). Marie Windsor, Richard Rober.Last of the Desperados. 1955. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. James Craig, Margia Dean, Jim Davis.The Wild Dakotas. 1956. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. Bill Williams, Coleen Gray, Jim Davis.The Three Outlaws. 1956. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. SuperScope. Asso ciated. Neville Brand, Alan Hale, Jr., Lillian Molieri, Jeanne Carmen.Frontier Gambler. 1956. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. John Bromfield, Coleen Gray, Jim Davis, Margia Dean.Wolf Dog. 1958. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RegalScope. Regal (Fox). Jim Davis, Allison Hayes.Flaming Frontier. 1958. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RegalScope. Regal (Fox). Bruce Bennett, Paisley Maxwell, Jim Davis. -
5 Leonardo da Vinci
[br]b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.[br]Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.[br]Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.[br]Principal Honours and Distinctions"Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.Further ReadingE.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.LRD / IMcN
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