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1 Noble, James
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1850s England[br]English inventor of the most generally used wool-combing machine.[br]For many years James Noble had been experimenting with combing machines and had taken out patents, but it was not until he was nearly 50 that he invented a really successful one. In 1853 he took out patents for the machine with which his name has become associated. His invention differed from all others in that the combing and clearing away of the noil was done by and through circles revolving in the same direction with practically the same surface speed. It consisted of a large horizontal revolving circle of vertical pins onto which the wool fibres were fed, and inside this were smaller circles of heated pins revolving at the same speed and which also caught the fibres. The combing occurred at the point where the circles separated. Further rollers drew the fibres off the pins of the other circles. The Noble comb became the machine mostly used for wool combing because of its mechanical simplicity, adaptability for varying classes of wool, superior output and economy, for it required little supervision.[br]Bibliography1853, British patent no. 890 (wool-combing machine). 1853, British patent no. 894 (wool-combing machine).Further ReadingL.J.Mills, 1927, The Textile Educator, London (for a full description of the Noble comb).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good short account of the principles of Noble's machine).RLH -
2 Thompson, A.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c. 1801 London, England[br]English patentee of one of the first significant machines for heckling flax.[br]The flax plant passes through many stages before its fibres are prepared for spinning. The woody pith surrounding the fibres is first softened by rotting or "retting", and is then removed by beating or "scutching". This leaves the fibres in a tight bunch, as they have grown to form the stem of the plant. Hackling or heckling, the next process, separates the fibres from each other. In hand processes this was done by pulling the fibres across a board of steel spikes, or sometimes a form of comb was pulled through them.In 1795 Sellers and Standage patented a method of heckling in which the flax was pulled by hand through stationary vertical teeth, but much more significant was the patent of 1801 of A.Thompson of London. The length of the fibres in a bundle of flax will vary considerably, therefore the distance between the point where the fibres pass out to be combed and the point where they can be put through another roller or gripper must be greater than the longest fibres, requiring some method of support in between. Thompson used a pair of chain gills for this purpose. These consist of rows of teeth mounted on a continuous chain or belt which moves around while the fibres pass through the teeth in the vertical position. The longer fibres are pulled through the teeth by the drawing rollers at the front, while the shorter ones are held steady by the teeth and presented to the rollers later; thus the teeth both support the fibres and heckle them at the same time. Following this process the fibres can be drawn and spun.[br]Bibliography1801, British patent no. 2,533 (flax-heckling machine).Further ReadingW.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (describes Thompson's machine, with an illustration).L.J.Mills (ed.), 1927, The Textile Educator, London (includes a description of later flax-heckling machines).RLH -
3 Martin, C.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c. 1861 Belgium[br]Belgian maker of one of the most popular types of tape condensers.[br]The object of condensing, the last process in carding, is to obtain a roving, or slightly twisted yarn which is the same thickness and weight throughout its length. In a tape condenser, the web of fibres from the last swift of the carder is divided into the requisite number of ribbons, which are supported on tapes before being rubbed into round rovings and wound onto bobbins ready for spinning.It was Martin who introduced in 1861 what became the most common type of condenser on the European continent. It divided the web by a combined tearing and cutting action between leather tapes and a pair of rigid rollers. As its division of the web was more minute than with earlier machines, its product was more suitable for fine yarns, so it was accepted rapidly in Belgium and France but much more slowly in England and the United States.[br]Further ReadingC.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (includes an account of this invention).L.J.Mills (ed.), 1928, The Textile Educator, Vol. III, London; and W.E.Morton, 1937, An Introduction to the Study of Spinning, London (both provide an explanation of the condenser system).RLH
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