Open Access

Einstein@Home search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S4 data

B. Abbott¹⁶, R. Abbott¹⁶, R. Adhikari¹⁶, P. Ajith², B. Allen^2,55, G. Allen³², R. Amin²⁰, D. P. Anderson⁴¹, S. B. Anderson¹⁶ et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)

S. B. Anderson¹⁶, W. G. Anderson⁵⁵, M. A. Arain⁴², M. Araya¹⁶, H. Armandula¹⁶, P. Armor⁵⁵, Y. Aso¹⁰, S. Aston⁴⁰, P. Aufmuth¹⁵, C. Aulbert², S. Babak¹, S. Ballmer¹⁶, H. Bantilan⁸, B. C. Barish¹⁶, C. Barker¹⁸, D. Barker¹⁸, B. Barr⁴³, P. Barriga⁵⁴, M. A. Barton⁴³, M. Bastarrika⁴³, K. Bayer¹⁷, J. Betzwieser¹⁶, P. T. Beyersdorf²⁸, I. A. Bilenko²³, G. Billingsley¹⁶, R. Biswas⁵⁵, E. Black¹⁶, K. Blackburn¹⁶, L. Blackburn¹⁷, D. Blair⁵⁴, B. Bland¹⁸, T. P. Bodiya¹⁷, L. Bogue¹⁹, R. Bork¹⁶, V. Boschi¹⁶, S. Bose⁵⁶, P. R. Brady⁵⁵, V. B. Braginsky²³, J. E. Brau⁴⁸, M. Brinkmann², A. Brooks¹⁶, D. A. Brown³³, G. Brunet¹⁷, A. Bullington³², A. Buonanno⁴⁴, O. Burmeister², R. L. Byer³², L. Cadonati⁴⁵, G. Cagnoli⁴³, J. B. Camp²⁴, J. Cannizzo²⁴, K. Cannon¹⁶, J. Cao¹⁷, L. Cardenas¹⁶, T. Casebolt³², G. Castaldi⁵¹, C. Cepeda¹⁶, E. Chalkley⁴³, P. Charlton⁹, S. Chatterji¹⁶, S. Chelkowski⁴⁰, Y. Chen^1,6, N. Christensen⁸, D. Clark³², J. Clark⁴³, T. Cokelaer⁷, R. Conte⁵⁰, D. Cook¹⁸, T. Corbitt¹⁷, D. Coyne¹⁶, J. D. E. Creighton⁵⁵, T. D. Creighton³⁶, A. Cumming⁴³, L. Cunningham⁴³, R. M. Cutler⁴⁰, J. Dalrymple³³, K. Danzmann^2,15, G. Davies⁷, D. DeBra³², J. Degallaix¹, M. Degree³², V. Dergachev⁴⁶, S. Desai³⁴, R. DeSalvo¹⁶, S. Dhurandhar¹⁴, M. Díaz³⁶, J. Dickson⁴, A. Dietz⁷, F. Donovan¹⁷, K. L. Dooley⁴², E. E. Doomes³¹, R. W. P. Drever⁵, I. Duke¹⁷, J.-C. Dumas⁵⁴, R. J. Dupuis¹⁶, J. G. Dwyer¹⁰, C. Echols¹⁶, A. Effler¹⁸, P. Ehrens¹⁶, G. Ely⁸, E. Espinoza¹⁶, T. Etzel¹⁶, T. Evans¹⁹, S. Fairhurst⁷, Y. Fan⁵⁴, D. Fazi¹⁶, H. Fehrmann², M. M. Fejer³², L. S. Finn³⁴, K. Flasch⁵⁵, N. Fotopoulos⁵⁵, A. Freise⁴⁰, R. Frey⁴⁸, T. Fricke^16,49, P. Fritschel¹⁷, V. V. Frolov¹⁹, M. Fyffe¹⁹, J. Garofoli¹⁸, I. Gholami¹, J. A. Giaime^19,20, S. Giampanis⁴⁹, K. D. Giardina¹⁹, K. Goda¹⁷, E. Goetz⁴⁶, L. Goggin¹⁶, G. González²⁰, S. Gossler², R. Gouaty²⁰, A. Grant⁴³, S. Gras⁵⁴, C. Gray¹⁸, M. Gray⁴, R. J. S. Greenhalgh²⁷, A. M. Gretarsson¹¹, F. Grimaldi¹⁷, R. Grosso³⁶, H. Grote², S. Grunewald¹, M. Guenther¹⁸, E. K. Gustafson¹⁶, R. Gustafson⁴⁶, B. Hage¹⁵, J. M. Hallam⁴⁰, D. Hammer⁵⁵, C. Hanna²⁰, J. Hanson¹⁹, J. Harms², G. Harry¹⁷, E. Harstad⁴⁸, K. Hayama³⁶, T. Hayler²⁷, J. Heefner¹⁶, I. S. Heng⁴³, M. Hennessy³², A. Heptonstall⁴³, M. Hewitson², S. Hild⁴⁰, E. Hirose³³, D. Hoak¹⁹, D. Hosken³⁹, J. Hough⁴³, S. H. Huttner⁴³, D. Ingram¹⁸, M. Ito⁴⁸, A. Ivanov¹⁶, B. Johnson¹⁸, W. W. Johnson²⁰, D. I. Jones⁵², G. Jones⁷, R. Jones⁴³, L. Ju⁵⁴, P. Kalmus¹⁰, V. Kalogera²⁶, S. Kamat¹⁰, J. Kanner⁴⁴, D. Kasprzyk⁴⁰, E. Katsavounidis¹⁷, K. Kawabe¹⁸, S. Kawamura²⁵, F. Kawazoe²⁵, W. Kells¹⁶, D. G. Keppel¹⁶, F. Ya. Khalili²³, R. Khan¹⁰, E. Khazanov¹³, C. Kim²⁶, P. King¹⁶, J. S. Kissel²⁰, S. Klimenko⁴², K. Kokeyama²⁵, V. Kondrashov¹⁶, R. K. Kopparapu³⁴, D. Kozak¹⁶, I. Kozhevatov¹³, B. Krishnan¹, P. Kwee¹⁵, P. K. Lam⁴, M. Landry¹⁸, M. M. Lang³⁴, B. Lantz³², A. Lazzarini¹⁶, M. Lei¹⁶, N. Leindecker³², V. Leonhardt²⁵, I. Leonor⁴⁸, K. Libbrecht¹⁶, H. Lin⁴², P. Lindquist¹⁶, N. A. Lockerbie⁵³, D. Lodhia⁴⁰, M. Lormand¹⁹, P. Lu³², M. Lubinski¹⁸, A. Lucianetti⁴², H. Lück^2,15, B. Machenschalk², M. MacInnis¹⁷, M. Mageswaran¹⁶, K. Mailand¹⁶, V. Mandic⁴⁷, S. Márka¹⁰, Z. Márka¹⁰, A. Markosyan³², J. Markowitz¹⁷, E. Maros¹⁶, I. Martin⁴³, R. M. Martin⁴², J. N. Marx¹⁶, K. Mason¹⁷, F. Matichard²⁰, L. Matone¹⁰, R. Matzner³⁵, N. Mavalvala¹⁷, R. McCarthy¹⁸, D. E. McClelland⁴, S. C. McGuire³¹, M. McHugh²², G. McIntyre¹⁶, G. McIvor³⁵, D. McKechan⁷, K. McKenzie⁴, T. Meier¹⁵, A. Melissinos⁴⁹, G. Mendell¹⁸, R. A. Mercer⁴², S. Meshkov¹⁶, C. J. Messenger², D. Meyers¹⁶, J. Miller^16,43, J. Minelli³⁴, S. Mitra¹⁴, V. P. Mitrofanov²³, G. Mitselmakher⁴², R. Mittleman¹⁷, O. Miyakawa¹⁶, B. Moe⁵⁵, S. Mohanty³⁶, G. Moreno¹⁸, K. Mossavi², C. MowLowry⁴, G. Mueller⁴², S. Mukherjee³⁶, H. Mukhopadhyay¹⁴, H. Müller-Ebhardt², J. Munch³⁹, P. Murray⁴³, E. Myers¹⁸, J. Myers¹⁸, T. Nash¹⁶, J. Nelson⁴³, G. Newton⁴³, A. Nishizawa²⁵, K. Numata²⁴, J. O’Dell²⁷, G. Ogin¹⁶, B. O’Reilly¹⁹, R. O’Shaughnessy³⁴, D. J. Ottaway¹⁷, R. S. Ottens⁴², H. Overmier¹⁹, B. J. Owen³⁴, Y. Pan⁴⁴, C. Pankow⁴², M. A. Papa^1,55, V. Parameshwaraiah¹⁸, P. Patel¹⁶, M. Pedraza¹⁶, S. Penn¹², A. Perreca⁴⁰, T. Petrie³⁴, I. M. Pinto⁵¹, M. Pitkin⁴³, H. J. Pletsch², M. V. Plissi⁴³, F. Postiglione⁵⁰, M. Principe⁵¹, R. Prix², V. Quetschke⁴², F. Raab¹⁸, D. S. Rabeling⁴, H. Radkins¹⁸, N. Rainer², M. Rakhmanov³⁰, M. Ramsunder³⁴, H. Rehbein², S. Reid⁴³, D. H. Reitze⁴², R. Riesen¹⁹, K. Riles⁴⁶, B. Rivera¹⁸, N. A. Robertson^16,43, C. Robinson⁷, E. L. Robinson⁴⁰, S. Roddy¹⁹, A. Rodriguez²⁰, A. M. Rogan⁵⁶, J. Rollins¹⁰, J. D. Romano³⁶, J. Romie¹⁹, R. Route³², S. Rowan⁴³, A. Rüdiger², L. Ruet¹⁷, P. Russell¹⁶, K. Ryan¹⁸, S. Sakata²⁵, M. Samidi¹⁶, L. Sancho de la Jordana³⁸, V. Sandberg¹⁸, V. Sannibale¹⁶, S. Saraf²⁹, P. Sarin¹⁷, B. S. Sathyaprakash⁷, S. Sato²⁵, P. R. Saulson³³, R. Savage¹⁸, P. Savov⁶, S. W. Schediwy⁵⁴, R. Schilling², R. Schnabel², R. Schofield⁴⁸, B. F. Schutz^1,7, P. Schwinberg¹⁸, S. M. Scott⁴, A. C. Searle⁴, B. Sears¹⁶, F. Seifert², D. Sellers¹⁹, A. S. Sengupta¹⁶, P. Shawhan⁴⁴, D. H. Shoemaker¹⁷, A. Sibley¹⁹, X. Siemens⁵⁵, D. Sigg¹⁸, S. Sinha³², A. M. Sintes^1,38, B. J. J. Slagmolen⁴, J. Slutsky²⁰, J. R. Smith³³, M. R. Smith¹⁶, N. D. Smith¹⁷, K. Somiya^1,2, B. Sorazu⁴³, L. C. Stein¹⁷, A. Stochino¹⁶, R. Stone³⁶, K. A. Strain⁴³, D. M. Strom⁴⁸, A. Stuver¹⁹, T. Z. Summerscales³, K.-X. Sun³², M. Sung²⁰, P. J. Sutton⁷, H. Takahashi¹, D. B. Tanner⁴², R. Taylor¹⁶, R. Taylor⁴³, J. Thacker¹⁹, K. A. Thorne³⁴, K. S. Thorne⁶, A. Thüring¹⁵, K. V. Tokmakov⁴³, C. Torres¹⁹, C. Torrie⁴³, G. Traylor¹⁹, M. Trias³⁸, W. Tyler¹⁶, D. Ugolini³⁷, J. Ulmen³², K. Urbanek³², H. Vahlbruch¹⁵, C. Van Den Broeck⁷, M. van der Sluys²⁶, S. Vass¹⁶, R. Vaulin⁵⁵, A. Vecchio⁴⁰, J. Veitch⁴⁰, P. Veitch³⁹, S. Vigeland⁸, A. Villar¹⁶, C. Vorvick¹⁸, S. P. Vyachanin²³, S. J. Waldman¹⁶, L. Wallace¹⁶, H. Ward⁴³, R. Ward¹⁶, M. Weinert², A. Weinstein¹⁶, R. Weiss¹⁷, S. Wen²⁰, K. Wette⁴, J. T. Whelan¹, D. M. Whitbeck³⁴, S. E. Whitcomb¹⁶, B. F. Whiting⁴², C. Wilkinson¹⁸, P. A. Willems¹⁶, H. R. Williams³⁴, L. Williams⁴², B. Willke^2,15, I. Wilmut²⁷, W. Winkler², C. C. Wipf¹⁷, A. G. Wiseman⁵⁵, G. Woan⁴³, R. Wooley¹⁹, J. Worden¹⁸, W. Wu⁴², I. Yakushin¹⁹, H. Yamamoto¹⁶, Z. Yan⁵⁴, S. Yoshida³⁰, M. Zanolin¹¹, J. Zhang⁴⁶, L. Zhang¹⁶, C. Zhao⁵⁴, N. Zotov²¹, M. Zucker¹⁷, and J. Zweizig¹⁶ (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)

¹Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
²Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
³Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104, USA
⁴Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
⁵California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁶Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁷Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
⁸Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
⁹Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
¹⁰Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
¹¹Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
¹²Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
¹³Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
¹⁴Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune—411007, India
¹⁵Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁶LIGO—California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹⁷LIGO—Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁸LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
¹⁹LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
²⁰Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
²¹Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
²²Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
²³Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
²⁴NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
²⁵National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
²⁷Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
²⁸San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
²⁹Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA
³⁰Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
³¹Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
³²Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
³³Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
³⁴The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
³⁵The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
³⁶The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
³⁷Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
³⁸Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
³⁹University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
⁴⁰University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
⁴¹University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴²University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁴³University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁴⁴University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
⁴⁵University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
⁴⁶University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁴⁷University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
⁴⁸University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁴⁹University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
⁵⁰University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
⁵¹University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
⁵²University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
⁵³University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁵⁴University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁵⁵University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
⁵⁶Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA

^*http://www.ligo.org/

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Phys. Rev. D 79, 022001 – Published 20 January, 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.79.022001

Abstract

A search for periodic gravitational waves, from sources such as isolated rapidly spinning neutron stars, was carried out using 510 h of data from the fourth LIGO science run (S4). The search was for quasimonochromatic waves in the frequency range from 50 to 1500 Hz, with a linear frequency drift $\dot{f}$ (measured at the solar system barycenter) in the range $- f / τ < \dot{f} < 0.1 f / τ$ , where the minimum spin-down age $τ$ was 1000 yr for signals below 300 Hz and 10 000 yr above 300 Hz. The main computational work of the search was distributed over approximately 100 000 computers volunteered by the general public. This large computing power allowed the use of a relatively long coherent integration time of 30 h, despite the large parameter space searched. No statistically significant signals were found. The sensitivity of the search is estimated, along with the fraction of parameter space that was vetoed because of contamination by instrumental artifacts. In the 100 to 200 Hz band, more than 90% of sources with dimensionless gravitational-wave strain amplitude greater than $10^{- 23}$ would have been detected.

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Einstein@Home search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S4 data

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Einstein@Home search for periodic gravitational waves in early S5 LIGO data

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