Batutuwan muhalli a Chile
 Batutuwan muhalli a Chile | |
|---|---|
| Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli |
| Ƙasa | Chile |
Batutuwan muhalli a Chile sun haɗa da sare daji, karancin ruwa, gurɓata, Rushewar ƙasa, Canjin yanayi, da asarar halittu iri-iri, musamman a cikin masana'antar "yanki na hadaya". [1] [2] Kasar Chile tsibiri ne mai kama da nahiyar wanda ya kai kilomita 4,200 (mil 2,600). Yana da iyaka da Tekun Pacific a yamma, Dutsen Andes a gabas, da kuma Yankin Atacama a arewa; gida ne ga yankuna masu muhimmanci da yawa, kamar su Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests, wani wuri mai zafi wanda ke da wadataccen tsire-tsire da Dabbobi, da kuma Tropical Andes, wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa arewacin Chile. Kasar tana da yanayi iri-iri saboda girman girmansa da matsanancin yanayin ƙasa ciki har da kankara, dutsen wuta, gandun daji, da hamada. Chile tana fuskantar batutuwan muhalli da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri ga mutanenta da tattalin arzikinta.
Batutuwan da suka fi muhimmanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai jerin batutuwan muhalli a cikin wannan ƙasa, tare da tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi da bambanci. Babban matsalolin muhalli na Chile shine sare daji da kuma lalacewar ƙasa.[3] Daga 1985 zuwa 1995, Chile ta rasa kusan hekta miliyan 2 na gandun daji na asali; an lalata waɗannan gandun daji don kwai, kuma sun ba da hanyar gonakin bishiyoyi na masana'antu. A sakamakon haka, Chile yanzu tana da mafi girman gonakin bishiyoyin radiata pine a duniya da wasu daga cikin gandun daji na duniya da ke cikin haɗari.[4] Chile tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.37/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 43 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.[5]
Rashin gurɓata iska daga masana'antu da sufuri da gurɓataccen ruwa suna da tsanani musamman a cikin birane. A cikin shekara ta 1996, hayakin carbon dioxide na masana'antu na Chile ya kai tan miliyan 48.7. Rashin ruwa da ba a kula da shi ba yana haifar da babbar barazana ga ingancin ruwa na kasar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, Chile tana da 928 cu km na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa. Duk da yake kashi 99% na mazaunan birane suna da ruwan sha mai tsabta, kashi 58% ne kawai na mazaunan karkara ke da wannan damar.[3] Chile tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen hakar ma'adinai na duniya kuma manyan hakar ma suna wakiltar muhimmiyar ƙalubalen muhalli. Rashin ruwa mai tsanani da ke shafar al'ummomin yankin da yawa ba kawai saboda ci gaba da fari ba amma ga matsalolin tsari a cikin manufofi da ke kula da amfani da albarkatun kasa, gami da gudanar da ruwa mai zaman kansa; wannan ya haifar da manyan zanga-zangar.[6]
Dabbobi masu barazana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari a Chile, gami da Kudancin Andean deer huemul, tundra peregrine falcon, Darwin's rhea (puna rhea), Chilean woodstar, ruddy-headed goose, da kore teku tururuwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 16 a cikin jimlar 91 an dauke su cikin haɗari. Daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 296, 18 suna fuskantar barazanar halaka. Har ila yau, an yi barazanar nau'ikan kifi huɗu na ruwa mai laushi da nau'ikan shuke-shuke 268.[3]
Daga 2013 zuwa akalla 2023 Chile ta kasance kasar a duniya tare da mafi yawan haɗarin whale da jiragen ruwa.[7] Yawancin waɗannan haɗari sun faru ne kusa da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a yankunan Antofagasta, Coquimbo da Valparaíso.[8]
Rashin gurɓata ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin albarkatun ruwa na Chile sun kasance masu zaman kansu saboda Dokar Ruwa ta 1981 wacce ta haifar da kasuwa bisa ga haƙƙin ruwa.[9] Ana bi da ruwa a matsayin dukiya inda da zarar mutum ko kamfani mai zaman kansa ya sami haƙƙin ruwa, za su iya zaɓar siyarwa ko hayar ruwa. Haɗakar da albarkatun ruwa a hannun wasu kamfanoni ya haifar da Chile da ke da mafi girman ruwa a Latin Amurka. Kusan kashi 90% na haƙƙin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki mallakar kamfanoni uku ne.[9] Akwai ƙarin haƙƙin ruwa da aka bayar fiye da akwai ajiya a wasu sassan ƙasar wanda ya haifar da bushewar albarkatun Ruwa na ƙasa. Wannan karancin ya shafi yankunan karkara da 'yan asalin Chile.
Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta yi tasiri sosai a kan muhalli na Chile. Ɗaya daga cikin yankuna musamman wanda ya yi tasiri sosai shine na hamadar Atacama, wanda ake la'akari da ɗayan yankuna mafi bushe a duniya.[10] Yin hakar ma'adinai yana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa, tare da yawancin wannan ruwa yana fitowa daga samar da ruwa. Dust daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya hanzarta narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a kan kan kankara na Andes.[10] Wannan yana sanya babban damuwa a kan ruwan da ya narke wanda ke cutar da al'ummomin karkara da ke zaune a Atacama. Wani tushen gurɓataccen abu ya samo asali ne daga hakar lithium a cikin wasu tabkuna a yankin. Wannan yana da damar shafar yawan jama'ar flamingo na gida saboda suna dogara da tabkuna a matsayin tushen shrimp [11]
Rashin gurɓata iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ya haifar da raguwar ingancin iska ta Chile. Santiago, babban birnin kasar Chile, yana kewaye da tsaunin tsaunuka wanda ke sauƙaƙe tarin gurɓataccen hayaki na motoci da haɓaka masana'antu a yankin. [12] Asibitoci sun cika cunkuso sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi numfashi a kowace shekara a Santiago . Gurbacewar iska a Santiago ya haifar da matsakaitan mutane 20,000 da ke fama da matsalar numfashi a duk shekara. [12] An saba amfani da itace don dumama a yankin kudancin Chile, wanda ke fama da yanayin sanyi, saboda ba shi da tsada fiye da gas ko wutar lantarki. [13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (21 July 2016). "OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Chile 2016". KeAi Publishing. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ↑ Ramos Miranda, Natalia A. (22 December 2020). "In Chile's polluted 'sacrifice zones,' residents seek respite in new constitution". KeAi Publishing. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- 1 2 3 "Chile-Environment". NationsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ↑ "Plantations in Chile trampling native forests". WWF. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J. (December 2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
- ↑ "Mining and logging companies 'leaving all of Chile without water'". The Guardian. 24 April 2013.
- ↑ Toro, Frederick; Buchan Susannah J.; Alvarado-Rybak, Mario; Bedriñana-Romano, Luis; Garcia-Cegarra, Ana M., Hucke-Gaete, Rodrigo; Olavarria, Carlos; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Galletti-Vernazzani, Barbara; Sielfeld, Walter; Aguayo, Anelio; Capella, Juan; Perez-Alvarez, Maria José; Viddi, Francisco; Caceres, Benjamin; Gibbons, Jorge; Acevedo, Jorge; Guzman, Hector; Guerra, Jorge; Saez, Ricardo; Seguel, Mauricio; Fishbach, M. Michael (2025). "High rate of ship strike to large whales off Chile: Historical data and proposed actions to reduce risk". Marine Policy: 106577.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "laderasurball". - 1 2 Larrain, Sara. "Conflicts over Water in Chile: Between Human Rights and Market Rules" (PDF). chilesustentable.net.
- 1 2 Zubkova, Marketa (10 October 2008). "Current Issues in the Chilean Mining Sector" (PDF). SDSG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
- ↑ Zubkova, Marketa (10 October 2008). "Current Issues in the Chilean Mining Sector" (PDF). SDSG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
- 1 2 Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A.; Alvarado, Sergio; Neary, Daniel G.; Valdes, Rodrigo; Valdes, Juan; Aguirre, Juan José; Mena, Marcelo; Pizarro, Roberto; Jofré, Paola; Vera, Mauricio; Olivares, Claudio (April 2014). "Respiratory disease and particulate air pollution in Santiago Chile: Contribution of erosion particles from fine sediments" (PDF). Environmental Pollution. 187: 202–205. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.028. PMID 24485904.
- ↑ Pino, Paulina; Iglesias, Verónica; Garreaud, René; Cortés, Sandra; Canals, Mauricio; Folch, Walter; Burgos, Soledad; Levy, Karen; P. Naeher, Luke; Steenland, Kyle (27 November 2015). "Chile Confronts its Environmental Health Future After 25 Years of Accelerated Growth". Annals of Global Health. 81 (3): 354–67. doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.06.008. PMC 4663014. PMID 26615070.