Ƙwallon Baseball

Ƙwallon Baseball

Iri	wasa sport with racquet/stick/club (en)
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Time of discovery or invention (en)	19 century
Hanyar isar da saƙo
Has part(s) (en)
inning (en)
home plate (en)
pitch (en)

Baseball wasa ne na bat-da-ball da aka bugawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa tara kowannensu, suna juyawa da kuma filin wasa. Wasan yana faruwa a cikin wasanni da yawa, tare da kowane wasa yana farawa lokacin da mai kunnawa a cikin Ƙungiyar filin wasa, wanda ake kira pitcher, ya jefa kwallon da mai kunna a cikin ƙungiyar bat, wanda ake kiranta bat, yayi ƙoƙari ya buga da bat. Manufar ƙungiyar da ke ci gaba (ƙungiyar da ke buga) ita ce ta buga kwallon a cikin filin wasa, nesa da 'yan wasan ɗayan, ta ba wa' yan wasan damar gudanar da tushe, ta sa su ci gaba da sauka a kusa da tushe gudu don zira kwallaye abin da ake kira "runs". Manufar ƙungiyar masu tsaron gida (ƙungiyar filin wasa) ita ce hana masu bugawa daga zama masu gudu, da kuma hana masu gudu ci gaba a kusa da tushe. Ana samun tseren lokacin da mai tsere ya ci gaba da bin doka a kusa da tushe don ya taɓa farantin gida (wurin da mai kunnawa ya fara a matsayin mai kunnawa).

Manufar farko ta ƙungiyar batting ita ce mai kunnawa ya kai tushe na farko lafiya; wannan yana faruwa ko dai lokacin da mai kunnawa ke buga kwallon kuma ya kai tushi na farko kafin abokin hamayyarsa ya dawo da kwallon kuma ya taɓa tushe, ko kuma lokacin da mai jefa kwallo ya ci gaba da jefa kwallon daga isa ga mai kunnawa. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin ƙungiyar batting da suka kai tushe na farko ba tare da an kira su "fita" ba na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba a matsayin mai gudu, ko dai nan da nan ko a lokacin da abokan aiki ke buga. Kungiyar filin wasa tana ƙoƙarin hana gudu ta hanyar amfani da kwallon don samun masu bugawa ko masu gudu "fita", wanda ke tilasta musu fita daga filin wasa. Mai jefa kwallo na iya fitar da mai jefa kwallo ta hanyar jefa kwallo uku wanda ke haifar da bugawa, yayin da masu jefa kwallo zasu iya fitar da masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kamawa kwallon da aka buga kafin ya taɓa ƙasa, kuma zasu iya fitarwa ta hanyar sanya su tare da kwallon yayin da mai gudu bai taɓa tushe ba.

Kungiyoyin da ke adawa suna sauyawa baya da gaba tsakanin bugawa da filin wasa; lokacin da ƙungiyar ke bugawa ke bugawa ya wuce da zarar ƙungiyar da ke bugawa ta yi rikodin uku. Sauye-sauye guda ɗaya ga kowace ƙungiya ya zama inning. Wasan yawanci yana kunshe da tara, kuma ƙungiyar da ke da mafi yawan gudu a ƙarshen wasan ta ci nasara. Yawancin wasannin sun ƙare bayan wasan tara, amma idan an daura maki a wannan lokacin, ana buga karin wasanni. Baseball ba shi da agogon wasa, kodayake wasu gasa suna da ka'idojin Saurin wasa kamar agogon filin wasa don taƙaita lokacin wasan.

Wasan baseball ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin wasannin jemage-da-ball da aka riga aka fara bugawa a Ingila a tsakiyar karni na 18. Baƙi ne suka kawo wannan wasan zuwa Arewacin Amurka, inda sigar zamani ta bunƙasa . Asalin Baseball na Amurka, da kuma sunanta a matsayin tushen tserewa a lokutan da suka yi wahala a tarihin Amurka kamar Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka da Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, sun sa wasan ya sami suna na "Ayyukan Yara na Amurka"; tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an amince da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin wasan ƙasa na Amurka, kodayake a zamanin yau ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda bai shahara da sauran wasanni ba, kamar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka . Baya ga Arewacin Amurka, wasan baseball ya bazu a sauran sassan Amurka da Asiya-Pacific a ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wasa mafi shahara a sassan Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, Caribbean, da Gabashin Asiya, musamman a Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, da Taiwan .

A cikin Major League Baseball (MLB), matakin mafi girma na ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka da Kanada, ƙungiyoyi sun kasu kashi biyu zuwa National League (NL) da American League (AL), kowannensu yana da ƙungiyoyi uku: Gabas, Yamma, da Tsakiya. Gasar MLB ta ƙayyade ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ƙare a cikin World Series. Babban matakin wasa ya rabu a Japan tsakanin Kungiyoyin Tsakiya da Pacific da kuma a Cuba tsakanin Kungiyoyi na Yamma da Kungiyoyin Gabas. World Baseball Classic, wanda World Basebol Softball Confederation ta shirya, babbar gasa ce ta kasa da kasa ta wasanni kuma tana jan hankalin manyan kungiyoyin kasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An buga wasan Baseball a wasannin Olympics daga 1992 zuwa 2008, kuma an sake dawo da shi sau ɗaya a cikin 2020.

Dokoki da wasan kwaikwayo

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Hoton filin wasan baseball. Diamond na iya nufin yankin murabba'in da aka ayyana ta tushe huɗu ko kuma ga dukan filin wasa. Girman da aka bayar shine don wasanni na sana'a da na sana'o'i. Yara galibi suna wasa a ƙananan filayen.

2013 Wasan zakarun kwallon kafa na duniya tsakanin Jamhuriyar Dominica da Puerto Rico, Maris 20, 2013

Ana buga wasan baseball tsakanin kungiyoyi biyu, kowannensu ya kunshi 'yan wasa tara, waɗanda ke juyawa suna wasa (bugawa da baserunning) da kuma karewa (pitching da fielding). Sauye-sauye guda biyu, ɗaya a bat kuma ɗaya a filin, ta kowace ƙungiya ta zama inning. Wasan ya kunshi innings tara (innings bakwai a matakin makarantar sakandare da kuma a cikin doubleheaders a kwaleji da Minor League Baseball; da kuma innings shida a matakin Little League). Kungiyar daya - al'ada ƙungiyar baƙi - ƙwallon ƙafa a saman, ko rabi na farko, na kowane inning. Sauran ƙungiyar - al'ada ƙungiyar gida - ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasa, ko rabi na biyu, na kowane inning.

Manufar wasan ita ce samun maki da yawa (runs) fiye da sauran tawagar. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin tawagar a bat suna ƙoƙari su ci kwallaye ta hanyar taɓa dukkan tushe huɗu, don haka, an saita su a kusurwoyi na lu'u-lu'u na baseball. Mai kunnawa yana buga kwallo a gida kuma dole ne ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai ga tushe lafiya kafin ya ci gaba, a kan lokaci, daga tushe na farko, zuwa tushe na biyu, tushe na uku, da kuma komawa gida don zira kwallaye. Kungiyar da ke cikin filin tana ƙoƙari ta hana gudu daga fita kwallaye ta hanyar yin rikodin, wanda ke cire 'yan wasan adawa daga aikin kai farmaki har sai da zagaye na gaba a bat ya sake dawowa. Lokacin da aka rubuta fitarwa uku, ƙungiyoyi suna canza matsayi don rabin-inning na gaba. Idan an daura wasan bayan tara, ana buga karin wasanni don warware gasar. Yawancin wasannin masu son, musamman wadanda ba a tsara su ba, sun haɗa da lambobi daban-daban na 'yan wasa da innings.

Ana buga wasan ne a filin da iyakokinsa na farko, layin da ba daidai ba, ya kai gaba daga farantin gida a kusurwoyi 45. Yankin digiri 90 a cikin layin da ba daidai ba ana kiransa yankin da ya dace; yankin digiri 270 a waje da su yanki ne da ba daidai bane. Sashe na filin da ke kewaye da tushe da yadudduka da yawa bayan su shine filin ciki; yankin da ke bayan filin ciki shine filin waje. A tsakiyar filin wasa akwai dutsen mai tsalle-tsalle, tare da farantin roba na rectangular (rubber) a tsakiya. Yankin waje na filin wasa yawanci ana iyakance shi da shinge mai ɗagawa, wanda zai iya zama na kowane abu da tsawo. Yankin da ya dace tsakanin farantin gida da iyakar filin wasa shine filin wasan baseball, kodayake manyan abubuwan da suka faru na iya faruwa a cikin yankin da ba daidai ba, kuma.

Akwai kayan aiki guda uku na baseball: kwallon, bat, da safofin hannu ko mitt:

• Kwallon baseball yana da girman hannayen mutum, kusan inci 9 (23 centimeters) a kewayon. Yana da cibiyar roba ko cork, rauni a cikin yarn kuma an rufe shi da fararen fatar saniya, tare da jan sutura.
• Bat kayan aiki ne na bugawa, wanda aka yi da itace guda ɗaya. Sauran kayan yanzu ana amfani da su don wasannin da ba na sana'a ba. Yana da tsananin zagaye mai wuya, kimanin inci 2.5 (6.4 centimeters) a diamita a ƙarshen bugawa, yana raguwa zuwa ƙanƙanin riƙewa kuma yana ƙare a cikin maɓallin. Bats da manya ke amfani da su yawanci suna kusa da inci 34 (86 centimeters) tsawo, kuma ba su wuce inci 42 (110 centimeters) ba.
• Glove ko mitt kayan aiki ne na filin wasa, wanda aka yi da fata tare da sutura tsakanin yatsunsu. A matsayin taimako wajen kamawa da riƙewa a kan kwallon, yana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban don biyan takamaiman buƙatun matsayi daban-daban.

Har ila yau, kwalkwali masu kariya kayan aiki ne na yau da kullun ga duk masu bugawa.

Matsayi na filin wasa

Diagram yana nuna daidaitattun tsari na matsayi

A farkon kowane rabin-inning, 'yan wasa tara na ƙungiyar filin wasa suna shirya kansu a filin wasa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, mai jefa kwallo, yana tsaye a kan tudun mai jefa kwalliya. Mai jefa kwallo yana fara isar da kwallo tare da ƙafa ɗaya a kan roba, yana tura shi don samun sauri yayin jefawa zuwa farantin gida. Wani dan wasan kwallon kafa, mai kamawa, yana kwance a gefen gida, yana fuskantar mai jefa kwallo. Sauran ƙungiyar filin wasa suna fuskantar farantin gida, yawanci an shirya su a matsayin infielders huɗu - waɗanda suka kafa tare ko a cikin 'yan yadudduka a waje da layin tunanin (tushen tushe) tsakanin na farko, na biyu, da na uku - da kuma uku outfielders. A cikin daidaitattun tsari, akwai dan wasan farko da aka sanya matakai da yawa a gefen hagu na tushe na farko, dan wasa na biyu a hannun dama na tushe ta biyu, ɗan gajeren lokaci a gefen dama na tushi na biyu, da kuma dan wasa na uku a hannun dama. Matsayi na asali na waje shine dan wasan hagu, dan wasan tsakiya, da Dan wasan dama. Baya ga mai kamawa, ana buƙatar duk masu tsere su kasance a cikin yankin da ya dace lokacin da aka ba da filin. Wani mai tsaka-tsaki ya kafa a bayan mai kamawa. Sauran masu yanke hukunci za a rarraba a filin wasa.

Cutar

David Ortiz, mai bugawa, yana jiran filin wasa, tare da mai kamawa da umpire

Wasan yana farawa tare da memba na ƙungiyar batting, mai bugawa, yana tsaye a cikin kowanne daga cikin akwatunan batting biyu kusa da farantin gida, yana riƙe da bat. Mai kunnawa yana jiran mai jefa kwallo ya jefa filin wasa (ƙwallon) zuwa farantin gida, kuma yana ƙoƙari ya buga kwallon tare da bat. Mai kamawa yana kama filayen da mai kunnawa bai buga ba - sakamakon ko dai ya zaɓi kada ya yi juyawa ko ya kasa haɗi - kuma ya mayar da su ga mai jefawa. Mai buga kwallon a cikin filin wasa dole ne ya sauke bat kuma ya fara gudu zuwa tushe na farko, a wannan lokacin ana kiran mai kunnawa a matsayin mai gudu (ko, har sai wasan ya ƙare, mai gudu).

Mai tsere wanda ya kai tushe na farko ba tare da an fitar da shi ba an ce yana da aminci kuma yana kan tushe. Mai tsere-tsere na iya zaɓar ya kasance a tushe na farko ko ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na biyu ko ma fiye - duk yadda mai kunnawa ya yi imanin za a iya isa lafiya. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe duk da yadda masu kunnawa suka yi ya yi ya rubuta bugawa. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe na farko lafiya a kan bugawa ana ba shi kyauta tare da guda ɗaya. Idan mai kunnawa ya kai ga tushe na biyu lafiya a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na bugawa, sau biyu ne; tushe na uku, sau uku. Idan an buga kwallon a cikin iska a cikin layin da ba daidai ba a kan dukkan filin wasa (da shinge na waje, idan akwai daya), ko kuma idan mai tsere-tsere ya kewaye dukkan tushe, yana da gudu a gida: mai tsere da duk wani mai tsere a kan tushe na iya zagaya da tushe, kowannensu yana zira kwallaye. Wannan shine sakamakon da ya fi dacewa ga mai bugawa. Sakamakon karshe kuma mafi kyau wanda zai yiwu ga mai bugawa zai zama ya buga gudu a gida yayin da duk tushe uku suka shagaltar ko "an ɗora su", don haka ya zira kwallaye hudu a kan bugawa guda ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan babban slam. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe saboda Kuskuren filin ba a ba shi kyauta ba - a maimakon haka, ana tuhumar mai kunnawa da kuskure.

Mai gudu yana zamewa cikin farantin gida kuma yana zira kwallaye.

Duk wani mai gudu da ya riga ya kasance a tushe na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba a kan ƙwallon da aka buga wanda ya sauka, ko tuntuɓar ƙasa, a cikin yanki mai kyau, kafin ko bayan ƙwallon ya sauka. Mai gudu a kan tushe na farko dole ne ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba idan kwallon ya sauka a wasa, kamar yadda mai gudu ɗaya kawai zai iya zama tushe a kowane lokaci; haka ya shafi wasu masu gudu idan suna kan tushe wanda aka tilasta wa abokin aiki ci gaba. Idan kwallon da aka buga a cikin wasa ya yi kuskure kafin ya wuce cikin filin, ya zama matattu kuma duk wani mai gudu dole ne ya koma tushe da suka mamaye lokacin da wasan ya fara. Idan an buga kwallon a cikin iska kuma an kama shi kafin ya sauka, mai kunnawa ya tashi kuma duk wani mai gudu a kan tushe na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba ne kawai idan sun buga (sadu da tushe da suka mamaye lokacin da wasan ya fara, kamar yadda ko bayan an kama kwallon). Masu tsere na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba yayin da mai jefa kwallo ke cikin aiwatar da isar da kwallon zuwa farantin gida; ƙoƙari mai nasara shine tushe da aka sace.

Tsaro

Yankin yajin aiki yana ƙayyade sakamakon mafi yawan filayen, kuma ya bambanta da tsawon tsaye ga kowane mai kunnawa.

Filin da ba a buga shi a filin wasa ba ana kiransa ko dai yajin aiki ko kwallon. Wani mai bugawa wanda aka rubuta bugawa uku ya buga. Mai buga kwallo wanda aka rubuta kwallaye huɗu ana ba shi tushe a kan kwallaye ko tafiya, ci gaba kyauta zuwa tushe na farko. (Mai bugawa na iya ci gaba da yardar rai zuwa tushe na farko idan jikin mai bugawa ko kayan aiki ya buga shi ta filin wasa a waje da yankin bugawa, idan dai mai bugawa bai yi juyawa ba kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya guje wa bugawa.) Muhimmanci ga ƙayyade kwallaye da bugawa shine hukuncin umpire game da ko filin ya wuce ta cikin yankin bugawa. Duk wani filin da bai wuce ta cikin yankin yajin aiki ba ana kiransa kwallon, sai dai idan mai kunnawa ya yi juyawa kuma ya yi kuskure a filin wasa, ko kuma ya buga filin wasa a cikin yankin da ba daidai ba; wani banbanci gabaɗaya yana faruwa idan an buga kwallon a cikin yankin ba daidai ba lokacin da mai kunnawa tuni ya sami bugawa biyu, a wannan yanayin ba a kira kwallon ko bugawa ba.

Wani ɗan gajeren lokaci yana ƙoƙari ya fitar da mai gudu wanda ke zamewa da farko, yana ƙoƙarin isa tushe na biyu.

Yayinda ƙungiyar da ke kan bat ɗin ke ƙoƙarin zira kwallaye, ƙungiyar da ke cikin filin tana ƙoƙarin yin rikodin fitarwa. Baya ga strikeout da flyout, hanyoyin da za a iya fitar da memba na ƙungiyar batting sun haɗa da ƙasa, tilasta fita, da tag out. Wadannan suna faruwa ko dai lokacin da aka tilasta wa mai gudu ya ci gaba zuwa tushe, kuma dan wasan da ke da kwallon ya kai wannan tushe kafin mai gudu ya yi, ko kuma kwallon ya taɓa mai gudu, wanda aka riƙe a hannun mai tsere, yayin da ba a kan tushe ba. (An tilasta mai tsere ya ci gaba zuwa tushe na farko, kuma duk wani mai tsere dole ne ya ci gaba da tushe na gaba idan an tilasta wa abokin aiki ya ci gaba har zuwa tushe.) Yana yiwuwa a yi rikodin fitarwa biyu a yayin wannan wasa. Ana kiran wannan wasa biyu. Sauye-sauye uku a wasa daya, wasa uku, yana yiwuwa, kodayake yana da wuya. 'Yan wasan da aka fitar ko suka yi ritaya dole ne su bar filin, su koma filin wasa ko benci na tawagar su. Mai gudu na iya zama a kan tushe lokacin da aka rubuta na uku a kan wani dan wasa a cikin tawagar. Masu tsere ba sa amfana da tawagar a zagaye na gaba a bat yayin da kowane rabin-inning ya fara da tushe babu komai.

Umurnin bugawa da maye gurbin

Mai jefa kwallo yana ba da kwallon bayan an cire shi daga wasan yayin taron tudu.

Wani mai kunnawa ya cika lokacin da mai kunnawa ta kai tushe, ya buga gida, ya fitar, ko ya buga kwallon da ya haifar da na uku na tawagar, koda kuwa an rubuta shi a kan abokin aiki. A lokuta masu wuya, mai kunnawa na iya kasancewa a farantin lokacin da, ba tare da mai kunnawa ya buga kwallon ba, an rubuta na uku a kan abokin aiki - alal misali, mai gudu da aka kama yana sata (an fitar da shi yana ƙoƙarin sata tushe). Mai kunnawa tare da irin wannan bayyanar farantin da ba cikakke ba ya fara daga wasan kwaikwayo na gaba na tawagar; duk wani kwallaye ko bugawa da aka rubuta a kan mai kunnawa a wasan da ya gabata an share shi.

Mai gudu na iya kewaye da tushe sau ɗaya kawai a kowane farantin kuma don haka zai iya zira kwallaye a kalla daya a kowane juyawa. Da zarar mai kunnawa ya kammala bayyanar farantin, wannan mai kunnawa bazai sake bugawa ba har sai sauran mambobi takwas na ƙungiyar mai kunnawa duk sun ɗauki lokacin su a bugawa a cikin tsari. An saita tsari na batting kafin wasan ya fara, kuma bazai canza shi ba sai dai don maye gurbin. Da zarar an cire mai kunnawa don maye gurbin, wannan mai kunnawa bazai sake shiga wasan ba. Wasannin yara galibi suna da dokoki masu sauƙi, kamar dokokin Little League, wanda ke ba da damar maye gurbin 'yan wasa a cikin wannan wasan.

Idan dokar da aka zaba (DH) tana aiki, kowace kungiya tana da dan wasa na goma wanda kawai ke da alhakin bugawa (da gudu). DH yana ɗaukar matsayin wani mai kunnawa - kusan koyaushe mai jefa kwallo - a cikin tsari na batting, amma ba filin ba. Don haka, koda tare da DH, kowace kungiya har yanzu tana da tsari na batting na 'yan wasa tara da kuma tsarin filin wasa na' yan wasa tara.

Ma'aikata

'Yan wasa

Adadin 'yan wasa a cikin jerin sunayen baseball, ko tawagar, ya bambanta da ƙungiyar da kuma matakin wasan da aka shirya. Kungiyar Major League Baseball (MLB) tana da jerin sunayen 'yan wasa 26 tare da takamaiman matsayi. Jerin lissafi na al'ada yana dauke da 'yan wasa masu zuwa:

• 'Yan wasa na matsayi takwas: mai kamawa, 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa huɗu, da' 'Yan wasan waje uku - dukansu suna wasa akai-akai
• masu farawa guda biyar waɗanda suka zama jefawa na tawagar ko juyawa na farawa
• Masu fafatawa bakwai, ciki har da daya kusa, wadanda suka samar da bullpen na tawagar (wanda ake kira da yankin da ke waje da filin inda masu fafatawa ke dumi)
• Ɗaya daga cikin madadin, ko maye gurbin, mai kamawa
• Masu ba da tallafi guda biyar da masu ba da tallafin waje, ko 'yan wasan da za su iya taka leda a matsayi da yawa, waɗanda aka sani da' yan wasan amfani.

Yawancin wasannin baseball a duk duniya suna da dokar DH, gami da MLB, Japan's Pacific League, da kuma wasannin kwararru na Caribbean, tare da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan wasa na Amurka. Kungiyar ta tsakiya a Japan ba ta da doka kuma ƙananan kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kungiyoyin National League ba a buƙatar su sami DH. A cikin wasannin da ke amfani da dokar mai bugawa da aka tsara, ƙungiyar da aka saba amfani da ita tana da 'yan wasa tara (ciki har da DH), masu farawa biyar, masu sauyawa bakwai ko takwas, mai ɗaukar madadin, da wasu' yan wasa biyu ko uku.

Manajoji da masu horar da su

manajan, ko ko kuma kocin, yana kula da manyan yanke shawara na dabarun kungiyar, kamar kafa juyawa na farawa, saita layi, ko tsari na batting, kafin kowane wasa, da kuma yin maye gurbin a lokacin wasanni - musamman, kawo masu ba da taimako. Manajoji yawanci suna taimakawa da masu horar da biyu ko fiye; suna iya samun alhakin musamman, kamar aiki tare da 'yan wasa a kan bugawa, filin wasa, jefawa, ko ƙarfi da yanayin. A mafi yawan matakan da aka shirya, masu horar da 'yan wasa biyu suna tsaye a filin wasa lokacin da tawagar ke kan bat: kocin farko da kocin na uku, waɗanda ke zaune a akwatunan masu horarwar da aka zaba, a waje da layin laifi. Wadannan masu horar da 'yan wasa suna taimakawa wajen jagorantar masu tsere, lokacin da kwallon ke wasa, da kuma ba da siginar dabarun daga manajan zuwa masu bugawa da masu gudu, yayin hutu a wasa. Ya bambanta da sauran wasanni da yawa na ƙungiyoyi, manajojin ƙwallon ƙafa da masu horar da su gabaɗaya suna sa tufafin ƙungiyarsu; masu horarwar dole ne su kasance a cikin tufafi don a ba su izinin shiga filin don yin magana da 'yan wasa yayin wasan.

Masu shari'a

Duk wani wasan baseball ya haɗa da ɗaya ko fiye da masu yanke hukunci, waɗanda ke yanke hukunci akan sakamakon kowane wasa. Aƙalla, umpire ɗaya zai tsaya a bayan mai kamawa, don samun kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da yankin yajin aiki, da kuma kiran ƙwallon ƙafa da bugawa. Ana iya sanya ƙarin masu yanke hukunci kusa da sauran tushe, don haka ya sauƙaƙa yin hukunci game da wasanni kamar ƙoƙarin fitar da karfi da tag outs. A cikin MLB, ana amfani da masu yanke hukunci huɗu don kowane wasa, ɗaya kusa da kowane tushe. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, ana amfani da masu yanke hukunci guda shida: ɗaya a kowane tushe da biyu a filin wasa tare da layin laifi.

Dabaru

Yawancin yanke shawara na dabarun kafin wasan da a cikin wasan baseball suna kewaye da ainihin gaskiyar: gabaɗaya, masu buga kwallo na hannun dama suna samun nasara a kan masu jefa kwallo na hagu kuma, har ma da girma, masu buga wasan hagu suna samun nasara sosai a kan masu buga kwalolo na hannun dama. Kocin da ke da masu bugawa da dama a hannun hagu a cikin layi na yau da kullun, wanda ya san ƙungiyar za ta fuskanci mai farawa na hagu, na iya amsawa ta hanyar farawa ɗaya ko fiye da masu goyon bayan hannun dama a cikin jerin sunayen ƙungiyar. A lokacin wasan da aka yi a ƙarshen wasan, yayin da aka kawo masu ba da agaji da masu buga kwallo, manajojin adawa galibi za su koma baya da gaba suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wasannin da suka dace tare da maye gurbin su. Manajan ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana ƙoƙarin shirya wasannin mai kunnawa da hannu ɗaya da kuma manajan ƙungiyar masu buga ƙwallon ƙwallon da ke ƙoƙarin shirya wasannun hannu ɗaya. Tare da ƙungiyar da ke da jagora a ƙarshen innings, manajan na iya cire mai kunnawa na farawa - musamman wanda ba zai iya sake dawowa ba - don dan wasan da ya fi ƙwarewa (wanda aka sani da maye gurbin mai karewa).

Dabaru

Fitarwa da filin wasa

Wani dan wasa na farko yana karɓar jefawa, yayin da mai gudu ya koma tushe na farko.

Shawarwarin da ke gaba da kusan kowane wasa a wasan baseball ya haɗa da zaɓin filin wasa. Ta hanyar kamawa sannan kuma saki kwallon kwando a wata hanya, kuma ta hanyar jefa shi a wani gudun, masu jefa kwallo na iya sa kwallon kwando ya karya zuwa kowane gefe, ko ƙasa, yayin da yake kusantar mai jefa kwallo, don haka samar da filayen daban-daban da za a iya zaɓar. Daga cikin sakamakon nau'ikan filayen da za a iya jefawa, nau'ikan asali guda huɗu sune fastball, canji (ko filin da ba shi da sauri), da kuma kwallaye biyu masu fashewa - curveball da slider. Masu jefa kwallo suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na filayen da suke da ƙwarewa wajen jefawa. A al'ada, kafin kowane filin, mai kamawa yana nuna wa mai jefawa wane irin filin da zai jefa, da kuma wurin da yake tsaye ko a kwance. Idan akwai rashin jituwa game da zaɓin, mai jefa kwallo na iya girgiza alamar kuma mai kamawa zai kira wani filin daban.

Tare da mai gudu a kan tushe kuma yana jagorantar, mai jefa kwallo na iya ƙoƙarin yin amfani da shi, saurin jefawa ga mai kunnawa da ke rufe tushe don ci gaba da jagorantar mai gudu a cikin tantancewa ko, mafi kyau, yin tag. Duk da haka, yunkurin Pickoff yana ƙarƙashin ka'idojin da ke ƙuntata motsi na mai jefa kwallo kafin da kuma lokacin yunkurin pickoff. Rashin bin kowane ɗayan waɗannan dokoki na iya haifar da umpire yana kiran balk a kan mai jefa kwallo, wanda ke ba da izinin duk wani mai gudu a kan tushe don ci gaba da tushe ɗaya ba tare da hukunci ba. Idan ana sa ran yunkurin sata, mai kamawa na iya kiran pitchout, kwallon da aka jefa da gangan daga farantin, yana bawa mai kamawa damar kama shi yayin da yake tsaye kuma ya jefa da sauri zuwa tushe. Da yake fuskantar mai bugawa tare da karfi mai karfi don bugawa a gefe ɗaya na filin, ƙungiyar filin wasa na iya amfani da canji, tare da mafi yawan ko duk masu bugawa suna motsawa zuwa hagu ko dama na matsayinsu na yau da kullun. Tare da mai gudu a kan tushe na uku, infielders na iya yin wasa, suna motsawa kusa da farantin gida don inganta yiwuwar jefa mai gudu a kwallon ƙasa, kodayake mai buga ƙasa mai saurin gaske yana iya ɗaukar ta cikin filin da aka zana.

Bugawa da baserunning

Dan wasan bat-linkid="763" href="./Boston_Red_Sox" id="mwAc8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox Mookie Betts ya buga filin wasa ta hanyar juyawa.

Yawancin dabarun kai farmaki sun shiga wasa tare da mai gudu a tushe na farko, gami da mahimmin zaɓi na ko ƙoƙarin sata na tushe na biyu. Ana amfani da bugawa da gudu a wasu lokuta, tare da ƙwararren mai bugawa, mai gudu ya tashi tare da filin wasa, yana jawo ɗan gajeren lokaci ko ɗan wasa na biyu zuwa tushe na biyu, yana haifar da rata a cikin filin don mai bugawa ya kori kwallon. Bunt na sadaukarwa, yana kira ga mai bugawa ya mai da hankali kan yin hulɗa mai laushi tare da kwallon, don haka ya juya ɗan gajeren nesa a cikin filin, yana bawa mai gudu damar ci gaba zuwa matsayi na zira kwallaye yayin da aka fitar da mai bugawa da farko. Mai bugawa, musamman wanda yake mai gudu da sauri, na iya ƙoƙarin bugawa. Bunt na sadaukarwa da aka yi amfani da shi tare da mai gudu a kan tushe na uku, da nufin kawo wannan mai gudu gida, an san shi da wasan matsawa. Tare da mai gudu a kan na uku kuma kasa da biyu, mai kunnawa na iya mai da hankali kan buga kwallon tashi wanda, koda an kama shi, zai kasance mai zurfi don ba da damar mai gudu ya buga kuma ya zira kwallaye - mai kunnawa mai nasara, a wannan yanayin, yana samun daraja don sadaukarwa. Don kara damar ci gaba da mai bugawa zuwa tushe na farko ta hanyar tafiya, manajan wani lokacin zai nuna alamar mai bugawa wanda ke gaba a cikin ƙidaya (watau, yana da ƙwallo fiye da bugawa) don Ɗauki, ko kuma ba a juyawa a, filin na gaba ba. Sakamakon da mai kunnawa zai iya samu na isa tushe (ta hanyar tafiya) ya wuce rashin amfani idan filin wasa na gaba ya zama yajin aiki.

Tarihi

Yarjejeniya ta taɓa cewa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau ci gaba ne na Arewacin Amurka daga tsofaffin 'yan wasan, sananne ne tsakanin yara a Biritaniya da Ireland. Masanin tarihin kwallon kwando na Amurka David Block ya nuna cewa wasan ya samo asali ne a Ingila; kwanan nan da aka gano shaidar tarihi ta goyi bayan wannan matsayi. A cewar Block da masanin tarihin MLB John Thorn, wannan sigar baseball ta farko na iya haɗawa da buga kwallon da hannu, yana mai da shi kamar punchball na yau. Block ya yi jayayya cewa rounders da baseball na farko sun kasance ainihin bambance-bambance na yanki na juna, kuma cewa wasan da ya fi dacewa kai tsaye shine wasannin Ingilishi na stoolball da "tut-ball". Magana ta farko da aka sani game da baseball tana cikin littafin Burtaniya na 1744, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, na John Newbery . Block ya gano cewa wasan farko da aka rubuta na "Base Ball" ya faru ne a 1749 a Surrey, kuma ya nuna Yarima na Wales a matsayin mai kunnawa. Wannan nau'in farko na wasan a bayyane ya kawo shi Kanada ta hanyar baƙi na Ingila.

A cikin Yaƙin basasa na 1860, baseball (ƙasa) ya mamaye ɗan'uwansa na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa (sama) a cikin shahara a cikin Amurka. Girman tasirin Amurka a kasashen waje yana nufin hakan ya faru a Japan da Jamhuriyar Dominica a farkon karni na 20 .

A farkon shekarun 1830, akwai rahotanni game da wasannin bat-and-ball da ba a san su ba a matsayin nau'ikan baseball na farko da ake buga a Arewacin Amurka. An buga wasan kwallon kwando na farko da aka rubuta a Arewacin Amurka a Beachville, Ontario, Kanada, a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1838. A cikin 1845, Alexander Cartwright, memba na Knickerbocker Club na Birnin New York, ya jagoranci tsara tsarin da ake kira Knickerbock Rules, wanda shi ma ya dogara ne akan dokokin da William R. Wheaton na Gotham Club ya kirkira a 1837. Duk da yake akwai rahotanni cewa New York Knickerbockers sun buga wasanni a 1845, gasar da aka dade ana gane ta a matsayin wasan baseball na farko da aka rubuta a tarihin Amurka ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1846, a Hoboken, New Jersey: "New York Nine" sun ci Knickerbocks, 23-1, a cikin innings hudu. Tare da lambar Knickerbocker a matsayin tushe, ka'idojin wasan baseball na zamani sun ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin rabin karni na gaba. Wasan ya ci gaba da yaduwa a duk faɗin Pacific Rim da Amurka, tare da Amurkawa suna tallafawa wasan a matsayin hanyar yada dabi'un Amurka.

A Amurka

Kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru

A tsakiyar shekarun 1850, wani wasan kwallon kafa ya mamaye yankin New York, kuma a shekara ta 1856, jaridu na cikin gida suna magana game da wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin "wasan kasa" ko "wasan kasa". Bayan shekara guda, an kafa hukumar farko ta wasanni, Ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan Kwallon Kasa. A shekara ta 1867, ya hana 'Yan Afirka na Afirka shiga. An kafa kungiyar National League da aka tsara a 1876. Kwararrun 'yan Negro sun kafa, amma da sauri suka ninka. A shekara ta 1887, an kirkiro wasan softball, a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan baseball na cikin gida ko na cikin gida, a matsayin sigar hunturu na wasan iyaye. Ƙungiyar Amirka ta samo asali ne daga ƙaramar Ƙungiyar Yamma, wacce aka sake tsara ta a ƙarƙashin Ban Johnson a cikin 1893. Ba sai a shekara ta 1901 ba ne aka kafa Kungiyar Amurka a matsayin babbar ƙungiya. A shekara ta 1893, canje-canje masu mahimmanci na tsari (kamar motsawa zuwa 60 feet, 6 inci) sun tabbatar da littafin mulki na zamani.

Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta 1903 ta tsara dangantakar tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu da kuma tsakanin su da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, waɗanda ke wakiltar mafi yawan ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙasar. An kaddamar da Jerin Duniya, wanda ya sanya manyan 'yan wasan biyu a kan juna, a wannan faduwar. Black Sox Scandal na 1919 World Series ya haifar da kafa ofishin Kwamishinan Baseball. Kwamishinan farko, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, an zabe shi a shekarar 1920. A wannan shekarar kuma ta ga kafa kungiyar Negro National League; babbar kungiyar Negro ta farko, za ta yi aiki har zuwa 1931. A wani bangare na shekarun 1920, kungiyar Eastern Colored League ta shiga.

Hawan Ruth da haɗin kai na launin fata

Idan aka kwatanta da halin yanzu, ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa a farkon karni na 20 sun kasance masu ƙanƙanta, kuma masu jefa kwallo sun fi rinjaye. Wannan abin da ake kira "mutuwar kwallon" ya ƙare a farkon shekarun 1920 tare da canje-canje da yawa a cikin mulki da yanayi waɗanda suka kasance masu fa'ida ga masu bugawa. Sabbin ka'idoji masu tsauri waɗanda ke sarrafa girman kwallon, siffar da abun da ke ciki, tare da sabon doka da ke hana spitball da sauran filayen da suka dogara da kwallon da ake bi da shi ko kuma ya yi amfani da abubuwa na kasashen waje, ya haifar da kwallon da ya yi tafiya nesa lokacin da aka buga shi. Hawan sanannen ɗan wasan Babe Ruth, babban mai bugawa na farko na sabon zamani, ya taimaka ya canza yanayin wasan har abada. A ƙarshen 1920s da farkon 1930s, babban manajan St. Louis Cardinals Branch Rickey ya saka hannun jari a cikin Ƙananan kungiyoyi da yawa kuma ya haɓaka tsarin gona na zamani na farko. An shirya sabuwar kungiyar Negro National League a 1933; shekaru hudu bayan haka, kungiyar Negro American League ta shiga. Zaben farko na National Baseball Hall of Fame ya faru ne a shekarar 1936. A shekara ta 1939, an kafa Little League Baseball a Pennsylvania.

Jackie Robinson in 1945, with the Negro American League's Kansas City Monarchs

Yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun rushe lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya haifar da ƙarancin ɗan wasa. Mai mallakar Chicago Cubs Philip K. Wrigley ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar All-American Girls Professional Baseball League don taimakawa wajen ci gaba da wasan a idon jama'a. Farkon fashewa a cikin yarjejeniyar da ba a rubuta ba wanda ya hana baƙi daga kwallon kwararru mai sarrafawa ya faru a 1945: Jackie Robinson ta sanya hannu ne daga Brooklyn Dodgers na National League kuma ta fara wasa ga ƙaramar ƙungiyar su a Montreal. A shekara ta 1947, Robinson ya karya shingen launi na manyan wasannin lokacin da ya fara wasa da Dodgers. 'Yan wasan Latin-Amurka, waɗanda aka yi watsi da su a baya, suma sun fara shiga manyan a cikin adadi mafi girma. A shekara ta 1951, biyu Chicago White Sox, Chico Carrasquel wanda aka haifa a Venezuela da kuma Minnie Miñoso wanda aka haife shi a Cuba, sun zama na farko na Hispanic All-Stars. Haɗin kai ya ci gaba a hankali: a shekara ta 1953, shida ne kawai daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi 16 da ke da dan wasan baki a cikin jerin sunayen.

Rubuce-rubucen halarta da shekarun steroids

A shekara ta 1975, ikon ƙungiyar - da albashi na 'yan wasa - sun fara ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da aka buga ma'anar ajiya yadda ya kamata, wanda ya haifar da tsarin hukumar kyauta. Muhimman dakatarwar aiki sun faru a cikin 1981 da 1994, wanda ya tilasta sokewar World Series a karo na farko a cikin shekaru 90. Masu halarta sun ci gaba da girma tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s kuma a cikin 1994, kafin dakatarwar, manyan suna saita rikodin su na kowane lokaci don halartar kowane wasa. Bayan an ci gaba da wasa a shekarar 1995, kungiyoyin da ba su lashe kyautar wild card sun zama na dindindin na bayan kakar wasa. An gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a cikin 1997 kuma an kafa alamar halarta ta biyu mafi girma don cikakken kakar. A shekara ta 2000, an rushe Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da na Amurka a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shari'a. Duk da yake ana kiyaye asalin su don dalilai na tsarawa (da bambancin mai bugawa), ka'idoji da sauran ayyuka - kamar horo na ɗan wasa da kulawar umpire - an gudanar da su daban a ƙarƙashin rubric na MLB.

A shekara ta 2001, Barry Bonds ya kafa rikodin yanzu na 73 a cikin kakar wasa daya. An daɗe ana zargin cewa karuwar karfin ikon da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da steroids ba bisa ka'ida ba (kazalika da narkewar baiwar jefawa saboda fadadawa), amma batun ya fara jan hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 2002 kuma babu wani hukunci don amfani da magungunan inganta aiki kafin shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2007, Bonds ya zama shugaban MLB na yau da kullun, ya wuce Hank Aaron, a matsayin jimlar manyan leagues da ƙananan leagues duk sun kai matsayi mafi girma.

A duk faɗin duniya

Duk da cewa an kira shi "Aikin nishaɗi na Amurka", an kafa wasan baseball sosai a wasu ƙasashe da yawa. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1877, wata kungiya ta kwararru, Ƙungiyar Duniya, ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daga Kanada da Amurka. Duk da yake ana buga wasan baseball a ko'ina a Kanada kuma yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin league sun kasance a cikin ƙasar, manyan ƙungiyoyin Amurka ba su haɗa da kulob din Kanada ba har zuwa 1969, lokacin da Montreal Expos ta shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a matsayin ƙungiyar faɗaɗa. A shekara ta 1977, fadada Toronto Blue Jays ta shiga kungiyar Amurka.

Sadaharu Oh yana kula da tawagar kasar Japan a gasar Baseball ta Duniya ta 2006. Da yake wasa ga Yomiuri Giants na Central League (1959-80), Oh ya kafa rikodin duniya na ƙwararru don gudu a gida.

A cikin 1847, sojojin Amurka sun buga abin da zai iya zama wasan baseball na farko a Mexico a Parque Los Berros a Xalapa, Veracruz . An kafa gasar kwallon kwando ta farko a waje da Amurka da Kanada a 1878 a Cuba, wanda ke kula da al'adar kwallon kwando mai arziki. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, Aston Villa, ita ce ta farko da ta lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta Burtaniya da ta lashe kofin kwallon kafa na Burtaniya na 1890. Zakarun kasa na 2025 sun kasance London Mets .

Pesäpallo, bambancin kwallon kwando na Finnish, Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ne ya kirkireshi a cikin shekarun 1920, kuma bayan haka, ya canza tare da lokutan kuma ya girma cikin shahara. Hoton wasan Pesäpallo a 1958 a Jyväskylä, Finland.

Jamhuriyar Dominica ta gudanar da gasar zakarun tsibirin ta farko a shekarar 1912. Gasar kwallon kwando ta kwararru da wasannin sun fara samuwa a wasu ƙasashe tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya, gami da Netherlands (wanda aka kafa a 1922), Australia (1934), Japan (1936), Mexico (1937), da Puerto Rico (1938). An dauki Manyan wasannin Japan a matsayin mafi kyawun da'irorin kwararru a waje da Amurka. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, an kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a ƙasashe da yawa na Latin Amurka, mafi mahimmanci Venezuela (1946) da Jamhuriyar Dominica (1955). Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s, Jerin Caribbean na shekara-shekara sun dace da kungiyoyin zakarun daga manyan wasannin hunturu na Latin Amurka: Dominican Professional Baseball League, Mexican Pacific League, Puerto Rican Professional Basebol League, da Venezuelan Professional Baseboll League. A Asiya, Koriya ta Kudu (1982), Taiwan (1990) da China (2003) duk suna da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.

Sauran ƙasashen Turai sun ga wasannin ƙwararru; mafi nasara, ban da Ƙungiyar Dutch, ita ce ƙungiyar Italiya, wadda aka kafa a 1948. A shekara ta 2004, Ostiraliya ta lashe lambar azurfa mai ban mamaki a Wasannin Olympics. Confédération Européene de Baseball (European Baseball Confederation), wanda aka kafa a 1953, yana shirya gasa da yawa tsakanin kungiyoyi daga kasashe daban-daban. Sauran gasa tsakanin kungiyoyin kasa, kamar su Kofin Duniya na Baseball da Gasar kwallon kwando ta Olympics, an gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Baseball ta Duniya (IBAF) tun daga kafa ta a 1938 har zuwa haɗuwa da 2013 tare da Ƙungiyar Softball ta Duniya don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yanzu don wasanni biyu, Ƙungiyar Bas Baseball Softball ta duniya (WBSC). Ana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a kan tsari mai son a ƙasashe da yawa.

Bayan an shigar da shi cikin wasannin Olympics a matsayin wasan lambar yabo wanda ya fara da Wasannin 1992, an sauke wasan baseball daga Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012 a taron kwamitin wasannin Olympics ta duniya na 2005. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Wasannin 2008. Duk da yake rashin bin wasanni a yawancin duniya wani abu ne, mafi mahimmanci shine rashin son MLB don ba da damar 'yan wasan su shiga a lokacin manyan wasanni. MLB ta fara gasar Baseball Classic ta Duniya, wanda aka shirya don wuce kakar wasa ta, a wani bangare a matsayin maye gurbin, babbar gasa ta kasa da kasa. Gasar Classic ta farko, wacce aka gudanar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, ita ce gasar farko da ta shafi kungiyoyin kasa don nuna adadi mai yawa na mahalarta MLB. An dakatar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta Baseball bayan fitowar ta 2011 don tallafawa fadada gasar Baseball ta Duniya.

Sassan da suka bambanta wasan

Baseball tana da wasu muhimman abubuwa da suka bambanta ta da sauran shahararrun wasannin kungiya a kasashen da ake yin ta. Dukkan wadancan wasannin suna amfani da agogo, wasan ba na mutum daya ba ne sosai, kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin filayen wasa ba shi da yawa ko muhimmanci sosai. Kwatanta tsakanin cricket da baseball yana nuna cewa da yawa daga cikin sassan baseball na musamman ana raba su ta hanyoyi daban-daban da makamantansu na wasanni.

Babi na sa'a ko agogo babu shi

File:A worn-out baseball.JPG|thumb|Kwallon baseball da ta tsufa A wasannin da aka kayyade lokacinsu da agogo, galibi wasanni suna karewa ne inda kungiyar da ke gaba take bata lokaci maimakon yin gaba da gaba da sauran abokan hamayya. Akasin haka, baseball ba ta da agogo, don haka kungiya ba za ta iya yin nasara ba tare da ta fitar da mai buga kwallo na karshe ba, kuma yunkurin maki ba ya dakatawa saboda lokaci. Kusan a kowane lokaci a wasan baseball, mafi kyawun dabarun wasa shi ne nau'in dabarun hari mai karfi. Yayin da a yanayin wasan Test cricket da first-class cricket na kwanaki da yawa, yiwuwar samun kunnen doki (wanda ke faruwa saboda takaita lokaci, wanda kamar baseball, asali ba ya wanzu) yakan karfafa gwiwar kungiyar da ke buga kwallo a karshe kuma take a baya sosai, ta yi wasan tsaro don cike lokaci, tana mika wuya ga duk wata damar nasara, domin kauce wa tabbas na rashin nasara.

Kodayake innings tara shi ne ma'auni tun farkon fara baseball na kwararru, tsawon lokacin matsakaicin wasan babbar lig ya karu akai-akai a tsawon shekaru. A farkon karni na 20, Wasanni galibi suna daukar sa'a daya da rabi. A shekarun 1920, matsakaicinsu ya kasance kasa da sa'o'i biyu, wanda daga karshe ya haura zuwa 2:38 a shekarar 1960. Zuwa shekarar 1997, matsakaicin wasan American League ya kai tsawon 2:57 (wasannin National League sun kasance kusan mintuna 10 kasa da haka—masu jefa kwallo a wurin bugawa suna gaggauta fitar da 'yan wasa fiye da masu buga kwallo na musamman). A shekarar 2004, Major League Baseball ta sanar da cewa burinta shi ne matsakaicin wasa ya kasance mintuna 2:45. Sai dai zuwa shekarar 2014, matsakaicin wasan MLB ya dauki fiye da sa'o'i uku kafin ya kare. Tsawanta wasanni yana faruwa ne saboda tsawaita hutun tsakanin rabi-rabin innings don tallan talabijin, karuwar maki, sauye-sauyen masu jefa kwallo, da saurin wasa mai hankali, inda masu jefa kwallo ke daukar karin lokaci kafin kowace jefa kwallo, da kuma masu bugawa da ke fita daga akwatin akai-akai. Sauran lig-lig na fuskantar makamantan wadannan matsaloli. A shekarar 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball ta dauki matakan da nufin takaita tsawon wasanni da mintuna 12 daga matsakaicin shekaru goma da suka gabata na 3:18.

A shekarar 2016, matsakaicin wasan playoff mai innings tara a Major League Baseball ya kasance sa'o'i 3 da mintuna 35. Wannan ya karu da mintuna 10 daga 2015 kuma mintuna 21 daga 2014. Maimakon martani ga tsawaita wasan, MLB ta yanke shawarar cewa daga kakar 2023 zuwa gaba za ta kirkiri dokar agogon jefa kwallo domin hukunta masu buga kwallo da masu jefa kwallon da ke daukar lokaci mai yawa tsakanin jefa kwallaye; wannan ya taimaka wajen takaita tsawon wasannin kakar 2023 da matsakaicin mintuna 24.

Mai da hankali kan mutum daya

File:Babe Ruth2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Babe Ruth a shekarar 1920, shekarar da ya shiga New York Yankees Kodayake baseball wasan kungiya ne, 'yan wasa guda-guda galibi ana sa su a karkashin kallo da matsin lamba. Koda yake yana da lada, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi a matsayin "marar tausayi" saboda matsin lamba a kan dan wasa guda. A shekarar 1915, littafin koyar da baseball ya nuna cewa kowace jefa kwallo guda daya, wanda galibi akwai fiye da dari biyu a wasa daya, tana haifar da gaba-da-gaba tsakanin mutane biyu: "mai jefa kwallo da mai bugawa a fafutukar dabara". Mai jefa kwallo, mai bugawa, da mai kamawa duk suna aiki ne gaba daya ba tare da dogaro da juna ba. Yayin da ma'aikatan horarwa za su iya yi wa mai jefa kwallo ko mai bugawa sigina don yin amfani da wasu dabaru, aiwatar da wasan da kansa jerin ayyuka ne na mutum guda. Idan mai bugawa ya jefa kwallo a mike, mai kama kwallo na waje ne kadai ke da alhakin yanke shawarar ko zai yi kokarin kama ta ko kuma ya buga ta a kan tsalle da kuma nasararsa ko rashin nasararsa. Madaidaicin alkaluma na baseball yana samun sauki ta hanyar wannan kebe kai kuma yana karfafa shi.

Cricket ta fi kama da baseball fiye da sauran wasannin kungiya da yawa ta wannan fuskar: yayin da mai da hankali kan mutum guda a cricket yake samun sauki saboda muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar bugawa da abubuwan aikace-aikace na gudu tare, ana habaka shi ta hanyar cewa mai buga kwallo na iya zama a kan wicket na sa'a guda ko fiye da hakan. Babu wani ma'auni na alkaluma a cricket na kuskuren kama kwallo kuma saboda haka ba a cika jaddada alhakin mutum a wannan fanni na wasa ba.

Bambancin filaye

Samfuri:Further File:Fenway Park 1996.jpg|thumb|left|Fenway Park, gidan Boston Red Sox. Green Monster yana bayyane a bayan filin wasa.

Sabanin yawancin wasanni, filayen wasan baseball na iya bambanta sosai ta fuskar girma da siffa. Yayin da aka tsara girman cikakken filin ciki na gaske, kakkautawa kadai ga girma da siffar filin waje na kungiyoyin kwararru, bisa ga dokokin MLB da Minor League Baseball, shi ne cewa filayen da aka gina ko aka sake gyarawa tun ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1958, dole ne su kasance suna da mafi karancin tazarar 325 feet (99 m) daga home plate zuwa katanga a hannun hagu da dama na fili kuma 400 feet (122 m) zuwa tsakiya. Babban kungiyoyin lig masana ne wajen sabawa wannan doka. Misali, a Daikin Park, wanda ya zama gidan Houston Astros a shekarar 2000, Crawford Boxes a hannun hagu na fili yana da tazarar 315 feet (96 m) kawai daga home plate. Babu wasu dokoki ko kadan da suka shafi tsawo na katangu ko sauran gini a gefen filin waje. Mafi shaharar bangon filin waje na musamman shi ne katangar gefen hagu a Fenway Park na Boston, wanda aka fara amfani da shi tun 1912: Green Monster yana da tazarar 310 feet (94 m) daga home plate zuwa layin kuma tsawo na 37 feet (11 m).

Haka zalika, babu wata doka kwata-kwata game da girman yankin foul territory. Don haka samun foul fly ball na iya zama gaba daya ba a wasa ba a filin da ke da karamin fili tsakanin layukan foul da wajen kallo, amma foulout a fili mai filayen foul masu faɗi. Katanga a yankin foul da ke kusa da layin filin waje zai kasance yana tura kwallayen da suka buge shi komawa zuwa ga masu kama kwallo, yayin da wanda ke da nisa zai iya haifar da haɗari mai yawa, yayin da masu kamawa a filin waje ke gudu cikin sauri don kama kwallaye masu zurfi a kusurwa. Wadannan bambancin suna iya kawo bambanci tsakanin double da triple ko inside-the-park home run. Tsarin filin da kansa shi ma ba a kafa masa doka ba. Yayin da hoton da ke kusa yake nuna tsarin fuskar filin na al'ada (kuma wanda kusan dukkanin kungiyoyin MLB ke amfani da shi masu filayen yanayi na dabi'a), kungiyoyi suna da 'yancin yanke shawarar wane yanki ne zai kasance yana da ciyawa ko mara ciyawa. Wasu filaye—har da da yawa a MLB—suna amfani da artificial turf. Bambance-bambancen saman filin na iya samun tasiri sosai kan yadda tsallolin kwallaye ke kasancewa da kuma yadda ake kama su gami da tsallaken gudu na baserunning. Haka zalika, kasancewar rufin sama (mambobi bakwai na babbar lig suna gudanar da wasa a filaye masu rufi na dindindin ko masu buɗewa) na iya shafar yadda ake gudanar da fly balls sosai. Yayin da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na American football da na soccer ke fuskantar irin wadannan bambance-bambance na saman fili da rufin stadium, girma da siffar filayensu an fi sa su a madaidaicin tsari sosai. Yankin waje a filin kwallon kafa ko na soccer ba ya shafar wasan kamar yadda foul territory yake yi a baseball, saboda haka bambance-bambance a wannan fuskar kusan ba su da wani tasiri.

File:Red Sox Yankees Game Boston July 2012.jpg|thumb|Mai buga kwallon New York Yankees (Andruw Jones) da mai kama kwallon Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park

Wadannan bambance-bambance na zahiri suna haifar da tsarin yanayin wasa na musamman a kowane filin wasa. Sauran abubuwan gida, kamar tsayin wuri sama da teku da yanayin samaniyya, na iya shafar wasan sosai. Filin wasa guda daya yana iya samun suna a matsayin pitcher's park ko hitter's park, idan daya daga cikin bangarorin biyu ya samu damar cin gajiyar yanayinsa na musamman. Filin da ya fi kowane firgita a wannan bangaren shi ne Coors Field, gidan Colorado Rockies. Tsayinsa mai nisa—5,282 feet (1,610 m) sama da matakin teku—yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba shi karfin zama hitter's park a manyan lig saboda karancin karfin iska. Wrigley Field, gidan Chicago Cubs, an san shi da saurin canjin yanayi: yana zama pitcher's park lokacin da iska mai karfi daga Lake Michigan ke busowa zuwa ciki, kuma ya koma hitter's park lokacin da iska ke busowa zuwa waje. Rashin samun daidaitaccen fili yana shafar ba kawai yadda wasu wasanni na musamman ke karewa ba, har ma da irin 'yan wasan da kungiya ke tara wa kanta da kuma alkaluman 'yan wasa. Misali, buga fly ball ma'aunin 330 feet (100 m) zuwa dama na fili na iya zama kama mai sauki a kan warning track a wani filin, yayin da zai zama home run a wani filin daban. Kungiyar da ke wasa a filin da ke da gajeren bangaren dama, kamar New York Yankees, za ta fi karkata wajen cika 'yan wasanta da hagu-masu-amfani pull hitters, wadanda za su iya cin gajiyar hakan sosai. A matakin mutum guda, dan wasan da ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa tare da kungiyar da ke wasa a hitter's park zai samu damar haɓaka alkaluman bugawa a tsawon lokaci—kuma fiye da haka idan basirarsa tana dacewa sosai da filin.

Statistics

Hada da tsari na wasan baseball yana karɓar amfani da alkaluma (statistics) fiye da sauran wasannin ƙungiya. Kowace hidima a wasan mai zaman kanta ce kuma tana da ƙarancin sakamakon da za a iya samu. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, wani tsohon ɗan wasan cricket, Bature Henry Chadwick na Brooklyn, shi ne ya haifar da "ƙirƙirar akwatin maki (box score), teburin matsayi, jagorar baseball na shekara-shekara, matsakaicin bugawa (batting average), da yawancin alƙaluma da teburai da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana baseball." Bayanan alƙaluma suna da muhimmanci sosai ga tushen tarihin wasan ta yadda aka fi sanin Chadwick da Uban Baseball (Father Baseball). A shekarun 1920, jaridun Amurka suka soma ba da mai da hankali sosai ga alƙaluman baseball, wanda hakan ya jawo abin da ɗan jarida kuma masani kan tarihi Alan Schwarz ya bayyana a matsayin "babban canji a fannin wasanni, inda sha'awar da a da ta fi karkata kan ƙungiyoyi ta koma kan 'yan wasa guda-guda da ginshiƙan alƙalumansu."

Dokokin Wasa na Ƙungiyar Baseball (Official Baseball Rules) da MLB ke gudanarwa suna buƙatar mai rikida maki (official scorer) ya rarrabe kowace hidima ta baseball ba tare da rarrabuwar kai ba. Dokokin suna ba da cikakken ma'auni domin haɓaka daidaito. Rahoton maki (score report) shi ne tushen hukuma na akwatin maki na wasan da kuma bayanan alƙaluma masu alaƙa. Banaloli, kofato, da masu neman 'yan wasa (scouts) suna amfani da alƙaluma domin ƙima 'yan wasa da yanke shawara ta dabarun wasa.

File:Baseball steal.jpg|right|thumb|Rickey Henderson—shugaban kowane lokaci a manyan lig na maki da satar tushe—yana satar tushe na uku a wasan 1988

Wasu alƙaluman al'ada sun kasance sanannu ga yawancin magoya bayan baseball. Mahimman alƙaluman bugawa (batting) sun haɗa da:

• At bats: fitowar fili, ban da tafiya (walks) da dukan ƙwallo da jiki (hit by pitch)—inda ba a jarraba ƙwararren mai bugawa sosai ba—da sadakar gudu da sadakar tashi—inda mai bugawa ke fita da gangan domin ci gaba da 'yan gudun tushe daya ko fiye.
• Hits: sau nawa aka kai tushe cikin aminci, saboda ƙwallon da aka buga ta gaskiya ba tare da kuskuren kama ƙwallo ko zaɓin mai katsalandan ba (fielder's choice)
• Runs: sau nawa aka kewaye tushe aka kuma isa gida cikin aminci
• Runs batted in (RBIs): adadin masu gudu da suka ci maki saboda matakin mai bugawa (haɗe da mai buga ƙwallon kanta, idan an sami home run), sai dai idan mai buga ƙwallon ya fada cikin ninki biyu na fita ko kuma ya isa ta hanyar kuskure
• Home runs: bugun da mai buga ƙwallo ya taɓa dukkan tushe guda huɗu cikin nasara, ba tare da gudunmawar kuskuren kama ƙwallo ba
• Batting average: hits idan an kasu su da at bats—ma'auni na al'ada na ƙwarewar bugawa

Mahimman alƙaluman gudu akan tushe sun haɗa da:

• Stolen bases: sau nawa aka ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba albarkacin ƙoƙarin mai gudun da kansa, galibi yayin da mai jefa ƙwallo ke shirye-shiryen jefawa ko kuma yake jefawa
• Caught stealing: sau nawa aka taɓa mutum ya fita yayin ƙoƙarin satar tushe

File:Cy young pitching.jpg|right|thumb|Cy Young—mai riƙe da lambobin tarihi da dama na babbar lig, haɗe da nasarori da innings da aka jefa, gami da rashin nasara—a shekarar 1908. Kyaututtukan shekara-shekara na MLB na mafi kyawun mai jefa ƙwallo a kowace lig ana kiransu da sunan Young. Mahimman alƙaluman jefa ƙwallo sun haɗa da:

• Wins: ana ba da nasara ga mai jefa ƙwallo na ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara wanda ya kasance na ƙarshe da ya jefa ƙwallo kafin ƙungiyar ta sami jagorancin da ba ta taɓa rasawa ba (mai jefa ƙwallo na farko dole ne ya jefa aƙalla innings biyar domin ya dace da samun nasara)
• Losses: ana dora rashin nasara a kan mai jefa ƙwallo na ƙungiyar da ta yi rashin nasara wanda yake jefa ƙwallo lokacin da abokan hamayya suka sami jagorancin da ba su taɓa rasawa ba
• Saves: wasannin da mai jefa ƙwallo ya shiga lokacin da ƙungiyarsa ke jagoranta, ya ƙare wasan ba tare da ya rasa jagorancin ba, ba shi ne mai jefa ƙwallo mai nasara ba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin wadannan: (a) jagorancin maki uku ne ko ƙasa da haka lokacin da mai jefa ƙwallo ya shiga wasan; (b) mai yiwuwar daidaita maki yana kan tushe, yana bugawa, ko yana kan fage (on deck); ko (c) mai jefa ƙwallon ya jefa innings uku ko fiye
• Innings pitched: fitar da aka yi rikodi yayin jefa ƙwallo idan an kasu su gida uku (ana yin rikodi na rabi-rabin innings a hanyar da aka saba kamar, misali, "5.2" ko "7.1", lambar ƙarshe tana wakiltar sulusi ne, ba zakoshi ba na inning)
• Strikeouts: sau nawa aka jefa ƙwallaye uku masu kyau ga mai bugawa
• Winning percentage: nasarori idan an kasu su da yanke shawara (nasarori haɗe da rashin nasara)
• Earned run average (ERA): maki da aka yarda a ci, ban da waɗanda ke faruwa saboda kuskuren kamawa, a kowane innings tara da aka jefa

Mahimman alƙaluman kamawa ko tsaron fili sun haɗa da:

• Putouts: sau nawa mai kama ƙwallo ya kama ƙwallon da ke sama, ya taɓa ko ya tilasta fitar mai gudu, ko kuma ya haifar da fita ta kai tsaye
• Assists: sau nawa aka yi rikodin fitar mai gudu ta hanyar wani mai tsaron fili biyo bayan taɓa ƙwallon da mai tsaron fili ya yi
• Errors: sau nawa mai tsaron fili ya kasa yin wasan da ya kamata ya yi da ƙoƙari na gama gari, kuma ƙungiyar da ke bugawa ta sami nasara a sakamakon haka
• Total chances: putouts haɗe da assists haɗe da errors
• Fielding average: damammaki masu nasara (putouts haɗe da assists) idan an kasu su da jimillar damammaki (total chances)

Daga cikin sauran alƙaluma da yawa da ake adanawa har da waɗanda aka fi sani da alƙaluman yanayi (situational statistics). Misali, alƙaluma na iya nuna waɗanne takamaiman masu jefa ƙwallo wani mai bugawa ke yin nasara a kansu mafi kyau. Idan wani yanayi na alƙaluma ya fifita wani mai bugawa, manajan ƙungiyar tsaron fili yana iya yiwuwa ya canza mai jefa ƙwallo ko kuma ya sa mai jefa ƙwallon ya yi gangan wuce da mai bugawa (intentional walk) domin fuskantar wanda ba shi da yiwuwar yin nasara.

Sabermetrics

Sabermetrics shi ne fannin nazarin alƙaluman baseball da haɓaka sabbin alƙaluma da kayan aikin bincike. Irin waɗannan sabbin alƙaluman ana kiransu sabermetrics. Bill James, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan fannin, ya ƙirƙiri kalmar a kusan shekara ta 1980, kuma ta samo asali ne daga Society for American Baseball Research (SABR).

Cigaba da karbuwar sabermetrics tun farkon shekarun 1980 ya fito da mai da hankali sosai kan alƙaluman bugawa guda biyu waɗanda masu nazarin sabermetrics ke jaddada cewa su ne ma'auni mafi kyau na ƙwarewar mai bugawa fiye da matsakaicin bugawa (batting average):

• On-base percentage (OBP) yana auna ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo wajen samun isa ga tushe. Ana lissafta shi ne ta hanyar ɗaukar jimillar nasarorin mai buga ƙwallo wajen isa ga tushe (hits haɗe da walks haɗe da hit by pitches) sannan a kasu shi da jimillar fitowar fili ta mai buga ƙwallo (at bats haɗe da walks haɗe da hit by pitches haɗe da sacrifice flies), ban da sadakar bunts.
• Slugging percentage (SLG) yana auna ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo wajen bugun ƙarfi. Ana lissafta shi ne ta hanyar ɗaukar jimillar tushe (total bases) na mai bugawa (ɗaya kowace single, biyu kowace double, uku kowace triple, da huɗu kowace home run) sannan a kasu shi da at bats na mai bugawar.

Wasu daga cikin sabbin alƙaluman da masu nazarin sabermetrics suka ƙirƙira sun sami amfani sosai:

• On-base plus slugging (OPS) yana auna gaba ɗaya ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo. Ana lissafta shi ta hanyar haɗa on-base percentage da slugging percentage na mai buga ƙwallon.
• Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) yana auna ƙwarewar mai jefa ƙwallo wajen hana masu buga ƙwallo isa ga tushe. Ana lissafta shi ta hanyar haɗa adadin walks da hits da mai jefa ƙwallo ya yarda a yi masa, sannan a kasu da adadin innings da ya jefa.
• Wins Above Replacement (WAR) yana auna adadin ƙarin nasarorin da ƙungiyarsa ta samu sama da adadin nasarorin da ake tsammanin ƙungiyar za ta samu idan aka canje shi da dan wasa mai sauƙin sauyawa (replacement-level player).

Shahara da tasirin al'ada

'Yan wasa biyu a ƙungiyar baseball ta Jami'ar Waseda da ke Tokyo, Japan a shekarar 1921

Masanin falsafa Morris Raphael Cohen, yayin da yake rubutu a shekarar 1919, ya kwatanta baseball da cewa shi ne addinin ƙasa na Amurka. A kalamai na ɗan jaridar wasanni Jayson Stark, baseball ya daɗe yana matsayin "tsantsar alamar al'adun Amurka"—matsayin da yake gani a matsayin wanda abin kunyar amfani da kwayoyi masu ƙara ƙarfi ya lalata. Baseball yana da muhimmin wuri a sauran al'adun ƙasashe daban-daban kuma: Masani Peter Bjarkman ya bayyana "yadda wasannin ke da tushe mai zurfi a tarihi da al'adun ƙasa kamar Cuba, [da] yadda aka sake mata matsai da sake gina ta a Japan."

Yammacin Duniya

Tasirin Amurka a Yammacin Duniya ya haifar da gagarumin girman baseball a yankin.

A Amurka

Shugaba George W. Bush yana samun shawara kafin jefa ƙwallo ta farko ta wasa na 3 na World Series, makonni kaɗan bayan harin 11 ga Satumba

Wasan babbar lig a Amurka da farko an nufa shi ne ga masu matsakaicin matsayi da ma'aikata: idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwan sha'awa na 'yan kallo, farashin tikitin da National League ta kayyade na cents 50 a shekarar 1876 ya yi yawa, yayin da wurin filayen wasa a wajen tsakiyar birni da tsara lokacin wasannin a ranakun aiki su ma sun kasance shamaki ga ma'aikata. Shekaru ɗari bayan haka, halin da ake ciki ya bambanta sosai. Tare da haɓakar farin jinin sauran wasannin ƙungiya masu tsadar tikiti—kamar ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, kwallon kwando, da hockey—baseball na ƙwararru ya kasance a tsakanin wasannin 'yan kallo na Amurka mafi farin jini ga ma'aikata.

Gaba ɗaya, baseball yana da masu kallo da yawa a Amurka; wani zaɓen ra'ayi na shekarar 2006 ya gano cewa kusan rabin Amurkawa magoya baya ne. Wannan ya haifar da ba wa baseball mukamin "abin sha'awa na Amurka da aka fi so" ta wurin magoya bayan baseball da dama na Amurka. Kamar yadda masana tarihi da masana a yanzu ke ganin gaskiyar al'amarin, baseball wata alamace ta hanyar rayuwar Amurka A ƙarshen shekarun 1900 da farkon 2000s, matsayin baseball idan aka kwatanta da ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka ya motsa a fannoni masu karo da juna. A shekara ta 2008, MLB ta kafa tarihin samun kuɗaɗe na dala biliyan 6.5, wanda ya yi daidai da samun kuɗaɗen NFL a karon farko cikin shekaru da dama. Sabon tarihin kuɗaɗen MLB na fiye da dala biliyan 10 an kafa shi ne a shekarar 2017. A gefe guda kuma, kason magoya bayan wasannin Amurka da aka amsa zaɓen ra'ayinsu waɗanda suka bayyana baseball a matsayin wasansu mafi farin jini ya kasance 9%, idan aka kwatanta da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a kan 37%. A shekarar 1985, adadin ya kasance ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru 24%, baseball 23%. Saboda ana yin wasannin babbar lig da yawa, babu kwatanta a jimillar halartar 'yan kallo. A shekarar 2008, jimillar 'yan kallo a wasannin babbar lig ita ce ta biyu mafi yawa a tarihi: miliyan 78.6, wato 0.7% ƙasa da tarihin da aka kafa a shekarar da ta gabata. A shekara mai zuwa, tsakanin koma-bayan tattalin arziƙin Amurka, halartar 'yan kallo ta ragu da 6.6% zuwa miliyan 73.4. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, ta sami raguwa ƙasa da miliyan 73. Halartar wasannin da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin inuwar Minor League Baseball ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 2008, da mutane miliyan 43.3. Duk da cewa wasannin MLB ba su sami adadin masu kallo a gidan talabijin na ƙasa kamar wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ba, wasannin MLB suna da fifiko sosai a kasuwannin gida na ƙungiyoyin kuma a kai a kai suna gaban duk shirye-shiryen firam-taim a kasuwanninsu a lokacin rani. Bayan shekaru da dama na raguwa tun daga shekarar 2017, halartar wasannin baseball ta ƙaru kaɗan a shekarun baya-bayan nan. A shekarar 2024, halartar ta kasance miliyan 71.3, wanda shi ne mafi girma tun daga 2017.

Latin Amerika

Baseball yana da farin jini sosai a Venezuela; a shekarar 2011, kashi 95% na mutanen da aka zaɓa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi ne wasan ƙasar. A Nicaragua da Panama, ana ɗaukar baseball a matsayin wasan ƙasar ma. Koda yake ƙwallon ƙafa ne har yanzu mafi farin jini, baseball wasa ne mai hanzarin haɓaka a Mexico. A shekarar 2024, manyan ƙungiyoyin baseball na Lig ɗin Mexico sun zarce sauran ƙungiyoyin Liga MX a adadin halartar 'yan kallo. Baseball kuma yana da 'yan farin jini a Colombia, koda yake na biyu ne ga ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a yankunan teku kamar Barranquilla da Cartagena waɗanda ke kusa da Caribbean. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, baseball ya samun haɓakar farin jini a Colombia, musamman a babban birnin Bogota, sakamakon ƙaruwar baƙi 'yan cirani daga Venezuela. A Brazil, farin jinin magoya bayan baseball ya ƙaru a shekarun baya-bayan nan, albarkacin watsa shirye-shiryen MLB a ESPN na Brazil da kuma lambar azurfa ta tarihi a wasannin Pan-American na 2023. Sai dai har yanzu yana baya ga ƙwallon ƙwando da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a jerin wasannin da aka fi yi a Brazil. Baseball kuma ya haɓaka wajen farin jini a Argentina da Peru a shekarun baya-bayan nan sakamakon baƙi 'yan cirani na Venezuela. Costa Rica ita ma ta ga haɓakar farin jinin baseball. Tun daga shekarar 1987, ana ƙera ƙwallayen baseball na musamman ne a garin Turrialba na ƙasar Costa Rica. Ana kuma yin wasan baseball a Honduras. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, dan wasan babbar lig Mauricio Dubón ya yi ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka tallafi ga wasan a ƙasar.

Gaba ɗaya farin jinin wasan a Latin Amurka ya taimaka wajen haɗa baƙi 'yan cirani na Latin Amurka zuwa Amurka.

Karibiyan

Tun farkon shekarun 1980, Jamhuriyar Dominika, musamman birnin San Pedro de Macorís, ita ce babban tushen samun kwararrun 'yan wasa daga kasashen waje na manyan lig-lig. A shekara ta 2017, 'yan wasa 83 daga cikin 868 da ke kan jerin 'yan wasan MLB na Ranar Bude Kaka (da kuma jerin wadanda ke jinya) sun fito ne daga kasar. Daga cikin sauran kasashe da yankuna na Karibiyan, jimillar 'yan wasa 97 na MLB an haife su ne a tsibirin Venezuela, Cuba, da Puerto Rico. Dan wasan Hall-of-Fame Roberto Clemente ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan gwarazan kasan Puerto Rico. Yayin da wasan baseball ya dade yana kasancewa babban wasan motsa jiki na tsibirin, gagarumin wasan kwararru na lokacin sanyi wanda aka saba halarta sosai ya fada a farin jini tun daga shekara ta 1990, lokacin da aka fara shigar da matasa 'yan wasan Puerto Rico a cikin tsarin zaɓen 'yan wasa na shekara-shekara na manyan lig-lig. A Cuba, inda aka dauki baseball a matsayin wasan kasan ta kowace fuska, kungiyar kasan ta kan rufe martabar kungiyoyin birane da na larduna wadanda ke taka leda a lig-lig na cikin gida na matakin koli. Baseball kuma yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Aruba da Curaçao, sannan wasa ne mai hahabawa a The Bahamas da US Virgin Islands.

Asiya

Wata yarinyar Afganistan tana yin wasan baseball a watan Agusta 2002

A Gabashin Asiya, baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Japan, Taiwan da Koriya ta Kudu. A Japan, inda baseball ba shakka shi ne babban wasan kungiya da ake kallo, jimillar kudaden shiga na kungiyoyi goma sha biyu na Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), wato hukumar da ke kula da Lig-lig na tsakiya da na Pacific, an kimanta su a kan dalar Amurka biliyan 1 a shekara ta 2007. Jimillar masu kallo na NPB a waccan shekarar ya kai kusan miliyan 20. Yayin da a cikin shekaru duba biyu da suka gabata, halartar kallo a MLB ta karu da kashi 50 cikin dari sannan kudaden shiga suka nunka kusa sau uku, alkaluman NPB makamancin haka sun tsaya cik ne. Akwai damuwa cewa karuwar sha'awar MLB na sayen fitattun 'yan wasan Japan zai cutar da wasan a kasar su. Ba a bayyana alkaluman kudaden shiga na tsarin 'yan wasan da ba kwararru ba na kasar. Hakazalika, bisa ga wata sanarwa ta hukuma, hukumar da ke kula da wasan "ba ta taba yin la'akari da adadin halartar kallo ba... saboda mafi girman sha'awarta a koda yaushe ita ce bunkasa 'yan wasa". A Taiwan, baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni da aka fi kallo a gidan talabijin da kuma ido da ido. Baseball ya bunkasa sosai a kasar Sin a shekarun baya-bayan nan, inda MLB ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2019 cewa akwai masoya wasan miliyan 21 a kasar. An dauki baseball a matsayin babban wasan kasan Philippines a shekarun 1960 da 70, amma tun daga lokacin farin jinin wasan ya ragu. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an yi kokari wajen farfado da wasan a kasar. Baseball ya samu karuwar farin jini a Thailand biyo bayan samun lambar azurfa da kasashen suka yi a wasan baseball a Wasannin SEA na 2025, wadanda aka karbi bakuncinsu a Thailand.

Turai

Kungiyar Tampere Tigers tana bikin lashe taken 2017 a Turku, Finland

Gaba daya baseball kankani wasa ne a Turai. Sai dai kuma, baseball yana da dan karbuwa a kasar Netherlands, inda aka fi saninsa da honkbal, sakamakon tasirin Amurka bayan Wakin Duniya na II da kuma ikon Masarautar a kan Aruba da Curaçao inda shi ne wasa mafi farin jini. Baseball kuma yana da dan farin jini a yankunan Italiya, musamman a garin Nettuno, saboda tasirin sojojin Amurka bayan Yakin Duniya na II. Baseball ya bunkasa a shekarun baya-bayan nan a Jamhuriyar Czech, saboda rabin nasarar da kungiyar Czech ta samu a Wasan Classic na Baseball na Duniya na 2023.

Oşiniya

Baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Palau da Guam. A Ostraliya, baseball wasa ne na wani tsaitin mutane amma kasar tana da lig na kwararru. Saboda ana buga lig din a lokacin sanyi na yankin yammacin duniya, yana janyo hankalin kwararrun 'yan wasan Amurka da Koriya masu son buga wasan baseball na lig na lokacin sanyi. A shekara ta 2026, akwai 'yan Ostraliya fiye da 30 da ke buga wasan baseball na kwaleji a Amurka idan aka kwanta da mutum shida a shekara ta 2020.

Afirka

Baseball karamin wasa ne a Afirka amma ya fi farin jini a Afirka ta Kudu da Uganda, tare da shirye-shirye masu bunkasa a Zimbabwe, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Nijeriya. Kungiyar Dodgers tana gudanar da babbar makarantar horar da baseball a Mpigi, Uganda, kuma akwai shirye-shiryen baseball a Luwero, Uganda. Haka kuma akwai Makarantar Horar da Baseball ta Afirka a Nairobi, Nijeriya. Baseball ya shahara a Afirka ta Kudu kafin Yakin Duniya na 2 amma tun daga lokacin farin jinin ya ragu. Har yanzu akwai kungiyoyi da kokarin daukaka farin jinin baseball a kasar, gami da gabatar da Wasannin Baseball5. Akwai shirin baseball mai bunkasa a Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da samun kwangilolin kwararru. Gidauniyar Baseball & Softball ta Japan-Afirka ta kirkiri gasannin baseball na sakandare na Koshien a Tanzaniya, Ghana da Kenya, inda Tanzaniya ta kasance mafi nasara. Akwai sauran tsare-tsare na gudanar da irin wadannan gasanni a Nijeriya, Sudan ta Kudu, Benin, Kamaru da Zambiya.

Tsakanin yara

As of 2024, Wasannin Baseball na Little League suna kula da lig-lig tare da mambobi miliyan 2 a kasashe fiye da 80. Adadin 'yan wasan ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1990, lokacin da yara miliyan 3 ke shiga cikin Wasannin Baseball na Little League kowace shekara. Kungiyoyin Babe Ruth League suna da mambobi sama da miliyan 1. A cewar shugaban Hukumar Baseball ta Kasa da Kasa a shekara ta 2009, mata da 'yan mata tsakanin 300,000 zuwa 500,000 suna buga wasan baseball a daukacin duniya, gami da Little League da wasan kaddamarwa na Tee Ball. Kungiyar baseball na makarantu tana kasancewa tabbataccen bangare na sashen ilimin motsa jiki a yawancin makarantun sakandare da kwalejoji a Amurka. A shekara ta 2015, kusan dalibai miliyan rabin na makarantun sakandare da dalibai fiye da 34,000 na kwaleji sun taka leda a kungiyoyin baseball na makarantunsu. A farkon karni ta 20, wasan baseball na tsakanin kwalejoji shi ne babban wasa a Japan. A yau, wasan baseball na makarantun sakandare musamman yana da matakar farin jini a can. Zagaye na karshe na gasanni biyu na shekara-shekara—wato Gasar Wasannin Baseball ta Makarantun Sakandare na Kasa da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bazara, da kuma gagarumar Gasar Zakarun Baseball ta Makarantun Sakandare na Kasa a lokacin rani—ana yada su a fadin kasar. Ana kiran gasannin guda biyu, bi da bi, Koshien na Bazara da Koshien na Rani bayan Filin Wasa na Koshien mai cin mutum 55,000 inda ake buga wasanni

A al'adun da aka fi sani

Layin katunan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na American Tobacco Company ya nuna ɗan wasa Honus Wagner na ƙungiyar Pittsburgh Pirates daga shekarar 1909 zuwa 1911. A shekara ta 2007, an sayar da katunan da aka nuna a nan akan dalar Amurka miliyan 2.8.

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na baseball ya sami gagarumin tasiri a kan al'adun da aka fi sani, duka a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. Parurukan karin magana na harshen Turanci an samo su ne daga wasan baseball; musamman ma, wasan shine tushen yawancin kalmomin aro da ake amfani da su wajen yin saɓani kan jinsi. Yaɗa shirye-shiryen rediyo na farko da aka haɗa a Arewacin Amurka shine na World Series na shekarar 1922: sanannen ɗan jaridar wasanni Grantland Rice ya ba da labarin wasa-da-wasa daga Polo Grounds na Birnin New York a gidan rediyon WJZ–Newark, New Jersey, wanda aka haɗa ta waya zuwa WGY–Schenectady, New York, da WBZ–Springfield, Massachusetts. Kwalfa ko huluna na baseball ta zama sifar salon tufafi da aka fi sani ba kawai a Amurka da Japan ba, har ma a ƙasashen da wasan kansa ba shi da farin jini sosai, kamar Birtaniya.

Baseball ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukan fasaha da nishaɗi da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalan farko, waƙar Ernest Thayer mai suna "Casey at the Bat", ta bayyana a shekarar 1888; bayanin ba'a game da rashin nasarar babban ɗan wasa a abin da yanzu za a kira shi "yanayin mawuyaci", waƙar ta zama tushen shirye-shiryen vaudeville da sauran ayyukan dandamali, naɗar sauti, daidaitawar fina-finai, da opera, gami da ma'anar ci gaba da ba'a a gidajen watsa labarai daban-daban. An sami finafinai da dama na baseball, har da wanda ya lashe kyautar Academy Award, The Pride of the Yankees (1942) da kuma waɗanda aka zaɓa don samun lambar yabo ta Oscar, The Natural (1984) da Field of Dreams (1989). Zaɓin American Film Institute na fina-finan wasanni goma mafi kyau ya haɗa da The Pride of the Yankees a lamba 3 da Bull Durham (1988) a lamba 5. Baseball ya ba da abubuwa na jigon gudanarwa don manyan nasarori a duka dandamali—wasan kwaikwayo na Adler–Ross mai suna Damn Yankees—da waƙoƙi—"Slide, Kelly, Slide" na George J. Gaskin, "Mrs. Robinson" na Simon and Garfunkel, da "Centerfield" na John Fogerty. Barkwancin barkwanci mai wahayi daga baseball "Who's on First?", wanda Abbott da Costello suka shahara da shi a shekarar 1938, da sauri ya zama sananne; bayan shekaru sittin, mujallar Time ta yi masa lakabi da mafi kyawun shirin barkwanci na ƙarni na 20.

Ayyukan adabi da ke da alaƙa da wasan sun haɗa da gajeren labarin Ring Lardner da litattafai irin su The Natural na Bernard Malamud (tushen fim ɗin), The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. na Robert Coover, Calico Joe na John Grisham da Shoeless Joe na W. P. Kinsella (tushen Field of Dreams). Dokokin adabin baseball kuma sun haɗa da rahotannin beat na Damon Runyon; sassan shafukan Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young, da Peter Gammons; da kasidun Roger Angell. A tsakanin littattafan da aka yi bikin da ba na tatsuniya ba a fagen sun haɗa da The Glory of Their Times na Lawrence S. Ritter, The Boys of Summer na Roger Kahn, da Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game na Michael Lewis. Littafin da ɗan wasan babban ƙungiya Jim Bouton ya wallafa a shekarar 1970 mai suna Ball Four ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsaya mai gagarumin sauyi a rahotannin wasannin ƙwararru.

Wasan baseball kuma ya zaburar da ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan al'adu. An ƙaddamar da katunan baseball a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a matsayin katunan kasuwanci. Misali na yau da kullun yana ƙunshi hoton ɗan wasan baseball a gefe ɗaya da tallan kasuwanci a ɗayan. A farkon shekarun 1900 an samar da su sosai a matsayin abubuwan haɓakawa ta kamfanonin taba da kayan zaƙi. Shekarun 1930 sun shaida karɓuwar salon zamani na katunan baseball, tare da hoton ɗan wasa tare da ƙididdiga da bayanan tarihin rayuwa a baya. Katunan baseball—da yawa daga cikinsu yanzu abubuwan tattarawa ne masu daraja—sune tushen masana'antar katunan kasuwanci mai faɗi sosai, gami da irin waɗannan samfuran don wasanni daban-daban da fannoni marasa alaƙa da wasanni.

Wasannin fantasy na zamani sun fara ne a shekarar 1980 tare da ƙirƙirar Rotisserie League Baseball ta marubucin New York Daniel Okrent da abokansa da dama. Masu shiga cikin ƙungiyar Rotisserie suna ɗaukar ƙungiyoyi na ƙirƙira daga jerin 'yan wasan MLB masu aiki kuma suna gudanar da cikakkiyar kakar wasa ta ƙirƙira tare da sakamakon wasan bisa sabbin ƙididdigar 'yan wasan na gaskiya. Wasan salon Rotisserie da sauri ya zama abin kallo. Yanzu da aka fi sani da sunan fantasy baseball, ya zaburar da irin waɗannan wasannin bisa kan dimbin wasanni daban-daban. Fannin ya haɓaka tare da karuwar samun damar Intanet da sabbin gidajen yanar gizo masu alaƙa da wasannin fantasy. Zuwa shekara ta 2008, mutane miliyan 29.9 a Amurka da Kanada suna gudanar da wasannin fantasy, inda suka kashe dalar Amurka miliyan 800 akan wannan sha'awa. Yaduwar farin jinin fantasy baseball an kuma danganta shi da ƙarin hankalin da ake biya wa sabermetrics—fari a tsakanin masoya, sa'annan kawai a tsakanin ƙwararrun baseball.

Wasannin da aka samo daga gare shi

Stickball wani nau'i ne na kan hanya mai yawa na baseball wanda masana ke amfani da saurin gyare-gyare. (Lura da yankin strike zone da aka fenti a bango a bayan mai buga ƙwallon.)

Bambance-bambancen da ba na doka ba na baseball sun ɓullo a kan lokaci, tare da wasanni kamar corkball da ke nuna al'adun gida da kuma ba da damar yin wasan a muhallai daban-daban. Bambance-bambance guda biyu na baseball, softball da Baseball5, ana gudanar da su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tare da baseball ta Hukumar World Baseball Softball Confederation.

Wasan Baseball na Birtaniya

Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun baseball na Amurka sun kai ziyara Birtaniya a shekarar 1874 da 1889, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a kan irin wadannan wasannin a Birtaniya. A Wales da Merseyside, wani ingantaccen wasa na al'umma ya rigaya ya haɓaka tare da ƙwarewa da wasanni da suka fi dacewa da wasan Amurka kuma mutanen Wales suka fara ɗaukar sunan "baseball" (Pêl Fas), don nuna salon Amurka. Zuwa shekarun 1890, an yi kira da a bi nasarar sauran wasannin ajin ma'aikata (kamar Rugby a Wales da Kwallon kafa a Merseyside) kuma a ɗauki takamaiman dokoki da tsari na ma'aikata. A lokacin kakar 1892 an amince da dokoki don wasan "baseball" kuma an ƙara daidaita wasan a hukumance.

Wasan Baseball na Finland

Wasan baseball na Finland, wanda kuma aka sani da pesäpallo, gauraye ne na wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa na gargajiya da na baseball na Arewacin Amurka, wanda Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ya ƙira a shekarun 1920. Mafi mahimmancin tunani na pesäpallo yayi kama da na baseball: ɓangaren hari yana ƙoƙarin cin maki ta hanyar samun nasarar bugun ƙwallon da gudu ta cikin bases, yayin da tsaron ke ƙoƙarin fitar da mai bugawa da masu gudu. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin pesäpallo da baseball shine cewa ana jefa ƙwallon ne a tsaye (zuwa sama), wanda ke sa bugun ƙwallon, gami da sarrafa ƙarfi da jagorancin bugun, ya fi sauƙi. Wannan yana ba wa wasan hari ƙarin bambancin ra'ayi, gudu, da dabaru idan aka kwatanta da baseball.

Wasan Baseball na Birtaniya

Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun baseball na Amurka sun kai ziyara Birtaniya a shekarar 1874 da 1889, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a kan irin waɗannan wasannin a Birtaniya. A Wales da Merseyside, wani ingantaccen wasa na al'umma ya rigaya ya haɓaka tare da ƙwarewa da wasanni da suka fi dacewa da wasan Amurka kuma mutanen Wales suka fara ɗaukar sunan "baseball" (Pêl Fas), don nuna salon Amurka. Zuwa shekarun 1890, an yi kira da a bi nasarar sauran wasannin ajin ma'aikata (kamar Rugby a Wales da Kwallon kafa a Merseyside) kuma a ɗauki takamaiman dokoki da tsari na ma'aikata. A lokacin kakar 1892 an amince da dokoki don wasan "baseball" kuma an ƙara daidaita wasan a hukumance.

Wasan Baseball na Finland

Wasan baseball na Finland, wanda kuma aka sani da pesäpallo, gauraye ne na wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa na gargajiya da na baseball na Arewacin Amurka, wanda Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ya ƙira a shekarun 1920. Mafi mahimmancin tunani na pesäpallo yayi kama da na baseball: ɓangaren hari yana ƙoƙarin cin maki ta hanyar samun nasarar bugun ƙwallon da gudu ta cikin bases, yayin da tsaron ke ƙoƙarin fitar da mai bugawa da masu gudu. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin pesäpallo da baseball shine cewa ana jefa ƙwallon ne a tsaye, wanda ke sa bugun ƙwallon, gami da sarrafa ƙarfi da jagorancin bugun, ya fi sauƙi. Wannan yana ba wa wasan hari ƙarin bambancin ra'ayi, gudu, da dabaru idan aka kwatanta da baseball.

Gidajen gabaɗaya da aka ambata

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• McNeil, William (2000). Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0784-2. OCLC 42976826.
• Morris, Peter (2007). Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1110-0. OCLC 70884952.
• Porterfield, Jason (2007). Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety. Rosen. ISBN 978-1-4042-0991-6. OCLC 67773742.
• Powers, Albert Theodore (2003). The Business of Baseball. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1426-0. OCLC 50866929.
• Puhalla, Jim; Jeff Krans; Mike Goatley (2003). Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-44793-1. OCLC 50959054.
• Rader, Benjamin G. (2008). Baseball: A History of America's Game (3rd ed.). University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07550-6. OCLC 176980876.
• Riess, Steven A. (1991). City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06216-2. OCLC 23739530.
• Rudel, Anthony J. (2008). Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-15-101275-6. OCLC 192042215.
• Schwarz, Alan (2004). The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics. Thomas Dunne. ISBN 978-0-312-32222-9. OCLC 54692908.
• Stallings, Jack; Bob Bennett, eds. (2003). Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game. American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-4218-5. OCLC 50203866.
• Sullivan, Dean, ed. (1997). Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9244-4. OCLC 36258074.
• Terry, Thomas Philip (1911). Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers (2nd rev. ed.). Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News. OCLC 7587420.
• Thurston, Bill (2000). Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-135822-4. OCLC 43031493.
• Tygiel, Jules (2000). Past Time: Baseball as History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508958-5. OCLC 42290019.
• Votano, Paul (2013). Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1588-5. OCLC 52047315.
• Zimbalist, Andrew (2007). In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12824-4. OCLC 62796332.
• Zoss, Joel (2004). Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7. OCLC 54611393.

Karanta muƙala ta gaba

• Dickson, Paul. The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, 3rd ed. (W. W. Norton, 2009). ISBN 0-393-06681-9.
• Fitts, Robert K. Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-8093-2629-9.
• Gillette, Gary, and Pete Palmer (eds.). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia, 5th ed. (Sterling, 2008). ISBN 1-4027-6051-5.
• Peterson, Robert. Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). ISBN 0-19-507637-0.
• Reaves, Joseph A. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (Bison, 2004). ISBN 0-8032-3943-2.
• Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. Baseball: An Illustrated History (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). ISBN 0-679-40459-7.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• World Baseball Softball Confederation Archived ga Yuli, 18, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• "Baseball" Archived Satumba 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
• Baseball Prospectus Archived Satumba 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
• Society for American Baseball Research Archived Mayu 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• Mister Baseball Archived Oktoba 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine European baseball news
• Baseball Heritage Museum Archived ga Yuni, 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine a League Park a Cleveland, Ohio
• "Perils of Base Ball Playing", historical perspective on statistics of baseball injuries, Scientific American, July 13, 1878, p. 21
• Tarin abubuwan baseball a National Museum of American History na Smithsonian