Regression in 3.12 beta in json.dump deeply nested dict

This was reported here: https://discuss.python.org/t/has-sys-setrecursionlimit-behaviour-changed-in-python-3-12b/30205

The following program works fine on 3.11, but crashes with RecursionError on 3.12:

d = {}
for x in range(1_000):
    d = {'k': d}

import json, sys
sys.setrecursionlimit(100_000_000)
foo = json.dumps(d)

I confirmed this bisects to #96510

Linked PRs

GH-107263: Increase C stack limit for most functions, except _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault() #107535
[3.12] GH-107263: Increase C stack limit for most functions, except _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault() (GH-107535) #107618

@markshannon

cc @markshannon

Related #105003

@Yhg1s

Also cc @Yhg1s out of caution, since we're close to RC.

At a minimum, I'm guessing we need a What's New

The relevant number is the C stack, so depending on your numbers, note you don't need to set sys.recursionlimit to see a regression. The following works in 3.11, but fails in 3.12:

d = {}
for x in range(810):
    d = {'k': d}

import json
foo = json.dumps(d)

At a minimum, I'm guessing we need a What's New

I am in favor of adding a new API exposing this. Nothing else would fundamentally fix this.

If we change the original example to:

d = {}
for x in range(100_000):
    d = {'k': d}

import json, sys
sys.setrecursionlimit(100_000_000)
foo = json.dumps(d)

It segfaults on 3.11.
I would argue that not segfaulting is not a regression, but an improvement.

Here are what we can do to lessen the impact of this change:

Leaves things as they are.
Tweak the C recursion limit, so that PyEval_EvalDefault() consumes more units than other functions so other C code can recurse at least 1000 deep. I'd up the limit to ~2200 making PyEval_EvalDefault() consume 3 units, and everything else 2.
Allow the C recursion limit to be changed, which I don't think is a good idea for safety reasons.

Whatever we do, I'll add a section to the "what's new".

Something else we could do is to change the C recursion limit from 800 to 1500 on optimized builds, where the C frames will be smaller.

A few tests will need changing to handle the differing recursion limits, but that's not a bad thing as it should make the tests more general.

Allow the C recursion limit to be changed, which I don't think is a good idea for safety reasons.

Can you elaborate on that?

It segfaults on 3.11.

People can easily increase their stack size on Unix-like systems with ulimit

As OS provides this API, why would Python forbid users with real need?

Other virtual machines like V8 (JavaScript runtime) can increase stack size on Unix-like systems (while not on Windows).

Increasing stack size/recursion limit is a real need for some users, and this limit will be a problem without easy workaround. It breaks user's code without possibility of easy migration.

Here are what we can do to lessen the impact of this change:
* Leaves things as they are.

I'd find that surprising, at the very least that would require changing sys.setrecursionlimit() doc saying that it's now a no-op,
consider:

Python 3.12.0b3 (main, Jun 19 2023, 18:56:29) [GCC 12.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def data(n):
...   d = {}
...   for x in range(n):
...     d = {'k': d}
...   return d
... 
>>> import json
>>> foo = json.dumps(data(798))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/nix/store/arb...-python3-3.12.0b3/lib/python3.12/json/__init__.py", line 231, in dumps
    return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/nix/store/arb...-python3-3.12.0b3/lib/python3.12/json/encoder.py", line 200, in encode
    chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/nix/store/arb...-python3-3.12.0b3/lib/python3.12/json/encoder.py", line 258, in iterencode
    return _iterencode(o, 0)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while encoding a JSON object
>>> foo = json.dumps(data(797))
>>> import sys
>>> sys.getrecursionlimit()
1000
>>> sys.setrecursionlimit(500)
>>> foo = json.dumps(data(797))
>>>

Alternative take: The json module shouldn't be using recursion. (Which is out of scope as an rc1 release blocker resolution)

People can easily increase their stack size on Unix-like systems

Don't presume this. System, policy, and container limits can constrain the maximum ulimit. And people dealing with untrusted data as is common both encoding or decoding json generally do not have test cases to determine what limits they require to not crash. People's expectations are reasonable that Python will never crash (segfault) the process due to a stack overflow.

Another lack of control: Threads are frequently spawned by extension modules or embedding languages (C/C++/Rust) where the C stack size is configured by that code at thread creation time and can a lot smaller than the ulimit default main thread stack size for a variety of valid reasons. This can be pretty far removed from the control of the Python application user.

And people dealing with untrusted data as is common both encoding or decoding json generally do not have test cases to determine what limits they require to not crash. People's expectations are reasonable that Python will never crash (segfault) the process due to a stack overflow.

I am not asking to remove this limit. I think it should be made configurable at least for professional users.
Since only people with professional knowledge would change this, which means they will know what they are doing and expect a segfault if they set it not correctly.

Recursive deep is not an error if you have a large stack size. Also if you have a very small stack size, the current limit would cause seg fault either.

Currently, the only workaround for this would be editing the source code and compiling again. That's too much even for professional users.

I am not asking to remove this limit. I think it should be made configurable at least for professional users.

Yep, understood. I do think that's a stack / recursion limit related feature request on its own that we should track and decide in its own issue. (feel free to file one)

a stack / recursion limit related feature request on its own

I tend to think it's a bug fix.

If that's a feature request and got passed, then we can run such programs in 3.10, 3.11, and 3.13, which is very weird not having them on 3.12.

GH-107263: Increase C stack limit for most functions, except `_PyEval…

pythonGH-107263: Increase C stack limit for most functions, except `_…

[3.12] GH-107263: Increase C stack limit for most functions, except `…

Is there anything left to do?

Assuming this is all fixed now.

This has broken basic abilities of functools.cache to speed up recursive computations, see #112215
Take the classic Fibonacci sequence

#  fib.py 
import sys
sys.setrecursionlimit(2000)

from functools import cache

@cache
def fib(n):
    if n<1: return 0
    if n==1: return 1
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

print(fib(500))

Now

$ time python3.11 <fib.py 
139423224561697880139724382870407283950070256587697307264108962948325571622863290691557658876222521294125

real	0m0.125s
user	0m0.092s
sys	0m0.034s

is quite quick (removing @cache produces a HUGE slowdown). But, as is easy to find out (I did it on #112215),
that #96510 introduced the regression:

$ time python3.12 <fib.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 10, in fib
  File "<stdin>", line 10, in fib
  File "<stdin>", line 10, in fib
  [Previous line repeated 496 more times]
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

real	0m0.133s
user	0m0.099s
sys	0m0.034s

By the way, increasing ulimit -s (from 8Mb to 64Mb, that's more than enough here) has no effect.

Assuming this is all fixed now.

you still need to fix functools.cache and friends to remain useful for anything mildly serious, see my comment above.

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Regression in 3.12 beta in json.dump deeply nested dict #107263

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