perf: VM and runtime hot paths from pyperformance - #8737

The dispatch loop wrote prev_line (a locations lookup plus a Cell store)
on every instruction only so f_lineno could read it. f_lineno now derives
the line from lasti and code.locations, prev_line is only maintained on
the cold tracing path for 'line' event de-duplication, the two use_tracing
reads per instruction are merged into one, and the pre-dispatch lasti
reload is replaced by the value just stored.

When a trace function is installed on an already-running frame (bdb
stepping back into an untraced caller, frame.f_trace assignment, a local
trace returned from the 'call' event on a resumed generator) prev_line is
synced from lasti so no spurious 'line' event fires.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

set_current_frame ran on every frame enter/exit and touched three separate
thread_local! statics (each a _tlv_get_addr call on macOS). Merge them into
a single thread-local struct so the hot path does one TLS access.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

eval_breaker_tripped ran three checks per bytecode: the finalizing flag,
a thread-local stop_requested lookup, and the EVAL_BREAKER load. Add
STOP_BIT and FINALIZING_BIT so the per-instruction check is a single
relaxed atomic load; the slow path (check_signals) still re-derives the
exact per-thread answer. The bits are set alongside the per-thread flags
and cleared under the stop-the-world exclusion.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

gc_bits is zero for a fresh allocation (both the freelist reuse path and
PyInner::new zero it), so track_new_object can initialise the bit with a
relaxed store instead of a fetch_or. Re-tracking resurrected objects keeps
the read-modify-write variant.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Generator/coroutine resume pushes and pops an exc_info slot on every
send. When that slot is None the value returned by topmost_exception
cannot change (it skips None entries), so the thread-local exception
publish in push_exception/pop_exception is unnecessary.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Keyword calls to plain functions where every parameter is filled exactly
once are reordered in place into the fast-locals layout (no IndexMap, no
keyword name clones); any mismatch falls back to the existing slow path
so error messages are unchanged. super().attr now walks the type's MRO
by reference instead of cloning every class into two Vecs per lookup.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

enumerate kept its counter as a BigInt behind a write lock and did bignum
arithmetic on every item; use a machine integer that promotes to BigInt
only for huge/negative starts or on overflow. zip pre-sizes its per-item
Vec so the common two-iterable case allocates once.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Task registration re-resolved _asyncio module attributes and re-imported
contextvars on every task; the eager path additionally went through generic
call_method for set add/discard. Cache the module objects per thread
(validated by identity), split the contextvars cache from the task
containers, and use PySet/PyDict methods directly.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Adds mimalloc (0.1.52, default-features = false) as the #[global_allocator]
for the rustpython binary, gated behind a new `mimalloc` feature enabled
by default on non-wasm targets (dep declared under
target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies, so wasm builds
never pull it in regardless of default-features).

Profiling a `t = (a, b, c)` loop showed malloc/free at ~40% of samples on
macOS with the system allocator. Switching to mimalloc gives consistent
wins across small-object-heavy workloads, medians over 5-9 interleaved
A/B rounds (release build, this machine):

  tuple (5M `(a,b,c)`)         1.020s -> 0.863s  (1.18x)
  4-thread tuple (5M total)    1.643s -> 1.382s  (1.19x)
  class instances (2M)         0.874s -> 0.797s  (1.10x)
  dict-heavy (200k x 20)       2.196s -> 1.992s  (1.10x)
  string-heavy (join x 20)     0.662s -> 0.592s  (1.12x)
  nqueens (pyperformance)      0.327s -> 0.286s  (1.14x)
  chaos (pyperformance)        0.204s -> 0.191s  (1.06x)
  richards (pyperformance)     0.154s -> 0.151s  (1.02x)
  go (pyperformance)           0.411s -> 0.405s  (1.01x)
  listcomp / fib               ~neutral (<=1%)

Peak RSS (/usr/bin/time -l): instances workload roughly unchanged
(29.0MB -> 29.1MB); dict-heavy workload actually drops (155MB -> 106MB),
likely because mimalloc reclaims freed pages more aggressively than the
system allocator across repeated large-dict churn.

`cargo build` and `cargo build --release` are warning-free with the
default feature set, and `cargo build --release --no-default-features
--features stdlib,threading,importlib,stdio,host_env` (mimalloc
excluded) also builds cleanly. CI's wasm32-wasip1 and other
--no-default-features build matrices in .github/workflows already omit
`mimalloc` from their feature lists and target wasm via the
cfg(not(wasm32)) dependency gate, so no workflow changes needed.

`rustpython -m test -j4 test_gc test_weakref test_threading test_dict
test_list test_tuple test_str test_bytes test_memoryview test_ctypes
test_mmap test_array` passes identically (2541 tests, 241 skipped) on
both the baseline and mimalloc binaries.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

asyncio's eager task path (and its per-task bookkeeping sets in general)
repeatedly adds and discards distinct task objects from a handful of
long-lived sets (_eager_tasks, _scheduled_tasks). Two dict_inner issues
turned that steady-state churn into the dominant cost of async_tree_eager:

1. resize() picked a target size of `used * 2` with no floor, so once a
   churny set settled around 1-2 live entries it shrank to a table that
   the very next insert would already overflow, forcing a resize on
   almost every single add. Clamping to the original minimum table size
   (8) restores the headroom dict/set start with.

2. `entries` only ever grows (holes from deletions are never reclaimed),
   so resize()'s rebuild pass scanned every entry ever inserted into the
   dict's lifetime, not just the live ones - a set with a stable working
   set size but heavy churn grew this scan, and the dict's memory, without
   bound. resize() now compacts holes out of `entries` first, matching
   CPython's compacting hash table and keeping the shape-stamp fast path
   (which already requires a hole-free layout) reachable more often.

Measured with a standalone async_tree micro-benchmark (6 levels x 6
branches, pyperformance's bm_async_tree "none"/"eager" shape) run inside
one process for 10 asyncio.run() iterations, comparing medians of
interleaved binary runs on an otherwise idle machine:

- eager: ~2.91s -> ~0.86s median (about 3.4x)
- none:  ~1.98s -> ~1.23s median (about 1.6x)

A single fresh-process run (no in-process accumulation) still improves
by roughly 15-20% for eager, since the resize-storm from point 1 hits
even a single run's worth of task churn.

test_asyncio (34 files, all passing), test_dict, test_set, test_weakref,
test_weakset, test_ordered_dict, test_gc, test_descr, test_class, and
`cargo test -p rustpython-vm -p rustpython-stdlib` all pass.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

RustPython had no native _functools._lru_cache_wrapper, so
functools.lru_cache always fell back to the pure-Python implementation
in Lib/functools.py (RLock, linked-list bookkeeping, closures). That
fallback dominates typing.Protocol's __instancecheck__ path: it calls
inspect.getattr_static, whose _shadowed_dict is itself lru_cache'd, so
every isinstance() check against a runtime-checkable protocol paid for
several pure-Python cache-wrapper calls plus lock acquisitions.

Add a native pyclass mirroring CPython's C _lru_cache_wrapper: a
reentrant lock scoped only around the cache lookup/insert steps (not
held across the wrapped call, matching CPython's threading behavior),
LRU ordering piggybacked on the cache dict's own insertion order
(move-to-end via del+reinsert, oldest evicted from the front) so no
separate key-comparison structure is needed, and __copy__/__deepcopy__
returning self to match CPython since __reduce__ (used only for
pickling) requires __qualname__, which wrapped non-function callables
such as functools.partial don't have.

Measured with a standalone script reproducing pyperformance's
bm_typing_runtime_protocols isinstance() loop (300 loops, medians of
5 interleaved runs): 0.260s -> 0.182s, about 1.43x faster. In
isolation, a cache-hit through lru_cache went from ~0.31s to ~0.07s
for 200k calls, now faster than calling the underlying function
uncached (matching CPython's C accelerator).

Verified with test_typing, test_abc, test_inspect, test_functools,
test_weakref, test_isinstance, and test_descr (all pass, matching the
pre-existing baseline, including test_functools's already-present
TestLRUC suite which now actually exercises the native implementation).

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

is_uni_digit/is_uni_space/is_uni_alnum went through icu_properties'
GeneralCategory table lookup for every character, even the common
ASCII case. Add a `ch < 0x80` fast path that resolves directly via
std's ascii predicates, falling back to the full table only for
non-ASCII code points (Latin-1 supplement chars like 'A-umlaut' still
route through the table since they are alphanumeric but not ASCII).

Measured on a tight `re.findall(r"\w+", ...)` / `re.sub` loop over
mostly-ASCII text (interleaved A/B, 4 rounds, medians):
  re.sub:    1.178s -> 1.134s  (~3.7% faster)
  re.findall: 1.110s -> 1.062s (~4.3% faster)

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Generator, coroutine, and async-generator dealloc always went through
drop_slow_inner's call_slot_del, which unconditionally attaches to a VM
(with_vm -> begin_interpreter_section -> per-interpreter thread-slot
hashmap lookup) before running del(), even though del() itself is a
documented no-op once the object is already closed or running - the
common case for a generator/coroutine consumed to completion.

Add PyTypeSlots::del_needed, an optional VM-free fast predicate checked
before call_slot_del/with_vm; generator, coroutine, and async_generator
install a check mirroring their own del() no-op branches, letting
drop_slow_inner and try_call_finalizer skip the VM attach entirely for
finished objects.

Standalone microbenchmarks (median of 5 interleaved runs):
- create+drain a 3-yield generator, 2M times: 1.099s -> 0.997s (-9%)
- pyperformance bm_generators shape (yield-from tree traversal): -4%
- pyperformance bm_coroutines shape (recursive fibonacci coroutines): -13%

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

with_asyncio_cache/with_contextvars_cache called vm.import("_asyncio"/
"contextvars", 0) on every Task/Future registration just to validate
their module-identity cache, even on the (overwhelming) hit path. That
still pays the full __import__ builtin dispatch (attribute lookup on
builtins, FuncArgs construction, native slot_call, ImportArgs parsing,
import_module_level) instead of a cheap sys.modules lookup. Added
fast_import_cached(), which checks sys.modules directly and only falls
back to vm.import on a miss (module missing/reloaded).

Measured with a standalone asyncio_tree-style microbenchmark
(6 levels x 6 branches, several asyncio.run() iterations per process,
median of 5 interleaved A/B rounds):
  none:      1.045s -> 0.895s (~14% faster)
  eager:     0.716s -> 0.591s (~17% faster)
  eager_tg:  1.023s -> 0.849s (~17% faster)

test_asyncio (all files), test_contextvars (module absent from this
checkout, pre-existing), test_weakref, test_weakset all pass/unchanged.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

…erpreter

Object teardown (drop_slow_inner -> call_slot_del, try_call_finalizer,
weakref callbacks) calls with_vm(), which unconditionally went through
set_current_vm -> begin_interpreter_section: an INTERP_THREAD_SLOTS
HashMap lookup plus an Arc clone, even in the overwhelmingly common
case where the dropping thread is already attached to the exact
interpreter that owns the object (a __del__ object or weakref target
going out of scope mid-bytecode).

with_vm now checks whether the object's owning interpreter is already
the one on top of VM_STACK. Only the top of VM_STACK is ever ATTACHED
on a thread (every push is preceded by an attach, every pop restores
the enclosing attach), so when it matches we call f(vm) directly and
skip begin_interpreter_section/set_current_vm entirely. The rare
not-attached/different-interpreter cases (nested subinterpreters,
thread outside any VM, shutdown) fall through to the original
attach/detach path unchanged.

Interleaved release-build measurements (5 rounds, medians), plain-Rust
micro-scripts, no pyperf:
- 2M create+drop of a __del__ object: ~0.55s -> ~0.46s (~16% faster)
- 2M create+drop with a weakref callback: ~1.14s -> ~1.06s (~7% faster)
- 2M io.StringIO() create+drop: ~0.734s -> ~0.697s (~5% faster)
- fib(30) and a 5M-iteration tuple-unpack loop: unchanged (noise-level)

`sample` profiles of the __del__ benchmark confirm
begin_interpreter_section/ensure_thread_slot frames disappear after
the change.

Verified: `cargo test -p rustpython-vm --release`, and
`-m test -j4 test_gc test_weakref test_finalization test_threading
test_thread test_concurrent_futures test_os test_signal test_generators
test_io test_atexit test_sys` (test_interpreters module absent in this
tree, pre-existing). Also a 4-thread stress script hammering __del__
object creation against a concurrent gc.collect() loop for 10s, and a
threading+queue handoff dropping a __del__ object after cross-thread
transfer, both pass.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

VirtualMachine::import always resolved and called builtins.__import__
(FuncArgs construction, native slot_call, ImportArgs::from_args, then
import_module_level) even when the module was already cached in
sys.modules. ~63 Rust stdlib call sites hit this on hot paths
(copyreg, pickle's reduce_newobj, warnings, asyncio, etc).

Add VirtualMachine::try_import_cached: for a plain absolute import
(level 0, empty from-list), if builtins.__import__ is still the
original import function (compared by identity against vm.import_func)
and the module -- or, for a dotted name, its top-level package -- is
already present and fully initialized in sys.modules, return it
directly, skipping the __import__ dispatch and import_module_level
entirely. Falls through to the existing slow path whenever the module
is uncached, still initializing, or __import__ has been overridden by
user code, so test_import/test_importlib/test_builtin overrides still
work.

Exposed import::is_module_initializing (refactored out of
import_ensure_initialized) so the fast path can check
__spec__._initializing the same way the slow path does.

Removes _asyncio's local fast_import_cached workaround (added in
cb2064f0e) now that vm.import itself has the same fast path generally.

Measured (interleaved A/B, 5 rounds, pickle.dumps of a plain object,
which hits copyreg import via reduce_newobj): ~2% wall-clock
improvement per call (baseline ~4.75s / 100k dumps vs ~4.66s
candidate), consistent across all rounds. Verified: overridden
__import__ still invoked, a replaced sys.modules is read through the
same accessor, and a self-importing/initializing module is not handed
out early -- all match baseline behavior.

test suite (test_import test_importlib test_builtin test_pkg
test_pkgutil test_runpy test_zipimport test_site test_warnings
test_copy test_pickle test_asyncio.test_tasks test_threaded_import
test_sys): 13/14 files pass; test_threaded_import fails identically on
baseline (ModuleNotFoundError, pre-existing, unrelated to this change).

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

task_eager_start ran the first step via context.run(coro.send, None),
which builds a bound `send` method object and then re-enters the
generic Callable/FuncArgs dispatch just to invoke context.run's own
generic call. Since eager tasks in async_tree_eager complete almost
entirely synchronously (no event-loop scheduling needed), this
per-task dispatch overhead dominated. Enter/exit the native PyContext
directly and call coro.send via a single call_method instead,
falling back to the generic path for non-native Context subclasses.

async_tree_eager median: ~705ms -> ~697ms across 5 interleaved A/B
rounds (~1% eager-only win); async_tree (none) unaffected (noise-level
delta). test_asyncio (all files), test_weakref, test_weakset pass;
pre-existing test_contextvars module-not-found failure unchanged from
baseline.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

resume_gen_frame restored owner/exc-slot/frame-chain state via a
scopeguard::defer! closure that ran on every exit (Ok, Err, or panic).
Since the closure's body is the function's only tail expression, a
plain captured result plus explicit cleanup (the same shape with_frame
already uses for the analogous call path) covers both normal exit
paths identically; only the recursion-depth decrement keeps a
scopeguard, matching with_frame's precedent that this codebase does
not otherwise guarantee generator/frame state consistency across a
Rust panic (panic=unwind is not used to implement any Python-level
control flow here).

Delegation-chain benchmark (chain.py, forwarding N values through a
yield-from chain) measures a small but consistent win: ~2-5% less
wall time per forwarded value at depths 1/4/16 across interleaved A/B
rounds. Single-generator create+finish cost is a wash.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

`Py<FrameObject>::resume` built its `ExecutingFrame` with
`tailcall_enabled: false`, because a `TailCall` result had nowhere to go:
the trampoline was reachable only from `run_frame_fast`, whose entry frame
lives on the data stack and can never yield. So every ordinary Python call
made from inside a generator or coroutine body re-entered `run_frame_fast`
recursively instead of being flattened.

Generalize the trampoline to drive a heap-resident entry frame whose
enter/exit bookkeeping belongs to its caller, and whose `Yield` is a valid
terminal result rather than a panic. `FrameKind` now says, per frame, what
the trampoline owes it: `Entry` (exit it, caller frees the storage),
`GenEntry` (`resume_gen_frame` linked it and will unlink it; a `Yield` is
the trampoline's result) or `Callee` (exit it and free its storage). The
three near-identical dispatch arms collapse into one `Step::Finished` /
`Step::Deliver` loop.

The suspended-frame stack moves onto the VM and is reused across
invocations: a generator body enters the trampoline once per resume, so a
`Vec::with_capacity(8)` there cost a malloc/free per yield (+27 ns/resume
when first measured). Invocations nest strictly LIFO, so each owns the
region above the length it finds on entry.

Neutral on its own — a generator body's first call was the only one not
already flattened, since the callee's own frame runs under the trampoline
either way. It is what lets SEND/FOR_ITER hand a generator frame to the
same loop. Measured (chain of `yield from`, 1-yield generator create+finish,
bm_generators, bm_coroutines, async_tree none/eager): within noise, except
generator create+finish 625 ns -> 603 ns.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

`length_hint_opt` opened with `iter.length()`, whose whole job on a type
with no length slot is to build the `TypeError` that says so -- which
this caller then catches, recognises and discards. Every iterator and
every generator takes that path, and `list()` calls it on whatever it is
handed, so a `list(gen)` paid for an exception object per call.
`length_opt` answers the same question with `None`. CPython's
`PyObject_LengthHint` gates the call on the slots for the same reason.

Median of 5 interleaved rounds: `list(g())` x200k for a 1-yield
generator 556 -> 407 ns (-27%). pyperformance generators, coroutines,
comprehensions and async_tree are unchanged, as are nqueens, richards
and chaos.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Making a generator tracks two objects that are born together and die
together -- the generator and the frame it owns -- and each one took the
gen0 list lock and a thread-local read of the running interpreter for
itself. Give the pair one entry point: `PyGenerator`, `PyCoroutine` and
`PyAsyncGen` opt out of tracking at allocation, the way frames already
do, and `make_generator_or_coro` links both into gen0 under a single
lock, with one owner read and one collection check.

Medians of 5 interleaved rounds: pyperformance coroutines -2.5%,
generators -0.9%; `for _ in g(): pass` over a plain call 205 -> 200 ns.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Mirrors CPython's lookdict: two exact `int` keys now compare by BigInt
value directly instead of going through the generic rich-compare
dispatch (identical_or_equal -> bool_eq -> rich_compare_bool -> __eq__
slot lookup). Falls back to bool_eq whenever either side isn't exactly
`int` (subclasses may override __eq__), so behavior is unchanged there.

Measured (min-of-6 rounds, 2M-iteration micros, this tree's build has
~4% layout noise so min is used as the noise floor):
- dict_int_lookup (`d[i]`, int keys): 70.9ns -> 62.0ns (-12.5%)
- dict_str_lookup / dict_tuple_lookup / set_str_contains: unchanged
  (within noise), confirming no regression on non-int keys.

pyperformance sanity checks (single round each, base vs candidate):
bm_mdp median ~5027ms/loop vs ~5003ms/loop (no regression, hashing
isn't the dominant cost there); bm_nqueens, bm_go, bm_deltablue,
bm_hexiom, bm_chaos all within ~1% (noise).

Hash/equality values cross-checked bit-identical against CPython 3.14
for 0, 1, -1, True, False, 2**61-1, 2**61, -(2**63), 2**100, -(2**100),
and int/float/bool/Decimal/Fraction(1) hash-equality invariants.

Also tried an exact-type fast dispatch in PyObject::hash (skipping the
slots.hash vtable call + with_recursion for exact int/str) - it only
moved hash_small_int/hash_large_int by ~2%, under the 3% bar, so it was
not committed.

Tests: `rustpython -m test -j4 test_hash test_int test_long test_tuple
test_dict test_set test_dictviews test_ordered_dict test_collections
test_fractions test_numeric_tower test_float test_bool test_str
test_userdict test_weakref` all pass (1796 run, 72 skipped). `cargo
test -p rustpython-vm --release -p rustpython-common` passes. clippy
clean on the touched lines.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

CPython's ternary dispatch offers the operation to the third operand's type
whenever its slot differs from the two already tried, including the case where
neither operand had one. The port required both of those slots to exist, so
`pow(10, 2, Decimal(7))` never reached `Decimal` and raised TypeError.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Counts `(prev_op, op)` in the dispatch loop and dumps the nonzero pairs at
exit, so superinstruction and specialization candidates can be ranked from
what pyperformance-shaped code actually dispatches rather than guessed at.

Entirely behind the non-default `opcode-histogram` feature: the module is
`#[cfg]`-ed out and the loop's two-line hook with it, so a default build is
byte-identical to one without the patch.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

`TO_BOOL*`, `COMPARE_OP*`, `CONTAINS_OP*` and `IS_OP` materialised a bool
only for the `POP_JUMP_IF_*` one dispatch later to pop and test it, and the
compiler's `NOT_TAKEN` marker cost a third dispatch on the fall-through edge.
Generalise the `COMPARE_OP_INT`-only jump fusion so every boolean producer
resolves the jump itself, and step over `NOT_TAKEN` from there and from the
plain `POP_JUMP_IF_*` handlers. Both back off to ordinary dispatch when the
successor is an instrumented opcode or while tracing, so `sys.monitoring`
branch events and `sys.settrace` opcode events are unaffected.

Dispatches over 13 standalone pyperformance benchmarks: -5.0% total
(richards -11.7%, unpickle_pure_python -8.9%, sympy -8.4%, hexiom -8.1%,
django_template -7.1%, go -6.1%; nbody unchanged). Times, best of 7
interleaved rounds: deltablue -4.0%, hexiom -3.5%, go -3.4%,
unpickle_pure_python -3.3%, richards -3.2%, raytrace -3.0%, nqueens -1.9%,
geomean -1.0%; a branch-heavy microbenchmark -4.7% against a straight-line
control at 0%.

Assisted-by: Claude Code:claude-fable-5-1

Coro.frame is now PyAtomicRef<Option<FrameObject>>, so the flattened
resume path uses frame_opt/clear_except_code instead of a direct frame.

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

try_to_bool now takes &self, so drop the leftover clones. Derive
cr_origin lines from lasti instead of prev_line, and satisfy
-Dwarnings on the immortal-refcount and del_needed types.

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

host_env-free builds (sandbox check, wasm) do not compile os.rs, so
OsPathOrFd::filename cannot use Borrowed's ToPyObject. Use as_raw()
instead, which is the same conversion.

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

WASM clippy builds rustpython-vm without host_env, so OsPathOrFd and
the fspath/fd helpers are unused and fail -Dwarnings.

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

run_iframe stays safe: a live frame already has valid identity pointers.

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6

Assisted-by: Grok:4.6