fungus

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin fungus (“mushroom”). Displaced native Old English swamm.

Picture dictionary

fungus

organism

---

mold

mushroom

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada) IPA^(key): /ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/

  • Audio (Texas):

    (file)

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• (Northern England, Midlands) IPA^(key): /ˈfʊŋ.ɡəs/
• Rhymes: -ʌŋɡəs

Noun

fungus (countable and uncountable, plural fungi or (uncommon) funguses or (nonstandard, rare) fungusses or fungus)

2. (mycology) A eukaryotic organism of the kingdom Fungi typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.

   Hypernym: organism

   Hyponyms: ascomycete, basidiomycete, mold, mushroom, yeast

   • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist‎^[1], volume 408, number 8845, archived from the original on 14 August 2020:

     Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

3. (uncountable) The flesh of such an organism.
4. (archaic, pathology) A spongy, abnormal excrescence, such as excessive granulation tissue formed in a wound.

Derived terms

• ambrosia fungus
• antifungus
• artillery fungus
• artist's fungus
• bird's nest fungus
• black fungus
• bleeding tooth fungus
• bootlace fungus
• bracket fungus
• candlestick fungus
• cannonball fungus
• caterpillar fungus
• cauliflower fungus
• cinnamon fungus
• clavarioid fungus
• club fungus
• coal fungus (Daldinia concentrica)
• coral fungus
• cup fungus
• dark fungus
• distillery fungus
• endofungus
• face fungus
• fairy ring fungus
• fly fungus
• foot fungus
• fungal
• fungate
• fungicidal
• fungicide
• fungiferous
• fungoid
• fungology
• fungus beetle
• fungus comb
• fungused
• fungus gamboge
• fungus garden
• fungus gnat
• fungus-growing ant
• funguslike
• fungus moth
• fungusproof
• fungus weevil
• fungusy
• ghost fungus
• golden jelly fungus
• honey fungus
• hoof fungus
• jelly fungus
• macrofungus
• microfungus
• nail fungus
• orange-peel fungus
• panfungus
• phytofungus
• pleasing fungus beetle
• pseudofungus
• rust fungus
• sac fungus
• sewage fungus
• shelf fungus
• shotgun fungus
• smellfungus
• smut fungus
• snow fungus
• sulfur fungus
• sulphur fungus
• tinder fungus
• toothed jelly fungus
• tooth fungus
• whiskey fungus
• whisky fungus
• white fungus
• yellow brain fungus
• zombie fungus

Related terms

• fungous (adjective)

Descendants

• → Irish: fungas

Translations

any member of the kingdom Fungi

• Afrikaans: swam, fungus
• Albanian: këpurdhë f
• Arabic: فُطْر (ar) m (fuṭr)

  Egyptian Arabic: فطر m (feṭr)

• Armenian: սունկ (hy) (sunk), սնկիկ (hy) (snkik), բորբոս (hy) (borbos)
• Assamese: ভেঁকুৰ (bhẽkur)
• Asturian: fungu m
• Azerbaijani: göbələk (az)
• Bashkir: бәшмәктәр (bäşmäktär)
• Belarusian: грыбо́к m (hrybók)
• Bengali: ছত্রাক (bn) (chotrak)
• Breton: foue (br)
• Bulgarian: гъба (bg) f (găba)
• Burmese: မှို (my) (hmui)
• Catalan: fong (ca)
• Chinese:

  Hokkien: ko͘

  Mandarin: 菌類 / 菌类 (zh) (jūnlèi), 真菌 (zh) (zhēnjūn)

• Chuvash: кӑмпа (kămp̬a)
• Czech: houba (cs) f
• Danish: svamp (da) c
• Dutch: zwam (nl) m
• Erzya: пангт (pangt)
• Esperanto: fungo (eo)
• Estonian: seen (et)
• Faroese: soppur
• Finnish: sieni (fi)
• French: fongus (fr) m
• Galician: fungo (gl) m
• Georgian: სოკო (soḳo)
• German: Pilz (de) m

  Alemannic German: Pilz m

• Greek: μύκητας (el) m (mýkitas)
• Hawaiian: kalina
• Hebrew: פטרייה (he) f (pitriyá)
• Hindi: फफूंद f (phaphūnd), फफूँद (hi) f (phaphū̃d)
• Hungarian: gombaféle (hu), gomba (hu)
• Iban: kulat
• Icelandic: sveppur (is)
• Irish: fungas m
• Italian: fungo (it)
• Japanese: 菌類 (ja) (きんるい, kinrui), 真菌 (ja) (しんきん, shinkin), 茸 (ja) (きのこ, kinoko)
• Kannada: ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ (kn) (śilīndhra)
• Khmer: ផ្សិត (km) (phsət)
• Kongo: please add this translation if you can
• Korean: 균계 (gyun'gye)
• Lao: ເຫັດ (het)
• Latin: fungus
• Latvian: sēnes (lv)
• Lingala: liyɛbú
• Lithuanian: grybas (lt)
• Low German: Swamm m
• Luxembourgish: Pilzeräich
• Macedonian: габа f (gaba)
• Malay: kulat (ms)

  Brunei Malay: kulat

• Manx: fungys m
• Māori: kōpurawhetū, hekaheka, puruheka
• Marathi: बुरशी f (burśī)
• Melanau:

  Central Melanau: kulat

• Nahuatl: nanacatl (nah)
• Norwegian: sopp (no)
• Occitan: fonge (oc)
• Persian: قارچ (fa) (qârč)
• Plautdietsch: Pilz n
• Polish: grzyb (pl) m
• Portuguese: fungo (pt) m
• Quechua: k'allampa (qu)
• Romanian: ciupercă (ro) f
• Russian: гриб (ru) m (grib), грибо́к (ru) m (gribók)
• Sami:

  Northern Sami: guobbarat

• Samogitian: kremblē
• Sanskrit: कवकम् (sa) (kavakam)
• Sardinian: cordolinu
• Scottish Gaelic: fungas m
• Serbo-Croatian: gljȉva (sh) f, гљива f
• Slovak: huba (sk) f
• Spanish: hongo (es) m
• Sranan Tongo: buku
• Swahili: kuvu (sw)
• Swedish: svamp (sv)
• Tagalog: halamang-singaw, buot, apugaw, kolatkolat
• Tajik: занбӯруғ (zanbüruġ)
• Tamil: பூஞ்சைகள் (pūñcaikaḷ)
• Telugu: శిలీంధ్రం (te) (śilīndhraṁ)
• Thai: เห็ดรา (hèt-raa)
• Tongan: talingelinga
• Turkish: mantar (tr)

  Ottoman Turkish: مانطار (mantar)

• Ukrainian: гриб (uk) m (hryb), грибо́к (hrybók) (microscopic, non formal)
• Uzbek: zamburugʻ (uz)
• Vietnamese: nấm (vi)
• Volapük: funig (vo)
• Walloon: tchampion (wa)
• Welsh: ffwng (cy) m
• Xhosa: ikhowa, inkowane
• Yiddish: פֿונגוס m (fungus), שוואָם m or f (shvom)

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin fungus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfʏŋ.ɡʏs/, /ˈfʏŋ.ɣʏs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: fun‧gus

Noun

fungus m (plural fungi, no diminutive)

1. (mycology) fungus, member of the kingdom Fungi

Related terms

• fungicidaal
• fungicide
• spons

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fɔ̃.ɡys/

Noun

fungus m (invariable)

1. alternative spelling of fongus

Indonesian

Etymology

From Latin fungus.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈfuŋus/ [ˈfu.ŋʊs]
• Rhymes: -uŋus
• Syllabification: fu‧ngus

Noun

fungus

1. fungus (any member of the kingdom Fungi)

Related terms

• fungi

Latin

fungus (a mushroom)

Etymology

Originally *sfungus. Along with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos, “sponge”, whence Latin spongia), σφόγγος (sphóngos), and Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn), likely a loanword from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly also related to Georgian სოკო (soḳo), Tsez зикӏу (zik’u), Bezhta сакӏо (sakʼo), Moksha панга (panga) and Erzya панго (pango, “mushroom”). Linguists such as Kluge and Kroonen have suggested a connection to English swamp and its Germanic cognates.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈfʊŋ.ɡʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈfuŋ.ɡus]

Noun

fungus m (genitive fungī); second declension

1. mushroom; fungus
2. fungal growth or infection
3. candle-snuff
4. (figuratively, derogatory) dolt, idiot

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:homo stultus

Declension

Second-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	fungus	fungī
genitive	fungī	fungōrum
dative	fungō	fungīs
accusative	fungum	fungōs
ablative	fungō	fungīs
vocative	funge	fungī

Derived terms

• fungifōrmis
• fungīnus
• fungōsus
• fungulus

Related terms

• fungidus

Descendants

• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Italian: fungo
  • Neapolitan: fungio
  • Sicilian: funcia, funciu
  • Venetan: fongo, fonc
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: fonc, fong
• Gallo-Italic:
  • Emilian: fónnż, fonz, fons
  • Ligurian: fonzo
  • Lombard: fons, fonz, foncc, fonze
  • Piedmontese: fons
  • Romagnol: fons, fong
• Gallo-Romance:
  • >? Catalan: fong (perhaps a borrowing from Aragonese/Spanish)
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: fongo, frongo
  • Old Spanish: fongo
    • Ladino: fongo
    • Spanish: hongo
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: fungu
  • → Basque: onddo
  • → Dutch: fungus
    • → Indonesian: fungus
  • → English: fungus
  • → French: fonge, fongus, fungus
  • → Irish: fungas
  • → Galician: fungo
  • → Portuguese: fungo
  • → Romanian: fungă

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 586–587
• “fungus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fungus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "fungus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “fungus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to perform the last rites for a person: supremo officio in aliquem fungi
    
  • (ambiguous) to live a perfect life: virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi (Tusc. 1. 45. 109)
    
  • (ambiguous) to do one's duty: officio suo fungi
    
  • (ambiguous) to perform official duties: munere fungi, muneri praeesse