Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ubil

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ubilaz.

Adjective

*ubil (comparative *wirsiʀō, superlative *wirsist(ō))

1. evil, bad

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*ubil
Genitive	*ubilas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*ubil	*ubilu	*ubil
Accusative	*ubilanā	*ubilā	*ubil
Genitive	*ubilas	*ubileʀā	*ubilas
Dative	*ubilumē	*ubileʀē	*ubilumē
Instrumental	*ubilu	*ubileʀu	*ubilu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*ubilē	*ubilō	*ubilu
Accusative	*ubilā	*ubilā	*ubilu
Genitive	*ubileʀō	*ubileʀō	*ubileʀō
Dative	*ubilēm, *ubilum	*ubilēm, *ubilum	*ubilēm, *ubilum
Instrumental	*ubilēm, *ubilum	*ubilēm, *ubilum	*ubilēm, *ubilum

Derived terms

• *ubilōn

Descendants

• Old English: yfel, eofel, efel — late Kentish
  • Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
    • English: evil
    • Scots: evil, ewil
• Old Frisian: evel
  • Saterland Frisian: eeuwel
  • West Frisian: evel
• Old Saxon: uvil
  • Middle Low German: ovel
    • German Low German: övel
    • Plautdietsch: iebel
  • → West Frisian: euvel
• Old Dutch: uvil
  • Middle Dutch: evel, ovel, oevel
    • Dutch: euvel
      • Afrikaans: euwel
• Old High German: ubil
  • Middle High German: übel, *üvel (West Central German)
    • German: übel
    • Luxembourgish: iwwel