Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/iz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ís, *éy.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iz/
• Rhymes: -iz

Pronoun

*iz

1. he, she, it, they; 3rd person personal pronoun

Inflection

Declension of *iz (irregular)

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*iz	*sī	*it		*īz	*ijôz	*ijō
accusative	*inǭ	*ijǭ	*it		*inz	*ijōz	*ijō
genitive	*es	*ezōz	*es		*ezǫ̂	*ezǫ̂	*ezǫ̂
dative	*immai	*ezōi	*immai		*imaz	*imaz	*imaz
instrumental	*inō	*ezō	*inō		*imiz	*imiz	*imiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *iʀ
  • Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)
  • Old Frisian: -er, -ere
    • Saterland Frisian: er
    • West Frisian: er
  • Old High German: ër
    • Middle High German: ër
      • Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
        • Swabian: er, ear
      • Bavarian: er
        • Cimbrian: èar, ar (aphetic), er (Luserna)
        • Mòcheno: er
      • Central Franconian: er
        • Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
      • East Central German: er, ar, ea
      • German: er
      • East Franconian: er, ea, ar
      • Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa
        • Pennsylvania German: er
      • Yiddish: ער (er)
• Old Norse: es, er
  • Faroese: er
  • Icelandic: er
  • Old Swedish: ær
• Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)
• Crimean Gothic: ies

From inflected forms

Nominative

1. *sī (singular feminine) (< *síh₂)

   • Proto-West Germanic: *sī, *si(j)u
   • Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

2. *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
3. *īz (plural masculine) (< *éyes)

   • Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis)

4. *ijôz (plural feminine) (< *íh₂es)

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

5. *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

Accusative

1. *inǭ (singular masculine) (< *ím)

   • Old Saxon: ina
     • Middle Low German: ine, ene, one
       • German Low German: ne, en
   • Old Dutch: ina
   • Old High German: inan
     • Middle High German: in, inen
       • Alemannic German: in
       • Cimbrian: in, inn (Sette Comuni)
       • German: ihn
       • Hunsrik: ihn
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌰 (ina)

2. *ijǭ (singular feminine) (< [Term?])

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

3. *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
4. *inz (plural masculine) (< *íns)

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ins)

5. *ijōz (plural feminine) (< [Term?])

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

6. *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

Genitive

1. *es (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésyo)

   • Proto-West Germanic: *es
     • Old Saxon: is
       • Middle Low German: is, es
     • Old High German: es, is
       • Middle High German: es
   • Old Norse: es
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

2. *ezōz (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂s)

   • Old Saxon: ira, iru, iro, ire
     • Middle Low German: ēr
       • Dutch Low Saxon: eur
       • German Low German: üor, ehr, eer
   • Old Dutch: iro
   • Old High German: ira
     • Middle High German: ire, ir
       • German: ihrer
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (izōs)

3. *ezǫ̂ (plural, all genders) (< *éysom)

   • Old Saxon: iro
     • Middle Low German: erer, er, orer, or, irer
       • German Low German: ehr, öhren
   • Old Dutch: iro
     • Middle Dutch: er
       • Dutch: er
   • Old High German: iro
     • Middle High German: ire, ir
       • German: ihrer
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌴 (izē), 𐌹𐌶𐍉 (izō)

Dative

1. *immai (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésmey)

   • Old Saxon: imu
     • Middle Low German: ime, eme, ome, gim, jum, um
       • Dutch Low Saxon: em, um
       • German Low German: em, äm
       • Plautdietsch: am
   • Old Dutch: imo
   • Old High German: imu, imo
     • Middle High German: ime, im
       • Alemannic German: im
       • Cimbrian: iime
       • German: ihm
       • Hunsrik: ihm
       • Yiddish: אים (im)
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (imma)

2. *ezōi (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂ey)

   • Old Saxon: iru
     • Middle Low German: ere
       • Dutch Low Saxon: eur
       • German Low German: ehr, üör, iär, öhr
   • Old High German: iru, iro
     • Middle High German: ir
       • Alemannic German: ire
       • Cimbrian: iar
       • German: ihr
       • Hunsrik: eer
       • Yiddish: איר (ir)
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 (izai)

3. *imaz (plural, all genders) (< [Term?])

   • Old Saxon: im, imo
     • Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
       • German Low German: jüm, jem
   • Old Dutch: im
   • Old High German: im, in
     • Middle High German: in
       • Alemannic German: ine, ene
       • German: ihnen
       • ⇒ Cimbrian: innàndarn
   • Gothic: 𐌹𐌼 (im)

See also

• *hiz
• *hwaz