Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑi̯.lɑz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas (> Proto-Slavic *cělъ (“whole”), Old Prussian kailūstiskan (“health”)), as well as the marginally attested Ancient Greek κοἶλυ (koîlu, “goodness, beauty”).^[1]

Adjective

*hailaz^[2]

Inflection

Declension of *hailaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*hailaz	*hailō	*hailą, -atō	*hailai	*hailôz	*hailō
accusative	*hailanǭ	*hailǭ	*hailą, -atō	*hailanz	*hailōz	*hailō
genitive	*hailas, -is	*hailaizōz	*hailas, -is	*hailaizǫ̂	*hailaizǫ̂	*hailaizǫ̂
dative	*hailammai	*hailaizōi	*hailammai	*hailaimaz	*hailaimaz	*hailaimaz
instrumental	*hailanō	*hailaizō	*hailanō	*hailaimiz	*hailaimiz	*hailaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*hailô	*hailǭ	*hailô	*hailaniz	*hailōniz	*hailōnō
accusative	*hailanų	*hailōnų	*hailô	*hailanunz	*hailōnunz	*hailōnō
genitive	*hailiniz	*hailōniz	*hailiniz	*hailanǫ̂	*hailōnǫ̂	*hailanǫ̂
dative	*hailini	*hailōni	*hailini	*hailammaz	*hailōmaz	*hailammaz
instrumental	*hailinē	*hailōnē	*hailinē	*hailammiz	*hailōmiz	*hailammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
- Old English: hāl, hǣl
  - Middle English: hol (Northern hal, hale)
    - English: whole
      Geordie: hyel
    - Middle Scots: hale, hail, haill
      - Scots: hale, haill
- Old Frisian: hēl
  - Saterland Frisian: heel
  - West Frisian: hiel
- Old Saxon: hēl
  - Middle Low German: hêl, heil
    - Low German: heel, heil
- Old Dutch: hēl
  - Middle Dutch: hêel
    - Dutch: heel
      - Afrikaans: heel
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: hele
      - Negerhollands: heel, hele, helle
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: helwel, he
      - → Saramaccan: híi
      - → Sranan Tongo: eri, heri, hele, heele, herheri
    - Limburgish: heil
- Old High German: heil
  - Middle High German: heil
    - German: eil, heil
Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*hailaʀ)
- Old Norse: heill, hęill
  - Icelandic: heill
  - Faroese: heilur
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: heil
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: heil
  - Old Swedish: hēl, heel
    - Swedish: hel (“whole”); hell, häll, häld, häl (“hale”, greeting)
  - Old Danish: hel, hiæl
    - Danish: hel
      - Norwegian Bokmål: hel
  - → Middle English: heyl
    - English: hail
    - Scots: hail
East Germanic
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails)
- Vandalic: *hailz (early), eils, *hēlz (late)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xailaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

Etymology 2

Probably of similar derivation to the above.^[1] Per Matasovic, potentially related to Proto-Brythonic *koɨl (“omen, augury”) (whence Welsh coel (“belief, trust”)), Latin caelum (“sky”),^[2] though Kroonen rejects relations to the Italo-Celtic forms.

Noun

*hailaz n^[3]

omen, portent

Inflection

Declension of *hailaz (z-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hailaz	*hailizō
vocative	*hailaz	*hailizō
accusative	*hailaz	*hailizō
genitive	*hailiziz	*hailizǫ̂
dative	*hailizi	*hailizumaz
instrumental	*hailizē	*hailizumiz

Derived terms

*hailagaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
- Old English: hǣl
- Old Saxon: hēl
  - Middle Low German: heil
- Old Dutch: heil
  - Middle Dutch: heil
    - Dutch: heil
      - Afrikaans: heil
- Old High German: heil
  - Middle High German: heil
    - German: Heil
Old Norse: heill
- Icelandic: heill

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kaylo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 197-8
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xailaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xailaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[EDPG-3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kaylo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 197-8

[5] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xailaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

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