-ende

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ende"

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch -ende, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ndz.

Suffix

-ende

1. (Can we add an example for this sense?) equivalent of English -ing; suffix for present participle terms

Derived terms

Category Afrikaans terms suffixed with -ende not found

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Danish -ændæ, from Old Norse -andi, from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Suffix

-ende

1. (Can we add an example for this sense?) equivalent of English -ing; suffix for present participle terms
2. (Can we add an example for this sense?) used to form [nouns] from certain (possibly no longer existing) [verbs]

   Coordinate terms: -else, -ing

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Category Danish terms suffixed with -ende (-ing) not found

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-dô, cognate with English -th. The -n- is generalized from those stems that ended in -n originally, e.g. ti-ende from *tehun-dô.

Suffix

-ende

1. (Can we add an example for this sense?) equivalent of English -th / -eth; suffix for ordinal numbers

Declension

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Category Danish terms suffixed with -ende (-(e)th) not found

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -ende

betydende

foregående

forudgående

gloende

glubende

halvtredsende

halvtredsindstyvende

hamrende

ildebefindende

ildelugtende

ildelydende

ildevarslende

løvfældende

medlidende

mislydende

omfattende

pågældende

pågående

sammenlignende

skinnende

skærende

stedsevarende

stinkende

tilstundende

tyvende

vedkommende

vedvarende

vejledende

vigende

References

• “-ende” in Den Danske Ordbog

German

Suffix

-ende

1. inflection of -end:
   1. strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular
   2. strong nominative/accusative plural
   3. weak nominative all-gender singular
   4. weak accusative feminine/neuter singular

Middle English

Suffix

-ende

1. (especially Early Middle English or Norfolk) alternative form of -ynge (present participle)

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ənə/
• Rhymes: -ənə
• Hyphenation: -en‧de

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse -andi (“present-participle ending”), from Proto-Germanic *-andz (“present-participle suffix”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-nt- (“present-participle suffix”). The intensifying adverbial use also continues or was formed after Old Norse formations in -andi, -endi, -indi and -yndi.

Compare Norwegian Nynorsk -ande, Danish -ende, Swedish -ande and -ende, Icelandic -andi and Faroese -andi (“present-participle suffix”).

Suffix

-ende

1. An inflectional suffix forming the present participle of a verb, broadly corresponding to English -ing.

   skrive (“to write”) → skrivende (“writing”)

   gå (“to go, walk”) → gående (“going, walking”)

   Han kom løpende mot meg. ― He came running towards me.

2. Forming indeclinable adjectives from verbs, often describing an ongoing or characteristic action, behaviour, condition, or effect.

   bebreide (“to reproach”) → bebreidende (“reproachful”)

   dekke (“to cover; suffice”) → dekkende (“covering; adequate”)

   svekke (“to weaken”) → svekkende (“debilitating, weakening”)

3. Forming or occurring in intensifying adverbs meaning “very”, “extremely” or “completely”, often after the pattern of present participles.

   bek (“pitch, tar”) +‎ -ende (“intensifying suffix”) → bekende (“pitch-black; completely”)

   Det var bekende mørkt. ― It was pitch-dark.

   Hun er drivende flink. ― She is extremely capable.

   Det var isende kaldt. ― It was bitterly cold.

Usage notes

• The present participle is formed from the verbal stem. With verbs ending in unstressed -e, that vowel is removed before -ende: kaste (“to throw”) → kastende (“throwing”). With other verbs, the ending is added without such removal: gå (“to go”) → gående (“going”).
• Present participles are indeclinable and have the same form regardless of gender, number or definiteness: en sovende mann, et sovende barn, sovende barn.
• Despite its traditional name, the present participle does not independently mark present tense. It generally describes an action or condition occurring at the same time as that expressed by the finite verb.
• Present participles can be used attributively, predicatively or adverbially: en smilende gutt (“a smiling boy”), hun virker truende (“she seems threatening”), han kom løpende (“he came running”).
• Some forms have developed lexicalized adjectival meanings which cannot always be understood solely as an ongoing action, such as spennende (“exciting”), dekkende (“adequate”) and tiltalende (“appealing”).
• The ⟨d⟩ is normally silent, and the ending is pronounced /ənə/. Present participles can consequently be homophonous with definite plural noun forms ending in -ene, for example spottende and spottene.
• The intensifying use is limited to established formations and is not freely productive.

Etymology 2

Largely from substantivization of words and phrases containing the participial ending in Etymology 1. Some formations have separate histories; vitende (“knowledge, awareness”), for example, reflects Danish vidende, influenced by Middle Low German inflected infinitival forms ending in -ent and -endes.

Compare Danish -ende (“noun-forming ending”).

Suffix

-ende

1. Forming neuter nouns from verbs, adjectives or nouns, often denoting a state, circumstance, appearance, knowledge, concern, or something pending or outstanding.

   mellomværende (“outstanding account, matter or dispute”)

   utseende (“appearance”)

   vitende (“knowledge, awareness”)

Usage notes

• This noun-forming use is chiefly found in established, lexicalized formations and is not freely productive.
• Many such nouns originated through the substantivization of a participle or participial phrase, but individual words may have been borrowed or modelled on Danish, Low German or German formations.
• Nouns formed with this ending are normally neuter, as in et utseende and et mellomværende.

Derived terms

• forehavende (“intention, undertaking”)
• illebefinnende (“sudden illness, indisposition”)
• mellomværende (“outstanding account, matter or dispute”)
• utseende (“appearance”)
• velbefinnende (“well-being”)
• vitende (“knowledge, awareness”)

Etymology 3

From the endings of Old Norse ordinal forms such as níundi (“ninth”), tíundi (“tenth”) and þrettándi (“thirteenth”), ultimately containing the Proto-Germanic ordinal suffix *-dô. The preceding n became associated with and generalized as part of the ending in later formations.

Compare Norwegian Nynorsk -ande, Danish -ende and Swedish -onde (“ordinal-forming suffix”).

Suffix

-ende

1. Forming indeclinable ordinal adjectives from certain cardinal numerals, corresponding broadly to English -th.

   ni (“nine”) → niende (“ninth”)

   fjorten (“fourteen”) → fjortende (“fourteenth”)

   tretti (“thirty”) → trettiende (“thirtieth”)

Usage notes

• Ordinals in -ende are indeclinable: den niende dagen, det niende året, de niende plassene.
• With numerals ending in -ten, the final -en is replaced by -ende: tretten (“thirteen”) → trettende (“thirteenth”), fjorten (“fourteen”) → fjortende (“fourteenth”).
• Other bases may undergo smaller spelling adjustments, as in åtte (“eight”) → åttende (“eighth”) and tjue (“twenty”) → tjuende (“twentieth”).
• This ordinal-forming suffix is etymologically distinct from the identically spelled present-participle suffix in Etymology 1.

Derived terms

• sjuende (“seventh”)
• åttende (“eighth”)
• niende (“ninth”)
• tiende (“tenth”)
• trettende (“thirteenth”)
• fjortende (“fourteenth”)
• tjuende (“twentieth”)
• trettiende (“thirtieth”)

References

• “-ende” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “bekende” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
• “vitende” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
• “bøying – grammatikk”, Store norske leksikon.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /en.de/
• Hyphenation: -en‧de

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz. Akin to Latin -āns, -ēns; Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Persian ـنده (-ande).

Suffix

-ende (participle inflectional suffix)

1. forms present participles; -ing

   feallende snāw ― falling snow

Declension

Declension of -ende — Strong

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-ende	-endu, -endo	-ende
Accusative	-endne	-ende	-ende
Genitive	-endes	-endre	-endes
Dative	-endum	-endre	-endum
Instrumental	-ende	-endre	-ende
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-ende	-enda, -ende	-endu, -endo
Accusative	-ende	-enda, -ende	-endu, -endo
Genitive	-endra	-endra	-endra
Dative	-endum	-endum	-endum
Instrumental	-endum	-endum	-endum

Declension of -ende — Weak

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-enda	-ende	-ende
Accusative	-endan	-endan	-ende
Genitive	-endan	-endan	-endan
Dative	-endan	-endan	-endan
Instrumental	-endan	-endan	-endan
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-endan	-endan	-endan
Accusative	-endan	-endan	-endan
Genitive	-endra, -endena	-endra, -endena	-endra, -endena
Dative	-endum	-endum	-endum
Instrumental	-endum	-endum	-endum

Derived terms

Category Old English terms suffixed with -ende (participle) not found

Descendants

• Middle English: -ynge, -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge, -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde (especially Early Middle English), -and, -ande (especially Northern, North Midlands)
  • English: -ing, -in', -in (fossilised -and, -ant)
  • Middle Scots: -and, -an
    • Scots: -in, -an

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-andiją. Compare Old Norse -indi.

Suffix

-ende n (noun-forming suffix)

1. forms neuter nouns

   ‎swǣs (“agreeable; sweet”) + ‎-ende → ‎swǣsende (“food, victuals, flattery, blandishment”)

Usage notes

• Frequently used in the plural -endu.

Declension

Strong ja-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	-ende	-endu
accusative	-ende	-endu
genitive	-endes	-enda
dative	-ende	-endum

Derived terms

Category Old English terms suffixed with -ende (neuter nouns) not found

Etymology 3

See -anne.

Suffix

-ende (verb inflectional suffix)

1. alternative form of -enne; marks the inflected infinitive

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ende

efnþrowiende

-endlic

yslende

Further reading

• Joseph Bosworth (1898), Thomas Northcote Toller, editor, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, s.v. “-ende”, page 250/2

Swedish

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-andz.

Suffix

-ende

1. (present-participle suffix) -ing; added to verbs that do not end with an unstressed -a to form the present participle

   Synonym: -ande

   ‎tro (“to believe”) + ‎-ende → ‎troende (“believing”)

   ‎klä (“to dress”) + ‎-ende → ‎kläende (“dressing”)

Derived terms

Category Swedish terms suffixed with -ende not found

Anagrams

• Eden, eden