-ed

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

Alternative forms

-d (now standard only after -e)
-'d (chiefly poetry)
-èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

(in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
- (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
- (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
- (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
(other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
- (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/
  - Audio (Southern England): (file)
- (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
- (Australia) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

Other dialects

(Hong Kong)
- (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA^(key): /əd/
- (after vowels) IPA^(key): /d/, /dəd/
- (after other consonants) IPA^(key): /dəd/
Audio (Southern England): (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ede, -ed. During the Middle English period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (-de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early Middle English, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular -t variant for such verbs.

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

Suffix

-ed

Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.
‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived

Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle.

Jose phoned five minutes ago.

He x'ed two boxes on the voting form.

I've already sautéed the rice over medium heat.

Translations

past tense

Danish: -de, -te
Dzongkha: ཅི (ci)
Esperanto: -is (eo)
German: -te, -test, -ten, -tet
Hungarian: -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött
Ido: -is
Japanese: -た (-ta)
Korean: -았 (-at)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -d (ku) (for most transitive verbs) -î (ku) (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), -t (ku) (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: -a (no), -et (no), -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -tø, -øt, -øyt

Nynorsk: -a, -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -aut
Nǀuu: -a
Persian: ـده (-de), ـد (-d), ـته (-te), ـت (-t)
Polish: -ł
Russian: -л (ru) m (-l), -ла (ru) f (-la), -ло (ru) n (-lo), -ли (ru) pl (-li)
Spanish: -ado (es)
Swedish: -de (sv), -t (sv), -en (sv), -ad (sv), -ade (sv)
Ukrainian: -в m (-v), -ла f (-la), -ло n (-lo), -ли pl (-ly)
Vietnamese: đã (vi)

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from the merger of Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle) and -ed (class 1 weak past participle), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz and *-idaz respectively. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

Suffix

-ed

Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.
‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

He has pointed at the dog.

There's the abandoned mineshaft.

Refused entry to the club, I walked back home.

Translations

past participle

German: ge- -t, ge- -en
Sikkimese: ཅེ (ce)

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate), Proto-Slavic *-atъ.

Suffix

-ed

Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.
Antonym: -less

‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

‎chagrin + ‎-ed → ‎chagrined
As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ed

adjustment disordered

alcohol use disordered

antisocial personality disordered

attention deficit hyperactivity disordered

attituded

auraed

auricled

autism spectrum disordered

autocued

avenued

avoidant personality disordered

Translations

having an object

Danish: -ig, -et (da)
Dutch: -ig (nl), ge- -d (nl)
Finnish: -kas (fi)
Hungarian: -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -dar (ku), bi- (ku)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Persian: ـدار (-dâr)
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv), -d (sv)

having an object of a particular quality

Danish: -et (da), -ig
Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
Finnish: -nen (fi)
Hungarian: -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny (pl) m
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv), -d (sv)

Anagrams

de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Breton

Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

-ed

Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns
‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

German

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ed (past participle suffix).

Suffix

-ed (sometimes proscribed)

alternative form of -t used in verbs borrowed from English:
1. To form past participles.
  ‎downloaden + ‎-ed → ‎gedownloaded
2. (nonstandard) To form the third-person singular.
  ‎bashen + ‎-ed → ‎sie bashed

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɛd]
Rhymes: -ɛd

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)
‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

Usage notes

(possessive suffix) Variants:
-d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

-ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.
‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)

Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

Usage notes

(personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
Person		Back vowel	unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 3

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)
‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)
(frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.
szenved (“to suffer”)

Usage notes

(fraction-forming suffix) Variants:
-d is added to words ending in a vowel

-ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
(frequentative suffix) Variants:
-d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix
mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)

-od is added to back-vowel words
tapod (“to tread on something”)

-ad is added to back-vowel words

-ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words
szenved (“to suffer”)

-öd is added to rounded front-vowel words
bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

Derived terms

Hungarian fractional numbers suffixed with -ed

Ido

Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

-ed

contents of, -ful.
‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

Latin

Suffix

-ed

Archaic Latin form of -it
‎esom + ‎-ed → ‎esed (possibly)

‎fēcī + ‎-ed → ‎fēced

Middle English

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós).

This form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past.

Alternative forms

-ede, -et, -it, -t

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-əd/

Suffix

-ed

Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede
(chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de

Descendants

English: -ed
Middle Scots: -it
- Scots: -it, -ed

References

“-(e)d, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

alternative form of -ede

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ed

alternative form of -hede

Old English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ed/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ed (participle inflectional suffix)

-t; forms the past participle of class I weak verbs
‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed (participle inflectional suffix)

alternative form of -od: -ed; forms the past participle of class II weak verbs

Suffix

-ed (adjective-forming suffix)

alternative form of -od: -ed; forms adjectives from nouns and class II weak past participles, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality
‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

Declension

Declension of -ed — Strong

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-ed	-edu, -edo	-ed
Accusative	-edne	-ede	-ed
Genitive	-edes	-edre	-edes
Dative	-edum	-edre	-edum
Instrumental	-ede	-edre	-ede
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-ede	-eda, -ede	-edu, -edo
Accusative	-ede	-eda, -ede	-edu, -edo
Genitive	-edra	-edra	-edra
Dative	-edum	-edum	-edum
Instrumental	-edum	-edum	-edum

Declension of -ed — Weak

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-eda	-ede	-ede
Accusative	-edan	-edan	-ede
Genitive	-edan	-edan	-edan
Dative	-edan	-edan	-edan
Instrumental	-edan	-edan	-edan
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-edan	-edan	-edan
Accusative	-edan	-edan	-edan
Genitive	-edra, -edena	-edra, -edena	-edra, -edena
Dative	-edum	-edum	-edum
Instrumental	-edum	-edum	-edum

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eð/

Suffix

-ed

slender form of -ad

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

Suffix

-ed

used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs
‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

Poned eso en la mesa.
Put that on the table.

Usage notes

In everyday Peninsular Spanish, it is more common to use the infinitive instead of the affirmative imperative for the second-person plural, although this is technically incorrect according to the Royal Spanish Academy. In Latin America, the pronoun *vosotros*—along with its verb conjugations, inflections, and possessives—is not used and is considered archaic; instead, the forms corresponding to the pronoun *ustedes* are always used.

Swedish

Suffix

-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

(place-names) path between or along water
Synonym: -eda

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (adjective inflectional suffix)

forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables
‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)

‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)

‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Usage notes

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Etymology 2

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (adjective-forming suffix, feminine singular -ed, plural -ed, not comparable) (unproductive)

-th; forms adjectives indicating the ordinal form of numerals, specifically of five and six
Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd

‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)

‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Etymology 3

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.^[1]

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -edaf)

forms verbnouns from verbal stems
‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Etymology 4

Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed m or f (noun-forming suffix, usually no plural, plural -edau or -edion)

forms abstract nouns from nouns, verbs and adjectives
‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)

‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)

‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

‎nawdd (“protection; sponsorship”) + ‎-ed → ‎nodded (“refuge, shelter”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (noun inflectional suffix) (unproductive)

marks the plural of nouns; -s
Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

Usage notes

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (verb inflectional suffix)

(literary) marks the third-person singular imperative of verbs

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed (verb inflectional suffix)

(literary) marks the third-person singular imperative of verbs
Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

Usage notes

Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore

trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned

cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had

daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

Derived terms

References

^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 203 iii 8