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辛

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 幸, 丵, 羍, and 푸
辛 U+8F9B, 辛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B
← 辚
[U+8F9A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 辜 →
[U+8F9C]

⾟ U+2F9F, ⾟
KANGXI RADICAL BITTER
← ⾞
[U+2F9E] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾠ →
[U+2FA0]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 160 辛

辛 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+0, 7 strokes, Cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 00401, composition ⿱立十 or ⿱亠𢆉)

  1. Kangxi radical #160, ⾟.

Derived terms

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1250, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4036, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8F9B

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 辛
alternative forms 䇂
亲

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (辛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
親 *sʰin, *sʰins
寴 *sʰin, *sʰins
儭 *sʰins, *sʰrins
瀙 *sʰins, *ʔsrin, *sʰrins
辛 *siŋ
新 *siŋ
薪 *siŋ
襯 *sʰrins
櫬 *sʰrins
嚫 *t͡sʰrinh
莘 *sriŋ
騂 *seŋ
垶 *seŋ
觪 *seŋ

Pictogram (象形) Older oracle bone forms of 辛 (⿱∇木) depict newly grown tree shoots, acting as the original ideogram for 新 (OC *siŋ) and 薪 (OC *siŋ). In 新, the top of the axe component (斤) aligns with the bottom of ∇, signifying the chopping of wood.[1]

Traditionally interpreted as a pictogram of a tool—a chisel, awl, or spike—used to mark slaves and criminals. However, some scholars suggest this view stems from a conflation with the character 䇂.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”); compare Tibetan མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), Burmese သည်း (sany:, “liver”), Tangut 𗮰 (*sji², “liver”) (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息鄰切
Baxter sin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sin/
Li
Rong 		/siĕn/
Wang
Li 		/sĭĕn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		san1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]i[n]/
English pungent; painful

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
No. 13810
Phonetic
component 		辛
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		新
Old
Chinese 		/*siŋ/
Notes 甲文象黥刺刀具，
𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

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辛

  1. spicy; hot; pungent
    辛辣  ―  xīnlà  ―  spicy
  2. hard; laborious; toilsome
    辛苦  ―  xīnkǔ  ―  laborious
  3. sorrowful; miserable; hard
    辛酸  ―  xīnsuān  ―  bitter
  4. a surname
    辛棄疾／辛弃疾  ―  Xīn Qìjí  ―  Xin Qiji (Chinese poet during the Southern Song dynasty)
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 辣 (“spicy”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 辛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 辣, 辛辣
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 辣
Taiwan 辣
Chifeng 辣
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 辣
Harbin 辣
Shenyang 辣
Malaysia 辣
Singapore 辣
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 辣
Tangshan 辣
Cangzhou 辣
Baoding 辣
Shijiazhuang 辣
Jinan 辣
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 辣
Qingdao 辣
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 麻
Zhengzhou 辣
Xi'an 辣
Xining 辣
Xuzhou 辣
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 辣
Lanzhou 辣
Ürümqi 辣
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 辣
Chongqing 辣
Wuhan 辣
Guiyang 辣
Kunming 辣
Guilin 辣
Liuzhou 辣
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 辣
Yangzhou 辣
Nantong 辣
Hefei 辣
Cantonese Guangzhou 辣
Hong Kong 辣
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 辣
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 辣
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 辣
Taishan 辣
Dongguan 辣
Yangjiang 辣
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 辣
Singapore (Guangfu) 辣
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 辣
Gan Nanchang 辣
Lichuan 辣
Pingxiang 辣
Hakka Meixian 辣
Dongguan (Qingxi) 辣
Heyuan (Bendihua) 辣
Wengyuan 辣
Liannan 辣
Jiexi 辣
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 辣
Changting 辣
Wuping (Yanqian) 辣
Ninghua 辣
Yudu 辣
Ningdu 辣
Tonggu (Sandu) 辣
Ganzhou (Panlong) 辣
Dayu 辣
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 辣
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 辣
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 辣
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 辣
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 辣
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 薟
Hong Kong 辣
Mengshan (Xihe) 辣
Luchuan 辣
Senai (Huiyang) 辣
Huizhou Jixi 辣
Shexian 辣
Jin Taiyuan 辣
Xinzhou 辣
Linhe 辣
Jining 辣
Hohhot 辣
Zhangjiakou 辣
Handan 辣
Eastern Min Fuzhou 辣
Southern Min Xiamen 辣
Quanzhou 辣
Zhangzhou 辣
Zhao'an 薟
Dongshan 薟
Taipei 薟
Taipei (Wanhua) 薟
New Taipei (Tamsui) 薟
New Taipei (Sanxia) 薟
New Taipei (Pingxi) 薟
Kaohsiung 薟
Yilan 薟
Changhua (Lukang) 薟
Taichung 薟
Taichung (Wuqi) 薟
Tainan 辣, 薟
Taitung 薟
Hsinchu 薟
Kinmen 辣
Penghu (Magong) 辣
Penang (Hokkien) 薟, 辣
Singapore (Hokkien) 薟, 辣
Manila (Hokkien) 風, 辣
Chaozhou 薟
Shantou 薟
Shantou (Chenghai) 薟
Shantou (Chaoyang) 薟
Jieyang 薟
Haifeng 薟
Bangkok (Teochew) 薟
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 薟
Singapore (Teochew) 薟
Pontianak (Teochew) 薟
Wenchang 辣
Haikou 辣
Qionghai 辣
Singapore (Hainanese) 辣
Puxian Min Putian 辣
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 辣
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 辣
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 辣
Xianyou 辣
Xianyou (Fengting) 辣
Xianyou (Youyang) 辣
Central Min Yong'an 辣
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 辣
Shehua Fu'an 辣
Fuding 辣
Luoyuan 辣
Sanming 辣
Shunchang 辣
Hua'an 辣
Guixi (Zhangping) 辣
Cangnan 辣
Jingning (Hexi) 辣
Lishui 辣
Longyou 辣
Chaozhou 辣
Fengshun 辣
Wu Shanghai 辣
Shanghai (Chongming) 辣
Suzhou 辣
Danyang 辣
Hangzhou 辣
Shaoxing 辣
Ningbo 辣
Wenzhou 辣
Jinhua 辣
Jinhua (Tangxi) 辣農
Xiang Changsha 辣
Loudi 辣
Hengyang 辣

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Smith (2011) proposes that the name for the heavenly stem is based on the Boötes constellation, which resembles an awl; it may be related to Etymology 1 with the “sharp” semantics connecting the two.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息鄰切
Baxter sin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sin/
Li
Rong 		/siĕn/
Wang
Li 		/sĭĕn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		san1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 辛
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*si[n]/
English 8th heavenly stem

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
No. 13810
Phonetic
component 		辛
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		新
Old
Chinese 		/*siŋ/
Notes 甲文象黥刺刀具，
𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

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辛

  1. eighth of the ten heavenly stems
  2. (in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
  3. (organic chemistry) octa-
Coordinate terms
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Chinese heavenly stems: 天干 (tiāngān)edit

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (辛):
  • → Japanese: 辛(しん) (shin)
  • → Korean: 신(辛) (sin)
  • → Vietnamese: tân (辛)

Others:

  • → Zhuang: sin

Etymology 3

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Borrowed from English symplectic.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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辛

  1. (mathematics, attributive) symplectic

Etymology 4

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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辛

  1. Used in transcription.

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ 張昂「説“辛”“新”“薪”」『語言科学』第24巻第3期（総第136期）2025年、322-336頁。（CNKI）

Japanese

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Kanji

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辛

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. spicy, hot, acrid
  2. bitter, painful, difficult

Readings

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  • Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
  • Kun: からい (karai, 辛い, Jōyō)、つらい (tsurai, 辛い)、かのと (kanoto, 辛)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
辛
しん
Grade: S
on'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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辛(しん) • (Shin) 

  1. the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
辛
かのと
Grade: S
kun'yomi

金(か) (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 弟(おと) (oto, “younger brother”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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辛(かのと) • (Kanoto) 

  1. the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
辛
から
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

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Counter

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辛(から) • (-kara) 

  1. (colloquial) counter for spiciness (usu. of curry)
    １辛のカレー ― curry with spiciness level 1

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kenbou, Hidetoshi et al., editors (2021), 三省堂国語辞典 [Sanseidō kokugo jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 辛 (MC sin).

Historical readings

Hanja

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辛 (eumhun 매울 신 (mae'ul sin))

  1. bitter
  2. toilsome, laborious
  3. 8th heavenly stem

Vietnamese

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Han character

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辛: Hán Nôm readings: tân, tăn, tơn

  1. chữ Hán form of Tân (“eighth of the ten heavenly stems”)
    Hypernyms: 天干, 十干
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Compounds

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