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粒

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
粒 U+7C92, 粒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C92
← 粑
[U+7C91] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 粓 →
[U+7C93]
粒 U+F9F9, 粒
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9F9
← 笠
[U+F9F8] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 狀 →
[U+F9FA]

Translingual

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Han character

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粒 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+5, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 火木卜廿 (FDYT), four-corner 90918, composition ⿰米立)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 907, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26884
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1333, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3145, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+7C92

Chinese

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trad. 粒
simp. # 粒

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 粒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (立) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涖 *rɯːbs, *rɯbs
莅 *rɯbs, *rɯbs
蒞 *rɯbs
位 *ɢʷrɯbs
拉 *ruːb
菈 *ruːb
颯 *sluːb
立 *rɯb
粒 *rɯb
笠 *ɡ·rɯb
砬 *rɯb
岦 *rɯb
苙 *ɡ·rɯb, *ɡrɯb
鴗 *rɯb
雴 *r̥ʰɯb
泣 *kʰrɯb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rɯb): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb).

Pronunciation

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Note: liabˋ - “pox”.
Note:
  • lah7 - vernacular;
  • lih7 - literary.
Note:
  • lia̍p - vernacular (“grain; small particle; classifier for small, round objects; classifier for any round, solid objects; with hard grains and not mushy”);
  • li̍p - literary.
Note:
  • Shaoxing:
    • 8liq - literary;
    • 8leq/8loeq - vernacular.
Rime
Character 粒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 緝 (141)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力入切
Baxter lip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lip̚/
Li
Rong 		/liəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭĕp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 粒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*p.rəp/
English grains of rice

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 粒
Reading # 1/1
No. 7870
Phonetic
component 		立
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		立
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯb/

Definitions

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粒

  1. grain
  2. small particle
  3. Classifier for small, round objects: granule, grain, particle, piece ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    一粒米  ―  yī lì mǐ  ―  a grain of rice
    一粒糖 [Cantonese]  ―  jat1 nap1 tong4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  a piece of candy
    一粒星 [Hokkien]  ―  chi̍t lia̍p chheⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  a star
  4. (Hokkien, Eastern Min, Taiwanese, Singapore and Malaysian Mandarin) Classifier for any round, solid objects.
    一粒西瓜  ―  yī lì xīguā  ―  a watermelon
  5. (Hokkien) with hard grains and not mushy (of rice)
  6. (Cantonese) Classifier for hours.
  7. (Cantonese) Classifier for offspring.
  8. (Cantonese) Classifier for pips (insignia).
  9. (Cantonese, by extension) high-ranking police officer; police officer with pips
  10. (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
    Synonym: 個 / 个
  11. (Hakka) pox (in common)
    Synonym: 痘 (dòu)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 顆 (“(classifier for eggs)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 顆, 枚, 個
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 顆
Malaysia 粒
Singapore 粒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 個
Cantonese Guangzhou 隻
Hong Kong 隻
Dongguan 粒
Gan Nanchang 個
Hakka Meixian 隻
Xingning 隻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 粒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 粒
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 粒
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 隻
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 粒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 粒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 粒
Huizhou Jixi 個
Eastern Min Fuzhou 粒
Fuzhou (Changle) 粒
Fuqing 粒
Yongtai 粒
Gutian 粒
Fu'an 粒
Ningde 粒
Shouning 粒
Zhouning 粒
Fuding 粒
Southern Min Xiamen 粒
Taipei 粒 GT
Manila (Hokkien) 粒
Jieyang 個, 粒
Wu Wenzhou 個
Jinhua 個
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
Dialectal synonyms of 顆 (“(classifier for grains of rice)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 顆, 粒
Northeastern Mandarin Chifeng 顆
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 粒
Qiqihar 顆
Harbin 顆
Jilu Mandarin Tangshan 顆
Shijiazhuang 粒兒
Jinan 粒
Central Plains Mandarin Linfen 顆
Xinyang 顆
Baihe 顆
Xi'an 顆
Baoji 顆
Tianshui 顆
Xining 顆
Dunhuang (Hedong dialect) 顆
Xuzhou 顆
Fuyang 顆
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 顆
Lanzhou 顆
Hami 顆
Ürümqi 顆
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 顆
Nanchong 顆
Dazhou 顆
Hanyuan 顆
Xichang 顆
Zigong 顆
Chongqing 顆
Wuhan 顆
Yichang 顆
Xiangyang 顆
Tianmen 顆
Guiyang 顆
Zunyi 顆
Bijie 顆
Liping 顆
Zhaotong 顆
Dali 顆
Kunming 顆
Mengzi 顆
Guilin 顆
Liuzhou 顆
Jishou 顆
Changde 顆
Hanzhong 顆
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 顆
Yangzhou 顆
Lianyungang 粒
Nantong 粒
Hefei 粒
Cantonese Guangzhou 粒
Hong Kong 粒
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 粒
Macau 粒
Guangzhou (Panyu) 粒
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 粒
Guangzhou (Conghua) 粒
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 粒
Foshan 粒
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 粒
Foshan (Shunde) 粒
Foshan (Sanshui) 粒
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 粒
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 粒
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 粒
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 粒
Zhuhai (Doumen) 粒
Jiangmen (Baisha) 粒
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 粒
Taishan 粒
Kaiping (Chikan) 粒
Enping (Niujiang) 粒
Heshan (Yayao) 粒
Dongguan 粒
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 粒
Gan Pengze 粒
Hakka Meixian 粒
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 粒
Dongguan (Qingxi) 隻
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 隻
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 粒
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 粒
Huizhou Shexian 粒
Jin Taiyuan 顆
Yangyuan 顆
Datong 顆
Xinzhou 顆
Lüliang (Lishi) 顆
Changzhi 顆
Linhe 顆
Jining 顆
Hohhot 顆
Erenhot 顆
Zhangjiakou 顆
Linzhou 顆
Suide 顆
Eastern Min Fuzhou 粒
Southern Min Xiamen 粒
Quanzhou 粒
Zhangzhou 粒
Manila (Hokkien) 粒
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 粒
Dialectal synonyms of 顆 (“(classifier for oysters)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 顆
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 顆
Cantonese Hong Kong 隻, 粒
Southern Min Xiamen 敉
Zhangzhou 敉
Zhao'an 粒
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 敉
Changhua (Yongjing) 尾
Tainan 敉
Tainan (Anping) 敉
Kinmen 敉
Penghu (Xiyu) 敉
Singapore (Hokkien) 敉
Jieyang 粒

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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粒

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. grain, kernel
  2. drop
  3. counter for tiny particles

Readings

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  • Go-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)←りふ (rifu, historical)
  • Kan-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)←りふ (rifu, historical)
  • Kun: つぶ (tsubu, 粒, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
粒
つぶ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Not attested until a text from the Muromachi period with the spelling ツブ (tsubu).[1]

An earlier form 粒 (tsubi) exists, which might have been the predecessor to this word; both must have been ultimately derived from a source cognate to つぶら (tsubura, “the state of being round and small”, obsolete).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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粒(つぶ) • (tsubu) 

  1. something round and small, such as a kernel of grain or a bead
  2. the seed of a grain
  3. a black, hard seed obtained from the skin of a soapnut tree
  4. synonym of 無患子 (mukuroji, “Indian soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi)”)
  5. a small change of coins
  6. the bead of an abacus
  7. a person or thing who makes up a larger group of such
  8. a beat of a percussion instrument during performances such as noh and nagauta
  9. a wig used in kabuki plays whose chignon is small and round
  10. synonym of 螺 (tsubu, “pond snail”, now dialectal)
  11. (slang, gambling) dice; die

Counter

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粒(つぶ) • (-tsubu) 

  1. used to count things that are round and small, such as seeds and pills
  2. (historical, Edo period) used to count 一分金 (ichibukin, “a currency equivalent to 1/4 of a 両 (ryō)”)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
粒
つび
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 粒 (tubi₂), itself attested since the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794:[2]

  • 数其滴 古経為二字一滴音宅、訓都飛[2]
    The number of those kernels; in the old Buddhist sutras, the character 滴 (dī) meaning "kernel" is to be read something like tek[sic]; the native Japanese reading for this word is tubi₂.

This word, along with 粒 (tsubu), must have been derived from a source cognate to つぶら (tsubura, “the state of being round and small”, obsolete).[2][1]

Noun

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粒(つび) • (tsubi) 

  1. (obsolete) synonym of 粒 (tsubu, “something round and small, etc.”)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
粒
つぼ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

First cited to a work from the late Muromachi period; this word is a variant of 粒 (tsubu).[3]

Noun

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粒(つぼ) • (tsubo) 

  1. (slang, obsolete) synonym of 粒 (tsubu, “something round and small, etc.”)
Usage notes
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Often used in conjunction with other nouns.

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
粒
りゅう
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 粒 (MC lip).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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粒(りゅう) • (ryū) ←りふ (rifu)?

  1. a kernel of grain

Suffix

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粒(りゅう) • (-ryū) ←りふ (-rifu)?

  1. used to count things that are round and small, such as seeds and pills

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “つぶ 【粒】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 “つび 【粒】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  3. ^ “つぼ 【粒】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  4. ^ “りゅう［リフ］ 【粒】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 粒 (MC lip). Recorded as Middle Korean 립〮 (líp) (Yale: lip) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

粒 (eumhun 알 립 (al rip) or (word-initial) 입 (ip))

  1. hanja form? of 립/입 (“grain”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [9]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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粒: Hán Nôm readings: lạp, lép

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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