弗
See also: 𢎵
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Translingual
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Han character
[edit]弗 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+2, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 中中弓 (LLN), four-corner 55027, composition ⿻⿰丿丨弓)
Derived characters
[edit]- 佛, 咈, 坲, 彿, 怫, 拂, 沸, 狒, 昲, 柫, 炥, 胇, 䀟, 砩, 䄶, 紼, 绋, 䛍, 鉘, 鮄
- 䞞, 刜, 㔗, 㪄, 艴, 費, 费, 氟, 㚕, 岪, 茀, 笰, 羛, 髴, 疿
Additional Derived Characters
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9708
- Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5F17
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 弗 | |
|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
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Pictogram (象形) – rope wrapped around two pieces of wood to keep them straight.
Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative 拂 (OC *pʰɯd) stands for the original word.
Etymology 1
[edit]- not (verb) him/her/it
- Fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007). The glyph conflated with 不 (MC pjuw|pjuwX|pjut) by the Han times, due to naming taboo. Its colloquial reading survives in the latter. See etymology of 不 for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fat1
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): fud5
- Eastern Min (BUC): hók
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoh6 / huoh6
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7feq; 8veq / 7feq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: fú
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fú
- Wade–Giles: fu2
- Yale: fú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwu
- Palladius: фу (fu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fat1
- Yale: fāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: fat7
- Guangdong Romanization: fed1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hók
- Sinological IPA (key): /houʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hoh6
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: heoh
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huoh6
- Sinological IPA (key): /huoʔ²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: pjut
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*p[u]t/, /*put/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯd/
Definitions
[edit]弗
- (Classical) not correctly; not exactly; not quite
- not ... it/them
- 一簞食，一豆羹，得之則生，弗得則死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Yī dān sì, yī dòu gēng, dé zhī zé shēng, fú dé zé sǐ. [Pinyin]
- Here are a small basket of rice and a platter of soup; getting them will enable survival, while not getting them will result in death.
一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- used in 弗弗
- alternative form of 祓 (fú)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to straighten; to correct
- Used in transcription.
Usage notes
[edit]- The Gongyang Commentary says: 弗 (fú) is the deeper meaning of "not" (不). It is inherently the meaning of 矯 (jiǎo). In all classics and commentaries, when "not" (不) is used, the writing is straightforward. When 弗 (fú) is used, the writing is indirect/subtle.
- In modern Standard Chinese, this character is almost entirely used for phonetic translations. The character mainly represents the phoneme /f/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.
- The characters 不 (bù) and 否 (fǒu) are far more commonly used to mean “no”.
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 勿 伐 不 | |
According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts.
See also 勿 (veq).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 7veq
- MiniDict: veh入
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 4veq
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vəʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan, Shaoxing)
- Wugniu: 7feq
- MiniDict: feh入
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /fəʔ⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /fəʔ⁴³/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haining): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /feʔ⁴⁵/
- (Northern: Songjiang)
- (Northern: Chongming)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Jinhua)
Note:
- 8veq - tonal innovation specific to urban Shanghainese, demonstrates same left-prominent tone sandhi pattern as tone 6 in chains of more than 3 character;
- 7veq - the character sandhis as tone 7 in urban Shanghainese and most Suburban Shanghainese varieties, sometimes also realised as [βəʔ~ʋəʔ] depending on absence or presence of the /u/-/β/ merger often recognized as a shared innovation across suburban Shanghainese varieties.
Definitions
[edit]弗
Synonyms
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]- 勿, 弗 and 伐 are all characters that have been popular in representing the checked and labiodentalized series of negators, generally pronounced as /fəʔ/, /vəʔ/ or both depending on the exact variety. In historical literature, the exact choice of character varied between the topolects and the preferences of individual writers.
- In some contemporary proposals aiming to standardize cross-topolectal writing in Wu, it is preferred that the voiced variants of the negator be written with 勿 and the unvoiced variants of the negator with 弗. This is often received somewhat inconsistently, however, and the choice between the variant characters remains largely a matter of personal preference.
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fit1
- Yale: fīt
- Cantonese Pinyin: fit7
- Guangdong Romanization: fid1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fiːt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]弗
- alternative form of fit (“physically well; in good shape”)
- 2012 August 14, 李思穎, “蝦餃仔深情哄弟「小龍包」不領情 弗爆陳慧琳 家有肥美老公”, in 文匯報 [Wen Wei Po], page A36:
- 「潮媽」陳慧琳(Kelly)昨日出席瑞士腕錶品牌的活動，她誕下細仔劉琛(小龍包)四個多月，現已回復弗爆身形，談起兩個兒子便難掩喜悦神情。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
- “ciu4 maa1” can4 wai6 lam4 (Kelly) zok3 jat6 ceot1 zik6 seoi6 si6 wun2 biu1 ban2 paai4 dik1 wut6 dung6, taa1 daan3 haa6 sai3 zai2 lau4 sam1 (siu2 lung4 baau1) sei3 go3 do1 jyut6, jin6 ji5 wui4 fuk6 fit1 baau3 san1 jing4, taam4 hei2 loeng5 go3 ji4 zi2 bin6 naan4 jim2 hei2 jyut6 san4 cing4. [Jyutping]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
「潮妈」陈慧琳(Kelly)昨日出席瑞士腕表品牌的活动，她诞下细仔刘琛(小龙包)四个多月，现已回复弗爆身形，谈起两个儿子便难掩喜悦神情。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
Etymology 4
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see 費 (“to cost; to spend; to expend; to consume; to use; to exhaust; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 費). |
Notes:
|
References
[edit]- “弗”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [The Archives of Licheng District, Putian City], editor (2022), “弗”, in 《莆仙方言文读字汇》 [A Character Collection of Literary Readings of the Puxian Topolect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 67.
Japanese
[edit]
Kanji
[edit]弗
- not
- used phonetically, such as in 弗素 (fusso, “fluorine”)
- (by extension, in compounds) fluorine
- the dollar sign ($)
Readings
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| ふつ Hyōgai |
| kan'on |
Originally borrowed from Middle Chinese 弗 (*pjut), meaning either “not” or “a gust of wind”. Apparently later repurposed during the later Edo period for its phonetic value in translating the Dutch fluor (“fluorine”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]Seldom used. In chemistry contexts, almost always spelled in katakana as フツ, appearing in most compounds as フッ.
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
- 弗化 (fukka): fluoridation; fluoro-, fluor-; fluorinated
- 弗化カルシウム (fukkakarushiumu): calcium fluoride, CaF2
- 六弗化リン酸リチウム (rokufukkarinsanrichiumu): lithium hexafluorophosphate
- 弗化水素 (fukkasuiso): hydrogen fluoride, HF
- 弗化水素酸 (fukkasuisosan): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗化物 (fukkabutsu, “fukkabutsu”): fluoride
- 六弗化硫黄 (rokufukkaiō): sulfur hexafluoride
- 弗酸 (fussan, “fussan”): short for 弗化水素酸 (fukkasuisosan): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗素 (fusso, “fusso”): fluorine, F
Purely phonetic uses:
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| どる Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
[edit]Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $. This reading is ultimately borrowed from Dutch dollar.[1][2]
Definitions
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 弗, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) |
References
[edit]- “▲弗”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.[1]
References
[edit]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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