倌

倌 U+500C, 倌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-500C ← 個 [U+500B] CJK Unified Ideographs 倍 → [U+500D]

Translingual

Han character

倌 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 人十口口 (OJRR), four-corner 2327₇, composition ⿰亻官)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 107, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 759
• Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 184, character 4
• Unihan data for U+500C

Chinese

simp. and trad.		倌

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 倌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Small seal script s05818
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (官) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
官	*koːn
棺	*koːn, *koːns
倌	*koːn, *kroːns
悹	*koːn, *koːnʔ, *koːns
涫	*koːn, *koːns
管	*koːnʔ
琯	*koːnʔ, *kuːns
痯	*koːnʔ, *koːns
輨	*koːnʔ
錧	*koːnʔ, *koːns
館	*koːnʔ, *koːns
婠	*koːns, *qoːn, *qruːd
悺	*koːns
逭	*ɡoːns
菅	*kroːn
綰	*qroːnʔ, *qroːns
捾	*qoːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koːn, *kroːns): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn). Possibly, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亻 + 官 - a person [working] and a mansion.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kron (STEDT, under PTB *(g/k)(y)wal); cognate with Tibetan ཁོལ་པོ (khol po, “servant”), Burmese ကျွန် (kywan, “slave”), Proto-Loloish *C-kywan¹ (“slave”), 宦 (OC *ɡʷraːns, “servant; official”).

官 (OC *koːn, “official”) is probably the same word as 倌 (OC *koːn, *kroːns) (Schuelsser, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): guān (guan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): guan¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gun¹
• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): guon¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): guăng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ / koan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): guan¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kuoe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gonn¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: guān
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: guan
    • Wade–Giles: kuan¹
    • Yale: gwān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
    • Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯än⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: guan¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: guan
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuan⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gun¹
    • Yale: gūn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gun¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gun¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuːn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: guon¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kuɔn⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: guăng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ / koan
    • Tâi-lô: kuann / kuan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaf, koafn
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã³³/, /kuan³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kuan⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kuan⁴⁴/

Note:

• koaⁿ - vernacular;
• koan - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: guan¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuaⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kũã³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹kuoe
    • MiniDict: kuoe^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kuoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kuø⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gonn¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kõ³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kwan, kwaenH

Rime
Character	倌	倌
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	古丸切	古患切
Baxter	kwan	kwaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuɑn/	/kˠuanH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɑn/	/kʷᵚanH/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɑn/	/kuɐnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwan/	/kwaɨnH/
Li Rong	/kuɑn/	/kuanH/
Wang Li	/kuɑn/	/kwanH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuɑn/	/kwanH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guān	guàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gun1	gwaan3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤra[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*koːn/, /*kroːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	倌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guān
Middle Chinese	‹ kwænH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁra[n]-s/
English	servant, groom
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	倌	倌
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4437	4458
Phonetic component	官	官
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	官	慣
Old Chinese	/*koːn/	/*kroːns/

Definitions

倌

1. servant who drives a carriage
2. groom; keeper of domestic animals
3. worker in a teahouse or restaurant who provides service

Compounds

• 倌人
• 堂倌 (tángguān)
• 寶倌 / 宝倌
• 渾倌 / 浑倌
• 牛倌
• 紅倌 / 红倌
• 羊倌 (yángguān)
• 豬倌 / 猪倌 (zhūguān)
• 阿倌

Japanese

Kanji

倌

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. assistant in wine shop
2. groom (keeper of domestic animals)

Readings

• On (unclassified): かん (kan)
• Kun: とねり (toneri, 倌)

Korean

Hanja

倌 (eum 관 (gwan))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

倌: Hán Nôm readings: quan, quán

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation