View source for reduce

==English==
{{wikidata lexeme|L5432}}

===Etymology===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*dewk-}}
{{etymon|en|:inh|enm:reducen<ety:der<fro:reduire>>|tree=1}}
From {{inh|en|enm|reducen}}, from {{der|en|fro|reduire}}, from {{der|en|la|redūcō||reduce}}; from {{m|la|re-||back}} + {{m|la|dūcō||lead}}. See {{m|en|duke}}, and compare with {{m|en|redoubt}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{a|en|RP}}
** {{IPA|en|/ɹɪˈd͡ʒuːs/|a=yod-coalescence}}
** {{IPA|en|/ɹɪˈdjuːs/|a=no <<yod-coalescence>>}}
* {{IPA|en|/ɹəˈd(j)us/|/ɹɪ-/|/ɹi-/|a=GA,CA}}
** {{audio|en|En-us-reduce.ogg|IPA=/ɹiˈdus/|a=US}}
* {{IPA|en|/ɹɪˈdjʉːs/|/ɹɪˈd͡ʒʉːs/|/ɹə-/|a=AU}}
* {{rhymes|en|uːs|s=2}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|transitive}} To bring down the size, quantity, quality, value or intensity of something; to [[diminish]], to [[lower]].
#: {{syn|en|cut|decrease|lower|Thesaurus:diminish}}
#: {{ant|en|enlarge|increase|Thesaurus:augment}}
#: {{ux|en|to '''reduce''' weight, speed, heat, expenses, price, personnel etc.}}
#* {{quote-journal
|en
|date=2012-01
|author=Stephen Ledoux
|title=Behaviorism at 100
|volume=100
|issue=1
|page=60
|magazine=w:American Scientist
|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2012/1/behaviorism-at-100
|passage=Becoming more aware of the progress that scientists have made on behavioral fronts can '''reduce''' the risk that other natural scientists will resort to mystical agential accounts when they exceed the limits of their own disciplinary training.
|accessdate=12 May 2013
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110010832/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2012/1/behaviorism-at-100
|archivedate=10 November 2013
}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022 January 12|author=Paul Clifton|title=Network News: Emergency timetables as absences surge due to COVID|journal=RAIL|issue=948|page=6|text=Most train operators have '''reduced''' services with emergency timetables, as they struggle to cope with a rapid increase in staff absences due to the Omicron variant of COVID.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=Orko Manna|title=Toll lane project on Interstate 80 between West Sacramento and Davis gets green light|magazine=w:KCRA|url=https://www.kcra.com/article/interstate-80-west-sacramento-davis-toll-booth/60830389|date=2024-05-17|passage=Drivers like the idea of increasing traffic flow and '''reducing''' congestion on the portion of I-80 between Davis and West Sacramento.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522183741/https://www.kcra.com/article/interstate-80-west-sacramento-davis-toll-booth/60830389}}
# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To [[lose]] weight.
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To bring to an inferior rank; to [[degrade]], to [[demote]].
#: {{syn|en|disparage|humble|relegate|sink|Thesaurus:demean}}
#: {{ux|en|to '''reduce''' a sergeant to the ranks}}
#* {{RQ:Scott Guy Mannering|passage=My father, the eldest son of an ancient but '''reduced''' family, left me with little.}}
#* {{RQ:Tillotson Works|sermon=II|passage=nothing so excellent but a man may falten upon something or other belonging to it whereby to '''reduce''' it .}}
#* {{RQ:Milton Samson Agonistes|passage=Having '''reduced''' their foe to misery beneath their fears.}}
#* {{RQ:Hawthorne Scarlet Letter|13|passage=Hester Prynne was shocked at the condition to which she found the clergyman '''reduced'''.}}
#* {{RQ:Schuster Hepaticae|volume=V|page=viii|text=Neither [Jones]{{...}} nor I (in 1966) could conceive of '''reducing''' our "science" to the ultimate absurdity of reading Finnish newspapers almost a century and a half old in order to establish "priority."}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To [[humble]]; to [[conquer]]; to [[subdue]]; to [[capture]].
#: {{syn|en|overcome|surmount|vanquish|Thesaurus:defeat}}
#: {{ux|en|to '''reduce''' a province or a fort}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To bring to an inferior state or condition.
#: {{ux|en|to '''reduce''' a city to ashes}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To be [[force]]d by [[circumstances]] (into something one considers [[unworthy]]).
#: {{ux|en|'''reduced''' to silence}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=31 Dec 83|volume=11|number=24|journal=Gay Community News|page=9|title=What a Drag|text=The press release calls him "the hottest female impressionist in show business today." (One wonders how many more words press agents will have to come up with before they are '''reduced''' to actually saying "drag queen.")}}
# {{senseid|en|cooking}} {{lb|en|transitive|cooking}} To [[decrease]] the liquid content of (a food) by boiling much of its water off.
#: {{syn|en|inspissate|Thesaurus:thicken}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2011|author=Edward Behr; James MacGuire|title=The Art of Eating Cookbook: Essential Recipes from the First 25 Years.
|passage=Serve the oxtails with mustard or a sauce made by '''reducing''' the soup, if any is left, to a slightly thick sauce.}}
# {{senseid|en|chemistry}} {{lb|en|transitive|chemistry}} To add [[electrons]] / [[hydrogen]] or to remove [[oxygen]].
#: {{ux|en|Formaldehyde can be '''reduced''' to form methanol.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|metallurgy}} To produce metal from [[ore]] by removing nonmetallic elements in a [[smelter]].
# {{lb|en|transitive|mathematics}} To [[simplify]] an equation or formula without changing its value.
# {{lb|en|transitive|computer science}} To [[express]] the solution of a problem in terms of another (known) [[algorithm]].
# {{lb|en|transitive|logic}} To [[convert]] a [[syllogism]] to a [[clear]]er or [[simple]]r form.
# {{lb|en|transitive|legal}} To convert to written form. (Usage note: this verb almost always appears as "reduce to writing".)
#: {{ux|en|It is important that all business contracts be '''reduced''' to writing.}}
# {{senseid|en|fixing a dislocated joint}} {{lb|en|transitive|medicine}} To perform a [[reduction]]; to restore a [[fracture]] or [[dislocation]] to the correct [[alignment]].
# {{lb|en|transitive|military}} To reform a [[line]] or [[column]] from (a [[square]]).
# {{lb|en|transitive|military}} To strike off the [[payroll]].
# {{lb|en|transitive|Scots law}} To [[annul]] by legal means.
# {{lb|en|transitive|phonetics|phonology}} To [[pronounce]] (a [[sound]] or [[word]]) with less [[effort]].
#: {{ux|en|The first vowel of ''[[support]]'' is '''reduced''' to [[schwa]] by most English speakers.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|obsolete}} To [[translate]] (a book, document, etc.).
#: {{ux|en|a book '''reduced''' into English}}

====Derived terms====
{{col|en|bioreduce|cytoreduce|deuteroreduce|photoreduce|reducement|reducer|reducetarian|reductant|rereduce
|beta reduce|reduce someone to tears|reducing agent|reducing flame|reducing scale|reducing sugar}}

====Related terms====
{{col4|en
|reducible
|reductase
|reduction
|reductive
}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top-see|to bring down the size, quantity, quality, value or intensity of something|diminish}}
* Albanian: {{t|sq|mpaks}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|قَلَّلَ}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|նվազեցնել}}, {{t+|hy|փոքրացնել}}
* Asturian: {{t|ast|reducir}}, {{t|ast|amenorgar}}, {{t|ast|menguar}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t+|az|azaltmaq}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|намалявам}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|reduir}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|減少|tr=jiǎnshǎo}}, {{t+|cmn|降低|tr=jiàngdī}} {{qualifier|to lower}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|verminderen}}, {{t+|nl|verlagen}}, {{t+|nl|reduceren}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|malpliigi}}, {{t+|eo|malaltigi}}, {{t|eo|redukti}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|vähentää}}, {{t+|fi|supistaa}}, {{t+|fi|pienentää}}, {{t+|fi|alentaa}}, {{t+|fi|laskea}}
* French: {{t+|fr|réduire}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|ridusi}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|reducir}}
* German: {{t+|de|reduzieren}}, {{t+|de|herabsetzen}}, {{t+|de|vermindern}}
* Greek:
*: Ancient Greek: {{t|grc|μινύθω}}, {{t|grc|συντέμνω}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|הִקְטִין|tr=hiqtín}}, {{t|he|הִפְחִית|tr=hifḥít}}, {{t+|he|צִמְצֵם|tr=tzimtzém}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|csökkent}}, {{t+|hu|redukál}}, {{t+|hu|mérsékel}}, {{t+|hu|leszállít}}, {{q|to make smaller}} {{t+|hu|kisebbít}}, {{t+|hu|kicsinyít}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|laghdaigh}}, {{t|ga|ísligh}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|ridurre}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|削減|alt=削減する|tr=sakugen suru}}, {{t+|ja|減らす|tr=herasu}}, {{t+|ja|下げる|tr=sageru}} {{qualifier|to lower}}
* Ladin: {{t|lld|redujer}}, {{t|lld|reduje}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|dēdūcō}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|mazināt}}, {{t|lv|pamazināt}}, {{t|lv|samazināt}}
* Māori: {{t|mi|whakamimiti}}, {{t|mi|runa}} {{qualifier|refers to size}}, {{t|mi|māhaki}}, {{t|mi|whakatāharahara}}, {{t|mi|whakamimiti}}, {{t|mi|whakapaku}}, {{t|mi|whakahiato}} {{qualifier|refers to size}}, {{t|mi|nakunaku}} {{qualifier|Refers to breaking down size of particles}}, {{t|mi|tāharahara}}, {{t|mi|māhurehure}} {{qualifier|Refers to breaking down size of particles}}
* Norman: {{t|nrf|rêduithe}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|redusere}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|reduire}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|zmniejszać}}, {{t+|pl|zmniejszyć}}, {{t+|pl|obniżać}}, {{t+|pl|obniżyć}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|reduzir}}, {{t+|pt|diminuir}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|reduce}}, {{t+|ro|diminua}}, {{t+|ro|micșora}}
* Romansh: {{t|rm|reducir}}, {{t|rm|reduzir}}, {{t|rm|redutgier}}, {{t|rm|redutgear}}, {{t|rm|redür}}, {{t|rm|redüer}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|уменьша́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|уме́ньшить|pf}}, {{t+|ru|снижа́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|сни́зить|pf}} {{qualifier|to lower}}, {{t+|ru|уступать|impf}} {{qualifier|цену в торговле}}, {{t+|ru|уступить|pf}} {{qualifier|цену в торговле}}
* Sicilian: {{t+|scn|arridùciri}}, {{t+|scn|arriddùciri}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|reducir}}, {{t+|es|mermar}}, {{t+|es|rebajar}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|ลด}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|indirmek}}, {{t+|tr|azaltmak}}, {{t+|tr|eksiltmek}}, {{t+|tr|kısmak}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|зме́ншувати|impf}}, {{t|uk|зме́ншити|pf}}, {{t|uk|зни́жувати|impf}}, {{t|uk|зни́зити|pf}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|giảm}}, {{t+|vi|bớt}}, {{t+|vi|giảm bớt}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|פֿאַרקלענערן}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top-see|to lose weight|lose weight}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t+|az|arıqlamaq}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|отслабвам}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|laihtua}}, {{t+|fi|keventyä}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|perder peso}}, {{t+|gl|degaxar}}
* German: {{t+|de|abnehmen}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|fogy}}, {{t|hu|[[fogyaszt]]ja [[magát]]}}, {{t+|hu|fogyókúrázik}}
* Ido: {{t+|io|dineskar}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|dimagrire}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|減る|tr=[[へる]], heru}}
* Polish: {{t|pl|stracić na wadzę}}, {{t+|pl|schudnąć}}, {{t|pl|zeszczupleć}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|emagrecer}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|худе́ть|impf}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top-see|to  bring to an inferior rank; to degrade, to demote|degrade|demote}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|понижавам}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|malaltigi}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|alentaa}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|lefokoz}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|ísligh}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|retrocedere}}, {{t+|it|degradare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|下げる|tr=sageru}}, {{t+|ja|切り詰める|tr=kiritsumeru}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|degradować}}, {{t|pl|zdegradować}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|rebaixar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|понижа́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|пони́зить|pf}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to humble; to conquer; to subdue; to capture}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|alistaa}}, {{t+|fi|kukistaa}}, {{t+|fi|nöyryyttää}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|leigáz}}, {{t+|hu|lever}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|ísligh}}
* Italian: {{t|it|ridurre in cattività}}, {{t+|it|sottomettere}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|鎮める|tr=shizumeru}}, {{t+|ja|鎮圧|alt=鎮圧する|tr=chin'atsu suru}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to bring to an inferior state or condition}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|huonontaa}}
* Hungarian: {{q|depending on the specific action}} {{t+|hu|tesz}}, {{t+|hu|változtat}}, {{t+|hu|hoz}}, {{t+|hu|dönt}}, {{t+|hu|taszít}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|ísligh}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|ridurre}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|強いる|tr=shiiru}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|reduzir}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to decrease the liquid content of (a food) by boiling}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|keittää kokoon}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|reducir}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|צִמְצֵם|tr=tzimtzém}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|sűrít}}, {{t+|hu|besűrít}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|煮詰める|tr=nitsumeru}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|redusere}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|chemistry: to add electrons / hydrogen or to remove oxygen}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|редуцирам}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|還原}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|pelkistää}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|חִזֵּר|tr=ḥizzér}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|redukál}}, {{t+|hu|dezoxidál}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|還元|alt=還元する|tr=kangen suru}}
* Mongolian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|mn|ангижруулах}}
*: Mongolian script: {{t|mn|ᠠᠩᢉᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|indirgemek}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|metallurgy: to produce metal from ore by removing nonmetallic elements in a smelter}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|pelkistää}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|színít}}, {{t+|hu|finomít}}, {{t+|hu|tisztít}}
* Japanese: {{qualifier|phrase}} {{t|ja|不純物を取り除く|tr=fujunbutsu wo torinozoku}}
* Polish: {{t|pl|wytopić}}, {{t+|pl|wytapiać}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|math: to simplify an equation or formula without changing its value}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|опростявам}}
* Estonian: {{t+|et|taandama}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|sieventää}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|צִמְצֵם|tr=tzimtzém}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|egyszerűsít}}, {{t|hu|közös nevezőre hoz}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|ridurre}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|簡約|alt=簡約する|tr=kan'yaku suru}}, {{t+|ja|約分|alt=約分する|tr=yakubun suru}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|uprościć}}, {{t+|pl|upraszczać}}, {{t+|pl|skrócić}}, {{t+|pl|skracać}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|упроща́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|упрости́ть|pf}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|maliwin}}, {{t|tl|magmaliw}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|indirgemek}}, {{t+|tr|sadeleştirmek}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|computer science: to express the solution of a problem in terms of another (known) algorithm}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|logic: to convert a syllogism to a clearer or simpler form}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|herleiden}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|indirgemek}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|law: to convert to written form (as in "reduce to writing")}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|foglal}} {{q|in {{m|hu|írásba foglal}}}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|medicine: to perform a reduction; to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment}}
* French: {{t+|fr|réduire}}
* German: {{t+|de|reponieren}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|helyre tesz}}, {{t|hu|helyre rak}}
* Latin: {{t|la|recompōnō}}, {{t|la|repōnō}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|military: to reform a line or column from (a square)}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|military: to strike off the payroll}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-see|Scots law: to annul by legal means|annul}}

{{trans-see|''(obsolete in English)'' to translate (a book, document, etc.)|translate}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Arabic: {{t-check|ar|أَنْقَصَّ}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+check|cmn|减少|tr=jiǎnshǎo}}, {{t+check|cmn|减小|tr=jiǎnxiǎo}}
* Dutch: {{t+check|nl|verminderen}}, {{t+check|nl|reduceren}}
* French: {{t+check|fr|diminuer}}, {{t+check|fr|réduire}}
* German: {{t+check|de|vermindern}}, {{t+check|de|reduzieren}}
* Korean: {{t+check|ko|빼다}}, {{t+check|ko|줄이다}}, {{t+check|ko|감소}}
* Swedish: {{t+check|sv|reducera}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===See also===
* {{l|en|reducing agent}}

===References===
* {{R:Webster 1913}}

{{cln|en|ergative verbs}}

==Galician==

===Verb===
{{head|gl|verb form}}

# {{gl-verb form of|reducir}}

==Italian==

===Etymology 1===
{{ety|it|:inh|la:redux<t:that returns>}}
{{inh+|it|la|redux||that returns}}.

====Pronunciation====
{{it-pr|^è<r:DOP:lid#1074059><r:DiPI<<name:dipi>>>}}

====Adjective====
{{it-adj}}

# [[returning]] {{+obj|it|:da<from>}}

====Noun====
{{it-noun|mfbysense}}

# [[survivor]]
#: {{syn|it|sopravvissuto}}
# [[veteran]]
#: {{syn|it|veterano}}

===Etymology 2===
{{nl}}

====Pronunciation====
{{it-pr|^ù<r:<<name:dipi>>>}}

====Verb====
{{head|it|verb form}}

# {{infl of|it|redurre<l:archaic form>||3|s|pres|indc}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:it:Trec|rèduce}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeru|cudere|ducere}}

==Latin==

===Etymology 1===

====Pronunciation====
* {{la-IPA}}

====Adjective====
{{head|la|adjective form}}

# {{infl of|la|redux||abl|m//f//n|s}}

===Etymology 2===

====Pronunciation====
* {{la-IPA|redūce}}

====Verb====
{{head|la|verb form|head=redūce}}

# {{infl of|la|redūcō||2|s|pres|act|imp}}

==Romanian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|ro|редуче||new cyrl}}

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ro|la|redūcō|redūcere}}, {{bor|ro|fr|réduire}}, based on {{m|ro|duce}}. Compare the inherited doublet {{doublet|ro|arăduce|notext=1}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/reˈdu.t͡ʃe/|[re̞ˈd̪u.t͡ʃe̞]}}
* {{rhyme|ro|ut͡ʃe|s=3}}
* {{hyph|ro|re|du|ce}}

===Verb===
{{ro-verb|reduce|redus|reducă}}

# {{lb|ro|transitive}} to {{l|en|reduce}}, to [[lessen]]

====Conjugation====
{{ro-conj-duce|re}}

====Derived terms====
{{col|ro
|reducător
|reducere
|reductibil
|reducție
|reductor
|redus
}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|duce}}

====See also====
* {{l|ro|arăduce}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:DEX}}

==Spanish==

===Verb===
{{head|es|verb form}}

# {{es-verb form of|reducir}}