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Wind power in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wind power installed in Europe in 2013

As of 2025, Europe had a total installed wind capacity of 304 gigawatts (GW), 265 GW onshore and 39 GW offshore.

The sector has seen significant growth in recent years. In Q4 2023, wind power exceeded coal in European electricity generation for the first time, generating 193 Terawatt-hour (TWh) compared to coal's 184 TWh. [1]Despite wind installation challenges, capacity and generation have remained on a steady upward trend.

As of 2024, the EU's wind capacity and generation remain on an upwards trend.

Wind energy is a major component of the European power grid, meeting 17% of the total electricity demand across the EU and the UK in 2022. However, the construction of new wind farms often faces localised opposition. While general public acceptance of renewable energy is high - with surveys indicating that 86% of Europeans support new projects in their local areas - this support drops to 62% specifically for wind energy developments, largely driven by aesthetic, environmental and economic concerns.[2]

EU Wind Power Package

[edit]

The European Commission introduced the European Wind Power Package in October 2023, which incorporates the European Wind Power Action Plan. This plan aims to streamline wind energy deployment by expediting processes such as permitting and auction design, with an emphasis on increasing investment in offshore wind and ocean energies.[3]

Despite EU wind generation capacity reaching 221 GW in 2023, additional efforts are required to align with the EU's energy and climate objectives by 2030. Wind power constitutes over one-third (37%) of total renewable electricity generation in the EU and contributes to the economy, providing approximately 300,000 jobs in 2022. With the implementation of the REPowerEU targets, job growth is projected to reach 936,000 by 2030.[3]

By country

[edit]
Wind power capacity per capita over time

Denmark

[edit]
Middelgrunden offshore wind farm, 3.5 km outside Copenhagen

In 2014, wind power in Denmark provided some 39 per cent of Danish domestic electricity[4][5] and Denmark is a leading wind power nation in the world. The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.[6]

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world's largest and 90% of the wind turbines manufactured in Denmark are sold to international markets. In 2003, the Danish manufacturers had a total world market share of approximately 38%, generating a combined turnover of almost 3 billion Euro and maintaining over 20,000 people employed in the industry, from wind turbine factories to maintenance and research.[6]

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards.[5]

Estonia

[edit]
Wind farm of Hanila, Lääne County

As of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in Estonia was 269.4 MW,[7] while roughly 1466.5 MW[8] worth of projects are currently being developed and three major offshore projects with total capacity of 1490 MW are being planned. Estonia, as a country, which is widely open to the sea and has a flat territory, possesses a very high potential for the development of wind energy.[9]

According to a survey carried out by the Estonian Ministry of the Environment, 95% of the respondents considered wind power as the most environmentally friendly way to produce energy.[10]

Finland

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Wind power in Finland.[edit]
Wind farm in Ii, Finland

Wind power in Finland has been the fastest growing source of electricity in recent years. In 2024, Finland covered 24% of the yearly electricity demand with wind power production, which was 25% of domestic production. Wind capacity was up 20% from the previous year and wind production up 37%.[11] This compares to an average wind power share of 19% in the EU.[12]

By the end of 2022, Finland's wind power capacity reached 5,677 MW with 1,393 turbines installed. That year, wind power production increased by 41% to 11.6 TWh, representing 14.1% of the country's electricity consumption. This growth positioned wind power as the country's third largest electricity source.[13] In 2024 wind surpassed hydropower to become the second largest source behind only nuclear power.[11]

According to a 2018 study done by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, published in Nature Energy, new wind power technology could cover the entire electricity consumption (86 TWh) of Finland.[14]

Wind power is one of the most popular energy resources among the Finnish public. In 2022 82% of respondents wanted more wind power, which was second only to solar with 90%.[15] Previous results include 90% in September 2007 and 88% in April 2005.[16] In the Pori area of Finland 97% of people supported wind power according to Suomen Hyötytuuli Oy in 2000.[17]

France

[edit]

Germany

[edit]
Wind farm in Neuenkirchen

Wind power plays an important role in Germany's renewable energy mix. In October 2014, the installed domestic capacity amounted to 35,678 megawatts, of which offshore contributed 616 MW.[18]

In 2014, wind generated more than 51 terawatt-hours of electricity and contributed about 9.7% to the nations total net-generated electricity. This is 1.3% more than the year before. December 2014 was the best month, generating 8.9 TWh and on par with record-breaking month of December 2011. Along with the generated electricity of 18.5 TWh (3.5%) from hydro, 32.8 TWh (6.2%) from solar, and 54 TWh (10.0%) from biomass, all four renewable energy sources generated 154 TWh or about 30% of the nation's total net-generation. Electricity production from combined wind and solar has now achieved almost the level of nuclear power (84.2 TWh vs. 91.8 TWh).[19]

More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area, and the country has plans to build more wind turbines.[20][21] As of 2011, Germany's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialisation,[22] with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.[23]

Greece

[edit]
View of a wind farm, Panachaiko mountain

Wind power in Greece was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the end of 2010.[24]

According to the Ministry of Environment and Public Works, the system would have a nameplate capacity of 3,372MW of power from wind alone compared to 746MW at the end of 2006.[25] Greece chose to invest primarily to wind power by 77%, while the rest of renewable sources altogether comprise the remaining 23% of production with hydroelectric power being second with 11%.[26][27]

Ireland

[edit]

Ireland is the best location in Europe for wind power,[citation needed] as it is situated on the Western edge of Europe and is exposed to high winds from the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. Wind power capacity factors tend to be higher in Ireland than anywhere else. By the end of 2019 the installed capacity of wind power in Ireland was 4,155 megawatts,[28] generating 36.3% of Ireland's electrical power in 2020.[29]

Most wind farms in Ireland are located in coastal regions and especially in the West of Ireland. However, the Irish Sea is getting some attention and the first offshore wind farm in Ireland is located a few kilometres north of Arklow and 10 km out to sea and is known as the Arklow Bank Wind Park. This is set to expand in the future. Other proposals are an offshore wind farm on the Kish Bank which is about 15 kilometres offshore from Dublin, the capital city. With another planned wind farm at Clogherhead (north of Drogheda, south of Dundalk), to be called the Oriel Wind Farm. The Codling windfarm, planned for the south Irish Sea, will have a capacity of 1100 MW with 330 turbines, giving a huge boost to wind generated power in Ireland.

Lithuania

[edit]

Wind energy is set to become Lithuania's main electricity source, projected to account for at least 70% by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) 2021 Energy Policy Review.[30] This reflects Lithuania's strategy to be electricity self-sufficient by 2050, reducing current import needs from 70% to zero. The country encourages decentralized energy production, including wind power, with subsidies, net metering, and virtual power plants. To handle wind energy's variability, Lithuania plans to implement hydrogen storage for offshore wind by 2030. Litgrid, the national grid operator, is focusing on integrating more wind and solar power, essential for supporting energy generation by prosumers and aligning with EU sustainable energy goals.[30]

Romania

[edit]
The Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm in Romania, it consists of 240 turbines, with a capacity of 600 MW.[31]

As of 2016, wind power in Romania has an installed capacity of about 3,028 MW,[32] up from the 14 MW installed capacity in 2009.[33] The main regions of great potential of wind are Northern Dobruja and Moldavia.

The 600 MW Dunarea East and West wind project, located in southeastern Romania, is expected to begin operations in 2026. Its substantial size is comparable to that of the Fântânele-Cogealac wind power plant, situated nearby and recognized as the largest onshore wind facility in Europe, with a capacity of 600 MW.[34]

Spain

[edit]
Aerial view of the Sierra de Gredos in Spain

In 2011, Spain was Europe's leading producer of wind energy and ranked second only behind Germany in terms of installed capacity. In 2012, domestic capacity amounted to 22,785 MW.[35][36] Wind power alone covered 16.6% of the total electricity demand in Spain in 2010 (according to Red Eléctrica de España, the Spanish system operator) and continues as the third technology in the system, after nuclear power and combined cycles. Wind energy's installed capacity could meet the electricity needs of two-thirds of Spanish households. In 2010, the electricity sector reduced its CO2 emissions by 26% thanks to wind energy.[37][38] "Spain holds these positions as a result of the establishment of a stable regulatory framework, better understanding of the resource, and improved technology that have afforded considerable cost reduction in terms of initial investment, maintenance, and exploitation".[37]

Turkey

[edit]

Wind power generates about 10% of Turkey's electricity, mainly in the west in the Aegean and Marmara regions, and is gradually becoming a larger share of renewable energy in the country. As of 2023, Turkey has 11 gigawatts (GW) of wind turbines. The Energy Ministry plans to have almost 30 GW by 2035.[39]

United Kingdom

[edit]
A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield, UK

By the beginning of March 2022, the UK had 11,091 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of over 24.6 gigawatts (GW): 14.1 GW of onshore capacity and 10.4 GW of offshore capacity,[40] the sixth largest capacity of any country in 2019.[41]

1.8 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online during 2012, a 30% increase of the total UK installed capacity. 2012 was a significant year for the offshore wind industry with 4 large wind farms becoming operational with over 1.1 GW of generating capability coming on stream.[42]

Through the Renewables Obligation, British electricity suppliers are now required by law to provide a proportion of their sales from renewable sources such as wind power or pay a penalty fee. The supplier then receives a Renewables Obligation Certificate (ROC) for each MW·h of electricity they have purchased.[43] Within the United Kingdom, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass.[44]

Wind power is expected to continue growing in the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future – RenewableUK estimated in 2010 that more than 2,000 MW of capacity would be deployed per year for the next five years.[45] By 2020, the United Kingdom is expected to have more than 28,000 MW of wind capacity.[46] By 2050, UK government plans to cut carbon emissions to zero by using wind power.[47]

Europe's Wind Energy Event

[edit]

In the Europe's Premier Wind Energy Event February 2013 wind was evaluated by Robert Clover from MAKE Consulting as the cheapest electricity technology after 2020 meeting 50% of electricity demand in Europe by 2050.[48] According to Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency, without phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, the EU will not reach its climate targets. The fossil fuel subsidies were half a trillion dollars in 2011. The biggest challenges of wind energy is the lack of predictability of government policies, and not the lack of predictability of wind power, according to Birol. Retroactive policy changes have also undermined investment in renewable energy projects.[49] The European wind industry needs skilled workforce.[50] The EU wind energy capacity in the end of 2012 was 105.6 GW. Renewable energy represented 69% of new power capacity in 2012, while fuel oil, coal and nuclear capacity saw negative growth due to decommissioning.[51]

Public opinion

[edit]

Recent public opinion surveys about wind power at both the EU and the country level shows that wind energy, being a clean and renewable energy source, is traditionally linked to very strong and stable levels of public support. About 80 per cent of EU citizens support wind power.[52] Despite overwhelming popular support in the abstract, wind farm projects at times raise local opposition, especially in locations closer to populations or to woodland wildlife. For instance, a wind project in Ripfjallet, Sweden in 2020 has been opposed by a group of local residents who wish to maintain the historical landscape. They succeeded in arranging a local referendum scheduled for 22 June 2020 to determine the future of the project. In Germany, a government agency found that there were 325 active lawsuits against wind projects as of January 2020, often on the basis of protecting ecology and wildlife.[53]

Opinion on increase in number of wind farms, 2010 Harris Poll[54]
Great
Britain		FranceItalySpainGermany
%%%%%
Strongly oppose66224
Oppose more than favour121611914
Favour more than oppose4444383742
Strongly favour3833495340

Statistics

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Installed wind power capacity

[edit]
Europe wind power Capacity (MW)[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]
# Country 2025[63] 2024[64] 2023[65] 2022[66] 2021[67] 2020[68] 2019[69] 2018[70] 2017[71] 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
Installed wind power capacity in Europe
1Germany 77,69172,67269,67566,32264,04062,58060,72058,85055,58049,43044,58038,61033,48030,83028,77027,18025,77723,89722,24720,62218,41516,62914,60911,9948,7546,1134,4422,875
2Spain 33,15831,18030,56929,79828,19627,26425,80823,49423,17023,02622,98722,98622,95922,79621,67420,67619,14916,68915,13111,62310,0288,2646,2034,8253,3372,2351,812834
3UK 32,89431,63629,62228,49326,81224,16723,51520,97018,87215,03014,29112,44010,5318,4456,5405,2044,0512,9742,4061,9621,332904667552474406362333
4France 26,37224,38322,79221,13519,08117,94916,64615,30913,75911,67010,3249,2858,2547,1966,8005,6604,4923,4042,4541,56775739025714893662519
5Sweden 18,51517,20016,44114,58512,0979,9928,9857,4076,6916,5196,0295,4254,4703,7452,9072,1631,5601,048788571509442399345293231220174
6Turkey 15,93513,79312,34211,96910,7509,3058,0567,3696,8576,1014,7183,7632,9562,3121,6911,329801458
7Italy 13,48112,94512,33611,84811,10810,85210,5129,9589,4799,2558,9738,6638,5518,1446,7475,7974,8503,7362,7262,1231,7181,266905788682427277180
8Netherlands 11,79211,70611,4939,0528,1656,7844,6004,4714,3414,1803,3912,8052,6932,3912,3282,2452,2292,2251,7471,5581,2191,079910693486446433361
9Poland 11,20010,2339,3837,8647,1166,6145,9175,8646,3975,7825,1003,8343,3902,4971,6161,107725544276153836363270000
10Finland 9,5048,3576,9435,6783,3282,5862,2842,0412,1131,5331,005627448288197197146143110868282524339393917
11Denmark 7,5087,6127,5627,2827,1786,1806,1285,7585,4765,2425,0754,8454,7724,1623,8713,7523,4653,1633,1253,1363,1283,1183,1162,8892,4892,4171,7711,443
12Portugal 5,9905,9635,8345,6965,6125,4865,4375,3805,3165,2695,0344,9144,7244,5254,0833,8983,5352,8622,1501,7161,0225222961951311006160
13Belgium 5,8605,6485,4925,3065,0024,7193,8793,3602,8432,4002,1691,9591,6511,3751,078911563415287194167966835321366
14Greece 5,6945,3545,2264,6824,4524,1133,5762,8442,6512,3742,1361,9801,8651,7491,6291,2081,08798587174657347338329727218911239
15Norway 5,1835,1885,1845,1494,6553,9802,4441,6751,162838822819768703520441431429333314267160101
16Ireland 5,1194,8614,8024,6374,4054,3514,1553,5643,1272,7652,4402,2722,0371,7381,6311,4281,2601,0277957464963391901371241187473
17Austria 4,2214,0283,8853,5863,3003,1203,1593,0452,8282,6322,4042,0951,6841,3781,0841,01199599598296581960641514094773430
18Romania 3,4803,1503,1003,0293,0293,0293,0293,0293,0293,0282,9762,9542,5991,90598246214118321100000
19Lithuania 2,5351,7501,20874066854854843942142142127927922517916391545451486600000
20Ukraine 2,2711,9471,9021,6731,6731,3141,1705335935265144983712781518794908986770000000
21Russia 2,0432,0432,0439051911391041515151515159900000000000
22Croatia 1,2641,3031,2561,100990803652583583466462347339[72]180131892800000000000
23Serbia 8076235123743743743743741810000000000000000000
24Estonia 711711376320320320320310310310302302280269184149142785932326220000
25Bulgaria 71170670670770769169169169169169169168167461237517712057361010000000
26Czech Republic 372371337337337337337317308281281281269260217215192150116542817930000
27Hungary 3333293293293293293293293293293293293293293292952011276561173330000
28Bosnia and Herzegovina 2442441351351351358751
29Luxembourg 22721420816616816613612012010058585858444435353535353522171510109
30Cyprus 17715815815815815815815815815815814714714713482000000000000
31Kosovo 137137137137137323232
32Latvia 13713713713766666666667069626260313028272727272727240000
33Montenegro 118118118118118118118118
34Switzerland 1091001018787877575757560606050464218141212120000000
35North Macedonia 10373733737373737373737370000000000000000
36Faroe Islands 71716868181818187700000000000000
36Moldova 71
38Slovakia 4433333333333333555530000000
39Belarus 3333333333333000000000000000
40Iceland 3333333333331.8000000000000000
41Slovenia 3333333333520000000000000000
42Malta 0000000000000000000000000000
Total installed wind power capacity
-EU-28/27 246,059230,979220,253204,499188,892179,093192,231178,826169,319153,641142,042128,751117,289105,69693,95784,07474,76764,71256,51748,06940,51134,38328,59923,15917,31512,8879,6786,453
-Europe Offshore 38,61736,65734,23730,26728,33325,01322,07118,441
-Europe 304,009284,914272,497254,788235,712219,546204,814189,229178,096161,261148,240133,968121,474109,23896,60786,07576,15265,74157,13648,56340,898

Per capita capacity

[edit]

Wind power today, in an average wind year, generates the equivalent of over 20% of Denmark's electricity use and 25–30% of that in three German Länder, and on windy days with light loads, over 100% of the load in certain regions, particularly in West Denmark, North Germany, and northern Spain.[73]

EU wind power Capacity in watts per capita
# Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010[74] 2009[75] 2008[76] 2007
1  Denmark947.2911.8894.6850.1837.3745.8706.2686.6627.5581579
2  Germany679.8608.7553.7483.0415.9382.8355.7332.7315.3291270
3  Sweden661.6647.7618.1551.0454.0394.8308.7231.6166.911188
4  Ireland652.5580.7537.4490.1439.5375.0364.0319.6283.1228193
5  Portugal515.6511.1489.6471.3471.2429.2403.4366.4332.5270203
6  Spain497.8495.6495.8495.0494.3490.8469.2449.6415.5370367
7  Finland383.1278.6182.8114.381.753.436.636.827.32721
- Average330.8300.2278.6253.3230.8209.7187.2168.3149.2131116
8  Austria320.5299.3281.0243.0195.3163.2128.2120.7118.8119120
9  United Kingdom287.5228.9210.0192.2162.7132.4105.083.965.35440
10  Netherlands252.6245.3203.0165.3158.7145.3139.1135.4134.0136107
11  Belgium249.4212.3198.0175.1147.5124.598.481.952.03628
12  Greece246.4212.3199.0180.1170.2154.9143.6106.996.18878
13  Estonia235.1229.2230.7230.2213.4200.8137.2111.0111.35845
14  France204.8174.2156.1139.3123.9114.6104.087.569.95340
15  Luxembourg203.2173.5106.7106.7106.7106.784.686.286.29071
16  Cyprus184.8185.7186.5170.5170.5170.5166.6102.1000
17  Lithuania175.6180.4145.196.696.674.855.246.327.31915
18  Poland166.5149.7134.299.688.164.942.331.018.5127
19  Italy156.7152.7147.3142.5140.7133.9111.196.180.36347
20  Romania154.3154.2157.5151.4133.290.945.919.5110
21  Bulgaria97.393.893.893.892.589.781.649.623.42110
22  Latvia34.233.533.533.533.533.313.913.812.51212
23  Hungary33.633.033.033.033.033.032.929.320.1126
24  Czech Republic29.126.826.826.825.624.620.620.518.41411

Leading EU countries by wind power production

[edit]
Leading EU countries by wind power production [77][78]
Country 2019(GWh) 2022 (GWh)
Germany126,000124,800
United Kingdom63,468
Spain54,21262,800
France (w/o overseas)34,10038,000
Sweden19,90233,300
Netherlands11,45821,400
Italy20,20020,500
Poland15,00019,800
Denmark16,14919,000
Portugal13,73213,200
Belgium8,11912,400
Finland5,98712,000
Ireland9,35411.200
Greece7,27910,900
Austria7,2697,200
Romania6,7457,000

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Wind overtakes coal for electricity generation in Europe". 9 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Increasing the social acceptance of wind energy". www.interregeurope.eu. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2026.
  3. 1 2 "EU wind energy - European Commission". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  4. ↑ Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 Archived 2015-01-06 at the Wayback Machine" In English Archived 6 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015. on 6 January 2015
  5. 1 2 "Wind energy: a visionary match". Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
  6. 1 2 "The world's leader in Wind Power". Scandinavica.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "Installed capacity". EWPA. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  8. ↑ "Under development". EWPA. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  9. ↑ "Estonia". pakri.ee. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  10. ↑ Tuuliki Kasonen (10 August 2012). "95% of Estonians back wind power". EWPA. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Sähkön vuosi 2024: päästöt vähenivät 25 %, hinta palautui normaalitasolle, sähkön tuotannossa uusia ennätyksiä". Energiateollisuus ry. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  12. ↑ "Europe gets 20% of its electricity from wind. But not enough new wind farms being built. Urgent action needed on permitting, grids and electrification". 10 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  13. ↑ "Finland - Country Commercial Guide". International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 20 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Rinne, Erkka; Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Rissanen, Simo (14 May 2018). "Effects of turbine technology and land use on wind power resource potential". Nature Energy. 3 (6): 494–500. Bibcode:2018NatEn...3..494R. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0137-9. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 158062616.
  15. ↑ "Energia-asenteet 2022". 8 December 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.[dead link]
  16. ↑ Valtaosa suomalaisista kannattaa tuulivoiman lisäämistä, Helsingin Sanomat, 3.10.2007 A4
  17. ↑ Suomen Hyötytuuli Oy, Porin Tahkoluodon ympäristövaikutusten selostus Pöyry December 2006
  18. ↑ "Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE website. Fraunhofer Institute ISE, Germany. 21 July 2014. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  19. ↑ "Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014 (German version)" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE website. Fraunhofer Institute ISE, Germany. 5 January 2015. pp. 2, 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  20. ↑ "Wind energy in Germany". Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
  21. ↑ "72,6 Gigawatts Worldwide" (PDF). Wind Energy Barometer. February 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
  22. ↑ "100% renewable electricity supply by 2050". Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 26 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  23. ↑ Schultz, Stefan (23 March 2011). "Will Nuke Phase-Out Make Offshore Farms Attractive?". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  24. ↑ "Greece commits for 2,587 wind turbines". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "Rising to the Challenge:the growth of wind power generation in Greece" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "Greek Ministry of Environment". Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  27. ↑ "Greece Renewable Energy - Europa Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  28. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe in 2019" (PDF). Wind Europe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "Wind Energy Powers Ireland to Renewable Energy Target". windenergyireland.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  30. 1 2 "Lithuania 2021 - Energy Policy Review" (PDF). International Energy Agency.
  31. ↑ "Ten biggest onshore wind farms in Europe (July 2013)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  32. ↑ EWEA (February 2014). "Wind in power: 2013 European statistics" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  33. ↑ "Romania Has 800 Turbines, Investments in Wind Farms Exceed EUR1.5B In 2012". ZF English. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  34. ↑ Todorović, Igor (25 January 2024). "Rezolv signs grid connection agreement for 600 MW wind project in Romania". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  35. ↑ "Factor This™ Energy Understood. All Factored in". Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  36. ↑ "Spain". Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
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  39. ↑ "Türkiye Ulusal Enerji Planı açıklandı: Güneş hedefi güçlü ama kömürden çıkış yok" [Türkiye National Energy Plan announced: Solar target is strong but no exit from coal]. BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
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  48. ↑ Wind will be cheapest electricity generating technology by 2020 Archived 19 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine EWEA 4 February 2013
  49. ↑ Fossil fuel subsidies are "public enemy number one" – IEA Chief Archived 6 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine EWEA 4 February 2013
  50. ↑ "Feb 2013". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  51. ↑ "8/2/2013: EU wind power grows in 2012 - but industry challenged in 2013". Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
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  53. ↑ Jess, Shankelman; Paulsson, Lars (19 June 2020). "As Wind Power Grows in Europe, So Does Resistance From Locals". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  54. ↑ The Harris Poll#119 (13 October 2010). "Large Majorities in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries Favor More Wind Farms and Subsidies for Bio-fuels, but Opinion is Split on Nuclear Power" (Press release). PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2012.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ EWEA: "Wind in power: 2012 European statistics" Archived 9 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, February 2013
  56. ↑ "Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 - 2009 (MW)". European Wind Energy Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  57. ↑ "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  58. ↑ "EWEA Annual Statistics 2011" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  59. ↑ "EWEA Annual Statistics 2013" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. February 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  60. ↑ "EWEA Annual Statistics 2014" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  61. ↑ EWEA: "Wind in power: 2014 European statistics" Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, February 2014
  62. ↑ EWEA: "Wind in power: 2016 European statistics" Archived 30 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, February 2017
  63. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030". WindEurope. Retrieved 26 February 2026.
  64. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe: 2024 Statistics and the outlook for 2025-2030". WindEurope. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  65. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe: 2023 Statistics and the outlook for 2024-2030". WindEurope. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  66. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe: 2022 Statistics and the outlook for 2023-2027". WindEurope. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  67. ↑ "Wind energy in Europe 2021 Statistics and the outlook for 2022-2026" (PDF). WindEurope. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  68. ↑ "Wind Energy in Europe in 2020 and the outlook for 2021-2025" (PDF). WindEurope. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  69. ↑ "Wind Energy in Europe in 2019" (PDF). WindEurope. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  70. ↑ "Wind Energy in Europe in 2018" (PDF). WindEurope. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  71. ↑ "Wind in Power 2017" (PDF). WindEurope. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  72. ↑ "Do kraja godine 280 novih postrojenja na obnovljive izvore energije - Poslovni dnevnik". Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  73. ↑ Lovins, Amory B. (2005). Nuclear power: economics and climate-protection potential Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, see footnote 28.
  74. ↑ "Wind energy barometer 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  75. ↑ Wind energy barometer 2009 Archived 5 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 195, 3/2010, p.48
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  77. ↑ "Wind Energy Barometer 2020". EU Observ'ER. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  78. ↑ 22nd annual overview barometer, Eurobserver.org, edition 2023
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