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Protestantism in Canada

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Protestantism in Canada
Cathedral Church of St. James, Toronto
OrientationMainline Protestant (predominantly)
PolityVarious
Associations
RegionCanada
OriginSince the 17th century
Members14.1% of Canadians (5,109,195 as of 2021)[1]

Protestantism in Canada has existed as a major faith in Canada and within Canadian Christianity ever since parts of northern Canada were colonized by the English. As of 2021, 14.1% of Canadians identified as Protestant.[1] According to a study by Pew Researchers published in 2013, 27% of Canadians are Protestant. Based on 2021 census, Protestant faiths collectively form the third largest religious group in Canada after the largest, those with no religious affiliation (34.6%), and the second largest group, Roman Catholicism (29.9%).[1]

Statistics

[edit]
Protestantism in Canada (1871−2021)
Branch/Denomination 1871 census
[2][3]		 1881 census
[4][3]		 1891 census
[5][3]		 1901 census
[6][7][3]		 1911 census
[8][3]		 1921 census
[9][3]		 1931 census
[10][11][3]		 1941 census
[12][3]		 1951 census
[13][3]		 1961 census
[14][15][16][3]		 1971 census
[17][18][3]		 1981 census
[19][20][21][22]		 1991 census
[23][24][25][26]		 2001 census
[27][28][29][23]		 2011 census
[30][31][32][33][a]		 2021 census
[35][36][37][38]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Methodist–Evangelical 572,396 16.42% 742,981 17.18% 861,714 17.83% 945,043 17.59% 1,118,300 15.52% 1,207,515 13.74% 79,239 0.76% 70,673 0.61% 136,492 0.97% 164,796 0.9% 176,010 0.82% 259,500 1.08% 311,240 1.15% 308,975 1.04% 292,205 0.89% 247,240 0.68%
Presbyterian 544,998 15.63% 676,165 15.63% 755,326 15.63% 842,459 15.68% 1,115,472 15.48% 1,409,407 16.04% 870,728 8.39% 830,597 7.22% 781,747 5.58% 818,558 4.49% 872,330 4.04% 812,105 3.37% 636,295 2.36% 409,830 1.38% 472,385 1.44% 301,400 0.83%
Anglican 494,049 14.17% 574,818 13.29% 646,059 13.37% 680,620 12.67% 1,043,072 14.47% 1,407,994 16.02% 1,636,349 15.77% 1,754,368 15.25% 2,060,720 14.71% 2,409,068 13.21% 2,543,175 11.79% 2,436,375 10.12% 2,188,110 8.11% 2,035,500 6.87% 1,631,845 4.97% 1,134,310 3.12%
Baptist 227,898 6.54% 275,291 6.37% 302,565 6.26% 316,477 5.89% 382,666 5.31% 421,731 4.8% 443,341 4.27% 484,465 4.21% 519,585 3.71% 593,553 3.25% 593,553 2.75% 696,850 2.89% 663,360 2.46% 729,475 2.46% 635,840 1.94% 436,940 1.2%
Lutheran 37,935 1.09% 46,350 1.07% 63,982 1.32% 92,524 1.72% 229,864 3.19% 286,458 3.26% 394,194 3.8% 401,836 3.49% 444,923 3.18% 662,744 3.63% 715,740 3.32% 702,905 2.92% 636,210 2.36% 606,595 2.05% 478,185 1.46% 328,045 0.9%
Protestant, n.i.e. & n.o.s. 37,065 1.06% 35,861 0.83% 29,666 0.61% 42,425 0.79% 66,141 0.92% 81,467 0.93% 81,077 0.78% 41,521 0.36% 35,715 0.25% 51,304 0.28% 21,705 0.1% 137,425 0.57% 720,385 2.67% 641,305 2.16% 647,140 1.97% 514,055 1.42%
Congregationalist 21,829 0.63% 26,900 0.62% 28,157 0.58% 28,293 0.53% 34,054 0.47% 30,730 0.35% 694 0.01% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 145 0% 6,600 0.02% 6,155 0.02% 2,510 0.01% 1,150 0%
Anabaptist 13,146 0.38% 30,065 0.7% 12,911 0.27% 50,380 0.94% 64,732 0.9% 83,944 0.96% 119,529 1.15% 128,432 1.12% 139,113 0.99% 181,942 1% 212,345 0.98% 235,705 0.98% 269,190 1% 243,275 0.82% 201,190 0.61% 158,270 0.44%
Unitarian/Universalist 7,171 0.21% 6,643 0.15% 4,963 0.1% 5,553 0.1% 6,545 0.09% 7,830 0.09% 7,469 0.07% N/a N/a 3,517 0.03% 15,062 0.08% 21,000 0.1% 17,510 0.07% 19,910 0.07% 20,535 0.07% N/a[b] N/a N/a[b] N/a
Adventist 6,179 0.18% 7,211 0.17% 6,354 0.13% 8,058 0.15% 10,417 0.14% 14,200 0.16% 16,026 0.15% 18,485 0.16% 21,398 0.15% 25,999 0.14% 28,585 0.13% 41,605 0.17% 52,360 0.19% 62,880 0.21% 66,940 0.2% 68,935 0.19%
Latter Day Saint 534 0.02% N/a N/a N/a N/a 6,891 0.13% 15,982 0.22% 19,717 0.22% 22,132 0.21% 25,328 0.22% 32,888 0.23% 50,016 0.27% 66,635 0.31% 89,870 0.37% 100,770 0.37% 104,745 0.35% 108,665 0.33% 87,725 0.24%
Spiritualist N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 616 0.01% 674 0.01% 1,558 0.02% 2,263 0.02% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 1,940 0.01% 3,735 0.01% 3,295 0.01% N/a[b] N/a N/a[b] N/a
Jehovah's Witness N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 99 0% 407 0.01% 6,678 0.08% 13,552 0.13% 7,007 0.06% 34,596 0.25% 68,018 0.37% 174,805 0.81% 143,480 0.6% 168,370 0.62% 154,750 0.52% 137,775 0.42% 137,255 0.38%
Reformed N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 63 0% 1,073 0.01% 2,700 0.03% 2,931 0.03% N/a N/a N/a N/a 62,257 0.34% 83,385 0.39% 104,175 0.43% 119,020 0.44% 115,735 0.39% 102,830 0.31% 80,650 0.22%
Pentecostal–Charismatic N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 43 0% 579 0.01% 7,258 0.08% 26,669 0.26% 57,742 0.5% 95,131 0.68% 143,877 0.79% 220,390 1.02% 339,850 1.41% 438,995 1.63% 372,695 1.26% 480,670 1.46% 399,035 1.1%
United Church N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 8,728 0.1% 2,017,375 19.44% 2,208,658 19.19% 2,867,271 20.47% 3,664,008 20.09% 3,768,805 17.47% 3,758,015 15.6% 3,093,120 11.46% 2,839,125 9.58% 2,007,610 6.11% 1,214,185 3.34%
Total Protestants 1,963,200 56.32% 2,422,285 56.01% 2,711,697 56.11% 3,019,501 56.22% 4,089,978 56.75% 4,997,915 56.87% 5,733,568 55.25% 6,029,112 52.4% 7,173,096 51.2% 8,911,202 48.86% 9,572,155 44.38% 9,777,455 40.6% 9,427,670 34.92% 8,654,870 29.2% 7,265,790 22.12% 5,109,195 14.06%
Total responses 3,485,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 4,833,239 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,788,483 100% 10,376,786 100% 11,506,655 100% 14,009,429 100% 18,238,247 100% 21,568,295 100% 24,083,480 98.93% 26,994,045 98.89% 29,639,060 98.77% 32,852,360 98.14% 36,328,465 98.21%
Total population 3,485,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 4,833,239 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,788,483 100% 10,376,786 100% 11,506,655 100% 14,009,429 100% 18,238,247 100% 21,568,311 100% 24,343,181 100% 27,296,859 100% 30,007,094 100% 33,476,688 100% 36,991,981 100%

History

[edit]

Under French control

[edit]

In the early 1600s, the French were the first European nation to establish permanent colonies in Canada, calling the areas they colonized New France.[39] The French attempted to set up these colonies in a way that established the Roman Catholic Church as the foundation of colonial society and gave the Roman Catholic Church a monopoly on religion, with only French-born Roman Catholics being allowed to immigrate to New France after 1627 .[40] The majority of French were Roman Catholic, but there were smaller populations of Protestants and Jews in New France. These non-Catholics who were barred from public worship, public office, and most professions.[40] However, the French aspiration to make Roman Catholicism the foundation of society in New France was never fully realized. With the British conquest of Canada during the French and Indian War and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which officially recognized the transition of control over France's Canadian territories to the British Empire, the British began to focus on Protestant expansion in the region.[40]

Under British control

[edit]

There had been prior efforts to introduce Protestantism to the areas of Canada under British control in the years leading up to British control of Canada being officially awarded in the Treaty of Paris. The first large communities of Protestants established by the British were in the Maritimes. Due to prior French control, this territory was inhabited by native populations and French Roman Catholics. The British could not convince British Protestants to immigrate to this area, but the British were intent on introducing Protestantism to counterbalance French Roman Catholic influence, incentivizing French and German Protestants to move to the territory. Thousands moved to Nova Scotia and were known as the Foreign Protestants.[41] The British sought to expand Protestant faith throughout the territory through missionary conversions of native populations and the immigration of Protestants to Canada, favoring the British Church of England and initially suppressing the Roman Catholic Church .[40] Recognizing the majority-Catholic nature of the former French colonies and hoping to prevent Catholic and Protestant conflict, the Treaty of Paris included an acceptance of Roman Catholicism under British rule as Catholicism is a Christian faith.[42] Following the American Revolution, there was a large influx of United Empire Loyalist Protestants from the United States into Canada. Immigrants from many different Protestant faiths came to Canada, introducing these various Protestant faiths to the religious landscape and further preventing the establishment of the Church of England as Canada's official religion. This ambition was wholly abandoned by the mid-1800s, with Christian religious pluralism fully acknowledged and accepted, though Canada was still considered a Christian society.[41] An 1871 census shows that at one point, the majority of Canadians were some form of Protestant, with 56.45% of the population identifying as belonging to a Protestant Faith.[43] There was eventually an influx of Roman Catholic and other non-Protestant Christian immigrants to Canada, and Roman Catholicism eventually eclipsed Protestantism as the religious group with the most adherents in 1961. Roman Catholics have remained the largest religious group in Canada since 1961 and Protestant membership is declining.[44] Religion has played a large role in Canadian public life and politics, and secularization in Canada was a long process. Though it began long before then, the 1960s saw the dramatic secularization of Canadian institutions, such as education. Canada detached their institutions from religion as part of an effort to modernize these institutions.[40]

Post-independence

[edit]

The secularization of Canadian society marks a significant institutional and social departure from European-controlled Canadian society, as Canada has transitioned into a post-colonial society, they have attempted to detach from those religious institutional links established by the British Empire. However, while the Protestant faith has particularly declined since secularization, Evangelical Protestantism has grown more popular in Canada.[40] Canada's largest Protestant branch, the United Church of Canada, underwent dramatic liberalization during the 1960s, abandoning evangelical tendencies and creating a gap in the religious market, which may have benefited Evangelical denominations in terms of gaining followers, particularly in more socially conservative areas of the country that are resistant to the modernization and liberalization that has accompanied Canadian Independence and secularization.[45] There has also been an increase in the numbers of those with no religious affiliation and those belonging to a non-Protestant or Catholic faith.[citation needed] While Protestantism was once the faith of the majority in Canada, the Protestant share of the population has declined by over half of what it was around 150 years ago.[44]

Notable branches

[edit]

United Church of Canada

[edit]

The United Church of Canada is the largest Protestant group in Canada, with 2021 estimates suggesting the membership of just over 1.2 million.[1] Officially formed in 1925, the United Church of Canada is the amalgamation of almost all of Canada's Congregationalists and Methodists and most of Canada's Presbyterians, and many Christian independents.[46] The United Church of Canada is a mainline Protestant faith, though its founding denominations were evangelical. The church has since gone through efforts to increase inclusivity and liberalization beginning in the 1960s, with declining membership also beginning in the 1960s.[46] Despite declining membership, the United Church of Canada remains the largest Protestant branch and the second-largest Christian branch behind Roman Catholicism, with the church still an influential force in Canada.

Anglican Church of Canada

[edit]

Originally named the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada traces its origins to the Church of England and the British colonization of Canada.[47] Following the British occupation of formerly French territories, the British began introducing Protestantism to Canada, largely through their own Church of England. The modern Anglican Church of Canada is independent from the Church of England and is one of 45 churches in the worldwide Anglican Communion. With 2021 estimates suggesting membership of over 1.1 million members in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada is Canada's second-largest Protestant faith and third largest Christian faith.[1]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey[34] and so numbers are estimates.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Classified as a separate religion following the 2011 census.

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Religion by Indigenous identity: Canada, provinces and territories (2021 Census)". 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
  2. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1870-71 = Recensement du Canada 1870-71 : CS98-1871-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Historical statistics, principal religious denominations of the population". Statistics Canada. 2015-11-05. Retrieved 2026-07-14.
  4. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1880-81 = Recensement du Canada 1880-81 : CS98-1881-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1890-91 = Recensement du Canada 1890-91 : CS98-1891-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fourth census of Canada 1901 . : CS98-1901-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fourth census of Canada, 1901, [Bulletins II-XVIII] . : CS98-1901P-2-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . : CS98-1911-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Sixth census of Canada,1921 . : CS98-1921-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . : CS98-1931-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Population of Canada, 1931, by religious denominations . : CS98-1931B-21-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . : CS98-1931-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada : CS98-1951-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2.: CS92-541/1961-PDF, CS92-542/1961-PDF, CS92-543/1961-PDF, CS92-544/1961-PDF, CS92-545/1961-PDF, CS92-546/1961-PDF, CS92-547/1961-PDF, CS92-548/1961-PDF, CS92-549/1961-PDF, CS92-550/1961-PDF, CS92-551/1961-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 3.: CS92-552/1961-PDF, CS92-553/1961-PDF, CS92-554/1961-PDF, CS92-555/1961-PDF, CS92-556/1961-PDF, CS92-557/1961-PDF, CS92-558/1961-PDF, CS92-559/1961-PDF, CS92-560/1961-PDF, CS92-561/1961-PDF, CS92-562/1961-PDF, CS92-563/1961-PDF, CS92-564/1961-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : general review : vol. VII - part 1 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : revue générale : vol. VII - partie 1. : 99-521. Religious denominations in Canada - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3.: CS92-722/1971-PDF, CS92-723/1971-PDF, CS92-724/1971-PDF, CS92-725/1971-PDF, CS92-726/1971-PDF, CS92-727/1971-PDF, CS92-728/1971-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Population .: CS92-771/1971-PDF; CS92-772/1971-PDF; CS92-773/1971-PDF; CS92-774/1971-PDF; CS92-775/1971-PDF; CS92-776/1971-PDF; CS92-777/1971-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2025-11-04). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  20. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2025-11-04). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  21. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Census Profile for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  22. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  23. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (95A), Age Groups (7A) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1991 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  24. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  25. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  26. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  27. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  28. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  29. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Area Profiles Profile of Income of Individuals, Families and Households, Social and Economic Characteristics of Individuals, Families and Households, Housing Costs, and Religion, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  30. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (19), Age Groups (10), Sex (3), Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force and Educational Characteristics (268) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  31. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (327) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  32. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  33. ↑ "Tabulation: Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. January 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. May 8, 2013.
  35. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  36. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  37. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census divisions by province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  38. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census subdivisions with a population of 5,000 or more by province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  39. ↑ Morton, Desmond (1999). Canada: A Millennium Portrait. Toronto: Dundurn. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4597-1085-6.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bramadat, Paul; Seljak, David (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 7–15, 38–39. ISBN 978-0802095848.
  41. 1 2 Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, And History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8.
  42. ↑ "Avalon Project - Treaty of Paris 1763". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  43. ↑ "Historical statistics, principal religious denominations of the population". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10-21-21.
  44. 1 2 Canada, Statistics (October 1972). "The 1971 Canadian Census Data Access Programme". Population Index. 38 (4): 424–427. doi:10.2307/2733685. ISSN 0032-4701. JSTOR 2733685.
  45. ↑ Rawlyk, George A. (1997). Aspects of the Canadian evangelical experience. Montreal, Que.: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-6648-4. OCLC 243587524..
  46. 1 2 Whytock, Jack C. (2013-01-01). "Don Schweitzer (Ed.), The United Church of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo 2012, xxiv + 306 pp. ISBN 978-15-54-58331-7. CND $33.50". Church History and Religious Culture. 93 (4): 4, 112. doi:10.1163/18712428-13930420. ISSN 1871-241X.
  47. ↑ "A brief history". The Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved 2021-10-21.

Further reading

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