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Commercial fusion is a term used to refer to privately or publicly held companies which aim to sell products (e.g., isotopes) or services (e.g., electricity) produced by nuclear fusion. By 2024, the Fusion Industry Association listed over 40 companies with a combined total of more than $7 billion in investment.[1]: 3 [2] By August 2026, the journal Nature listed 46 companies,[3][4] of which TechCrunch listed 17 with private equity investment of $100 million or more.[5] By 2026, Dealroom.co listed 34 nuclear fusion-related startup companies in Europe.[6] As of October 2026, the table below lists 68 companies.

Commercial fusion companies

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Companies pursue various different fusion methods and geometries for reactors. Some pursue one method, such as magnetic, inertial, or electrostatic confinement. Some pursue hybrid methods such as magneto–inertial or magneto–electrostatic confinement.[7] More methods exist, many of which are listed in the table below. These varied methods can influence strongly many reactor and balance of plant considerations and systems.[8]

Company Years
active		 Method Fuel Country Funding References, notes
Acceleron Fusion
(formerly NK Labs, LLC)		 2008–2022
(NK Labs)
2023–present
(Acceleron)		 Muon-catalyzed Deuterium–tritium United States [9][10][11]
American Fusion
(merger: Renewal Fuels, Kepler Fusion)		 2007–2025
(Renewal)
1947–present
(Kepler)		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator: torsatron: pulsed Deuterium–helium-3 United States [12][13][14][15] Kepler is a subsidiary of American
Anubal Fusion 2024–present Inertial confinement: laser Proton–boron India $500K[3] [16][17]
ASPL Fusion
(Agnira Sanlayan Pvt. Ltd.)		 2025–present Solid target: particle accelerator beam driven;
Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror		 Proton–lithium;
Deuterium–deuterium		 India $2M[3] [18][19]
Avalanche Energy 2018–present Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp, colliding beam Deuterium–tritium United States $69M[20] [21][22]
Blue Laser Fusion 2022–present Inertial confinement: optical enhancement cavity (OEC) laser Proton–boron United States $62.5M[23][24] [25][26]
China Fusion Energy Company
(CFEC)		 2025–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium China $2.1B[27][28] [29][27][28] CFEC is a subsidiary of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
Commonwealth Fusion Systems 2018–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States $4B[30][5] [31][7] University spin-off: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cortex Fusion Systems 2021–present Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser Deuterium–tritium United States $1.8M[32] [33]
Crossfield Fusion Ltd 2019–present Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems United Kingdom [34] Reactor development ended 2021[35][36]
CTFusion, Inc 2015–2023 Magnetic confinement: dynomak Deuterium–tritium United States [37][38][39] University spin-off: University of Washington
Dante Fusion 2025–present Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–tritium Denmark [40][41] University spin-off: Technical University of Denmark
Deutelio 2022–present Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole Deuterium–deuterium  Switzerland $540K[3] [42][36]
Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. 2020–present Non-thermal: light element electric fusion (LEEF) via Rydberg matter Proton–lithium-7 United States [43][44]
EMC2 (Energy Matter Conversion Corporation) 1985–present Magneto-electrostatic confinement: polywell Deuterium–tritium United States [45][46][47]
Energy Singularity Energy Technology 2021–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium China [48][49]
ENN Energy 2017–present Magnetic confinement: spheromak Proton–boron China $590M[3] [50][51][7]
EX-Fusion 2021–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–tritium Japan [52][53]
Firefly Fusion 2023–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium France
 Switzerland		 $90K[54] [55][56] DIII-D tokamak research partner
First Light Fusion 2011–present Inertial confinement: impact Deuterium–tritium United Kingdom $156M[3][5] [57][58][59][36][60][7][61] University spin-off: University of Oxford
Focused Energy 2021–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–tritium Germany $500M[3][5] [62][63][36][60][64][61][65]
Fuse Energy Technologies Corporation 2019–present Magneto-inertial: magnetized liner Deuterium–tritium United States $20M[66] [67][66]
Fusion Power Corporation 2016–2019 Inertial confinement: heavy ion Deuterium–tritium United States [68][69]
Gauss Fusion 2022–present Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–tritium Germany [70][36][65]
General Atomics Fusion Division 2022–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States [71][72][73]
General Fusion 2002–present Magneto-inertial: magnetized target Deuterium–tritium Canada $612M[5] [74][7]
HB11 Energy 2017–present Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser Proton–boron Australia [75][76][77][78][61]
Helical Fusion 2021–present Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–tritium Japan [79][53]
Helicity Space 2018–present Magneto-inertial: plasma jet collider-compressor Deuterium–deuterium United States [80][81] For spaceflight
Helion Energy 2013–present Magneto-inertial: field-reversed configuration collider-compressor Deuterium–deuterium United States $3.2B[5] [82][83]
Horne Technologies 2008–
present		 Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp Deuterium–
deuterium, proton–
boron		 United States [84][85]
Hylenr 2018–
present		 Lattice confinement: particle accelerator beam driven Hydrogen India [86][87]
HyperJet Fusion 2017–
2022		 Magneto-inertial: plasmoid imploded by plasma jets United States [88][89][7]
Inertia Enterprises 2025–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $500M[3][5] [90][5][91][92][8] Research spin-off: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility
KMS Fusion 1969–1990 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [93] Work moved to General Atomics
Kronos Fusion Energy 2022–present Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States [94][95]
Kyoto Fusioneering 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: reactor subsystems Deuterium–
tritium		 Japan $191M[5] [96][53] University spin-off: Kyoto University[97]
LaserFusionX 2022–
present		 Inertial confinement: krypton-fluoride laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $458K[3] [98][64] Research spin-off: United States Naval Research Laboratory
Liberty Fusion 2025–present Magneto-inertial: plasma jet-driven plasma liner Deuterium–tritium United States $0.625M[99] [100][99][101] Research spin-off: Los Alamos National Laboratory
Lockheed Martin 2010–
present		 Magnetic confinement: cusp Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [102][7]
Longview Fusion Energy Systems 2021–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [103][60][64][61]
LPP Fusion, Inc.
(Lawrenceville Plasma Physics)		 2003–
present		 Magnetic confinement pinch: dense plasma focus Proton–
boron		 United States [104] President, chief scientist: Eric J. Lerner
Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI) 2008–
present		 Magneto-inertial: z-pinch Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [105][106][107] University spin-off: University of California, Irvine; Division: US Nuclear Corp
Marvel Fusion 2019–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Proton–
boron		 Germany $440M[3][5] [108][36][64][61][65]
Norrønt AS
(formerly Ultrafusion Nuclear Power)		 2016–2017
(Ultrafusion)
2018–
present
(Norrønt)		 Muon-catalyzed Deuterium–
tritium		 Norway [109] Merged with Norrønt Fusion Energy[110]
nT-Tao 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 Israel $34M[3][111] minimum [112][113][114]
NearStar Fusion 2021–
present		 Magneto-inertial: magnetized target, impact Deuterium–
tritium, Deuterium–
deuterium, proton–
boron		 United States $2M[3] [115][116][117] Corporate spin-off: HyperJet Fusion
NovaFusion Energy Technology
(NovaFusionX)		 2025–
present		 Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration collider-compressor Deuterium–
tritium		 China $171.9M[118] [119][120]
Novatron Fusion Group AB 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: mirror Deuterium–
tritium		 Sweden $28M[3] [121][122][123][124]
OpenStar Technologies 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole Deuterium–
deuterium (tritium suppressed)		 New Zealand $29.4M[3] [125][126]
Pacific Fusion 2023–
present		 Inertial confinement: magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $1B[5] [127][128] Founding chief executive officer is Eric Lander[129][130]
Pranos Fusion Energy 2024–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 India $7.2M[3][131] [132][131][133] Research spin-off: Institute for Plasma Research
Princeton Fusion Systems
(formerly Princeton Satellite Systems)		 1992–2017
(Satellite)
2018–
present
(Fusion)		 Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration Deuterium–
deuterium		 United States [134][135][7]
Proxima Fusion 2023–
present		 Magnetic confinement: quasi-isodynamic stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 Germany $740M
(€641M)[3][5]		 [136][36][65][137] Research spin-off: Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
Realta Fusion 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $57.5M[138] [139] University spin-off: University of Wisconsin–Madison[140][141][142][143]
Renaissance Fusion 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 France [144][36]
Shine Technologies 2005–2017
(Phoenix)
2010–
present
(Shine)		 Magneto-electrostatic confinement: particle accelerator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States Over $1B[5] [145][146][147] Corporate spin-off: Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 2010; Focus: producing radioisotopes, not energy
Startorus Fusion 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 China [148][149] Research spin-off: Tsinghua University
Stellarex, Inc 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [150] University spin-off: Princeton University[97]
TAE Technologies
(formerly Tri Alpha Energy)		 1998–2017
(Tri Alpha)
2017–
present
(TAE)		 Magnetic confinement: beam driven field-reversed configuration Proton–
boron		 United States $1.6B[151] [152][7] University spin-off: University of California, Irvine
Terra Fusion Energy 2024–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror: centrifugal Deuterium–
tritium		 United States [153][154] University spin-off: University of Maryland, Baltimore
Thea Energy
(formerly Princeton Stellarators)		 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $130M[5] [155][97]
Tibbar Plasma Technologies 2015–
present		 Magneto-electrostatic confinement Proton–
boron		 United States $4.8M[3] [156][157]
Tokamak Energy 2009–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 United Kingdom $336M[5] [158][97] Research spin-off: Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
Type One Energy Group 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $469M[159][5] [160][141][8]
Xcimer Energy Inc. 2022–
present		 Inertial confinement: excimer laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $100M[5] [161][60][61]
Zap Energy 2017–
present		 Magnetic confinement: z-pinch Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $327M[5] [162][39][83][163] University spin-off: University of Washington

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ 2024 Annual Global Fusion Industry Report (PDF). Fusion Industry Association (Report). July 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  2. ↑ Hiller, Jennifer; Niiler, Eric; Woodward, Aylin (12 December 2022). "U.S. to Announce Nuclear-Fusion Energy Breakthrough". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Savage, Neil (26 August 2026). "The 46 companies scrambling to commercialize fusion for energy". Nature. London, United Kingdom: Springer Nature. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
  4. ↑ Savage, Neil (26 August 2026). "A raft of start-up firms is betting on nuclear fusion". Nature. London, United Kingdom: Springer Nature. Retrieved 13 September 2026.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 De Chant, Tim (15 August 2026). "Every fusion startup that has raised over $100M". TechCrunch. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
  6. ↑ Staff (16 September 2026). "Nuclear fusion startups in Europe". Dealroom.co. Amsterdam, Netherlands. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clynes, Tom (28 January 2020). "5 Big Ideas for Making Fusion Power a Reality". IEEE Spectrum. New York City, New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  8. 1 2 3 Jen, David (21 August 2026). "A Fusion of Engineering: Extreme Demands of Fusion Plants Call for New Ideas and Designs". Informed Infrastructure. West Allis, Wisconsin: V1 Media. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  9. ↑ Staff (2008–2024). "Developing Muon Catalyzed Fusion as an Abundant New Source of Clean Energy". Acceleron Fusion, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  10. ↑ Knaian, Ara (7 April 2020). "Conditions for High-Yield Muon Catalyzed Fusion". Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  11. ↑ Staff (11 December 2024). "Acceleron Fusion raises $24M in seed funding to advance low-temp fusion". Nuclear Newswire. American Nuclear Society. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  12. ↑ Staff (2007–2026). "American Fusion: Powering the Future with Fusion Energy". American Fusion, Inc. Southlake, Texas. Retrieved 29 June 2026.
  13. ↑ Staff (1947–2026). "Kepler Fusion: Pioneering Compact Fusion Energy". Kepler Fusion, Inc. Southlake, Texas. Retrieved 29 June 2026. Official name: Kepler Fusion Technologies. Brand name: Kepler Fusion. Merged parent entity: American Fusion; Kepler is a subsidiary.
  14. ↑ Shaikh, Kaif (27 June 2026). Written at Southlake, Texas. "American Fusion moves 5MW Texatron fusion engine closer to independent validation". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 June 2026.
  15. ↑ Tripathi, Aman (30 August 2026). Written at Southlake, Texas. "US nuclear fusion firm tests 100,000-atmosphere plasma pulses to advance Texatron engine". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 30 August 2026.
  16. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "Anubal Fusion: We've built our world on extraction. Now, we're building it on transformation". Anubal Fusion. Gurugram, Haryana, India. Retrieved 13 September 2026.
  17. ↑ Staff (30 October 2025). "Can India produce a global energy leader: early lessons from Anubal Fusion's experience". Speciale Invest. Chennai, India: VMM Collective. Retrieved 13 September 2026.
  18. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "ASPL Fusion: Fusion in the Service of Humanity". ASPL Fusion. Gandhinagar, India. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  19. ↑ Staff (2026). "ASPL Fusion". FusionX. London, United Kingdom: FusionX Group. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  20. ↑ "Avalanche Energy". VC Database. VC News Daily. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  21. ↑ Staff (2018–2025). "Avalanche: Moving, Power". Avalanche, Inc. Tukwila, Washington. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  22. ↑ Staff (16 April 2025). "Avalanche Energy launches FusionWERX". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  23. ↑ Staff (October 2023). "Blue Laser Fusion Raises $25M in Seed Funding". Photonics Spectra. Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Laurin Publishing Company. Retrieved 28 August 2026.
  24. ↑ Staff (20 March 2024). "Blue Laser Fusion Funding Round". Gaebler.com. Chicago, Illinois: Gaebler Ventures. Retrieved 28 August 2026. On 3/20/2024, Blue Laser Fusion raised $37.5 million in Seed funding from Itochu Corporation, JAFCO and SoftBank Group.
  25. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Blue Laser Fusion: The future of energy is laser-driven". Blue Laser Fusion, Inc. Goleta, California. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  26. ↑ Yamada, Ryotaro (23 July 2023). "Nuclear fusion race draws in Nobel-winning LED pioneer". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  27. 1 2 Wenxing, Zhong; Jun, Liang (24 July 2025). "China sets up state-owned fusion energy company amidst push for inexhaustible clean power". People's Daily Online (in English and Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  28. 1 2 Staff (30 July 2025). "China launches fusion-focused company". American Nuclear Society. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  29. ↑ Staff (1955–2026). "China National Nuclear Corporation". China National Nuclear Corporation (in Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic). Beijing, China. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  30. ↑ Staff (2018–2026). "Commonwealth Fusion Systems: Our story". Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Devens, Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  31. ↑ Staff (2018–2026). "Commonwealth Fusion Systems: The world's largest and leading commercial fusion energy company". Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Devens, Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  32. ↑ Kaye, David (18 June 2024). "Cortex Fusion Systems". F4 Management LLC. Woodway, Washington. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  33. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Cortex Fusion Systems: Nuclear energy using ultrafast lasers". Cortex Fusion Systems, Inc. New York City, New York. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  34. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Crossfield Fusion: Fusion: The future of safe clean energy". Crossfield Fusion. London, England. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  35. ↑ "Mission". Crossfield Fusion. Retrieved 2 August 2023. The company adopted a new approach to building fusion reactors based on patented technology (US8138692) called the Epicyclotron. The company was founded in 2019 and developed a working fusion device in 2021 based on this approach. In October 2021 the company determined through the experimentation work completed and detailed 'particle in cell' modelling of loss mechanisms that the reactor would not scale as initially anticipated (and therefore could not be developed to deliver a net gain fusion reactor). The company is currently exploring the use of this technology they developed in hydrogen isotope separation as part of the fusion fuel cycle.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bacon, Alexandra (27 July 2023). "Mapping Europe's nuclear fusion industry". Sifted. Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2026.
  37. ↑ Ma, Michelle (8 October 2014). "UW fusion reactor concept could be cheaper than coal". UW News. University of Washington. Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  38. ↑ Ackerman, Evan (26 November 2014). "Inside the Dynomak: A Fusion Technology Cheaper Than Coal". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  39. 1 2 Stiffler, Lisa (5 April 2023). "Energy startup CTFusion folds as co-founders land at rival Zap". GeekWire. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  40. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "Dante Fusion: Fusion for Today". Dante Fusion. Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  41. ↑ Ramskov, Jens (18 April 2026). Written at Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. "DTU researchers have a wild 'million' plan: Will build and operate a fusion reactor on Risø". Ingeniøren (The Engineer) (in Danish). Copenhagen, Denmark: Technology Media House. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  42. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Deutelio: Driving Innovation with Fusion". Deutelio. Grono, Switzerland. Retrieved 11 December 2025.
  43. ↑ Staff (2020–2025). "Electric Fusion Systems: A New Approach to Fusion". Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. Broomfield, Colorado. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  44. ↑ Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (8 July 2021). "EFS Plans Aneutronic Fusion Reactor". EE Times Asia. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  45. ↑ Staff (1985–2025). "EMC2: Power of the Sun Here on Earth". EMC2. San Diego, California. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  46. ↑ Staff (13 June 2014). "Low-Cost Fusion Project Steps Out of the Shadows and Looks for Money". NBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  47. ↑ Ventura, Tim (13 December 2019). "Robert Bussard on IEC Fusion Power & The Polywell Reactor". Dialogue & Discourse. Medium. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  48. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Energy Singularity: Faster Path to Commercial Fusion Energy". Energy Singularity. Shanghai, China. Retrieved 11 December 2025.
  49. ↑ Li, Stephanie (4 May 2023). "Chinese nuclear-tech firm Energy Singularity raises $58m funding". DealStreetAsia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  50. ↑ Staff (2017–2025). "ENN Group". ENN Energy Research. Langfang, China. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  51. ↑ Barcelo, Yan (1 November 2022). "Nuclear Fusion May Be Nearer Than You Think". Morningstar. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  52. ↑ Staff (2021–2023). "EX-Fusion: Building a Better Future with Fusion Power". EX-Fusion. Osaka, Japan. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  53. 1 2 3 Foster, Scott (30 May 2023). "Japan's fusion start-ups starting to roll in money". Asia Times. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  54. ↑ Staff (18 December 2024). "Firefly Fusion". CB Insights. New York City, New York. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  55. ↑ Staff (2023–2025). "Firefly Fusion: The Rapid Reliable Path to Commercial Fusion Energy". Firefly Fusion. Aix-en-Provence, France; Lausanne, Switzerland. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  56. ↑ Singh, Raveena; Kumar, Naveen (15 August 2026). "This Startup Is Building a Two Meter Fusion Reactor that Can Power a City". GreyB Analytics. Singapore. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  57. ↑ Staff (2011–2025). "First Light Fusion". First Light Fusion Ltd. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  58. ↑ Andrews, Charlotte; Stern, Jeremy (14 July 2023). "Oxfordshire start-up hopes to transform nuclear fusion production". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  59. ↑ Staff (25 January 2023). Written at Oxford, United Kingdom. "First Light Fusion demonstration plant site agreement, targets 2024 construction start". World Nuclear News (WNN). London, England, United Kingdom: World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Clery, Daniel (15 February 2023). "Startups try to turn laser fusion success into clean power plants". Science. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chang, Kenneth (13 November 2023). "Start-Ups With Laser Beams: The Companies Trying to Ignite Fusion Energy". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  62. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Focused: Powering the next step-function change for civilization". Focused Energy, Inc. Darmstadt, Germany. Retrieved 14 December 2025.
  63. ↑ Henrikson, Eric (20 June 2023). "Austin-based company attempts to design fusion power plant in Texas". KXAN-TV. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  64. 1 2 3 4 Kramer, David (March 2023). "NIF success gives laser fusion energy a shot in the arm". Physics Today. 76 (3): 25–27. Bibcode:2023PhT....76c..25K. doi:10.1063/PT.3.5195. S2CID 257301499. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Wrede, Insa (1 July 2026). "German startups compete in global race for nuclear fusion". DW. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  66. 1 2 Jeans, David (3 July 2024). "Why Top Nuclear Experts and Ex-CIA Brass Joined a High School Grad's Tiny Fusion Startup". Forbes. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  67. ↑ Staff (2019–2026). "Fuse: Accelerating the World's Transition to Fusion Energy". Fuse Energy Technologies. San Leandro, California. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  68. ↑ Staff (2011–2019). "Welcome to Fusion Power Corporation". Fusion Power Corporation. Sacramento, California. Retrieved 14 December 2025.
  69. ↑ Staff (21 June 2023). "Fusion Power Corporation". Canada Company Directory. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  70. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Gauss Fusion: Leading European Industries to Build Fusion Power Plants". Gauss Fusion. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  71. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "General Atomics: Magnetic Fusion". General Atomics. San Diego, California. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  72. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "General Atomics: Fusion Technology Systems". General Atomics. San Diego, California. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  73. ↑ Nikolewski, Rob (2 June 2023). "A step closer to making nuclear fusion a reality? San Diego's General Atomics partners with UK company". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  74. ↑ Staff (2002–2025). "General Fusion: Bringing Fusion Energy to Market". General Fusion. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  75. ↑ Staff (2017–2025). "HB11 Energy: Laser fusion technology for safe and sustainable baseload energy". HB11 Energy Holdings Pty Ltd. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  76. ↑ Davidson, John (2 August 2023). "US backs Sydney fusion start-up's nuclear ambitions". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  77. ↑ Margarone, Daniele; Bonvalet, Julien; Giuffrida, Lorenzo; Morace, Alessio; Kantarelou, Vasiliki; Tosca, Marco; Raffestin, Didier; Nicolai, Philippe; Picciotto, Antonino; Abe, Yuki; Arikawa, Yasunobu; Fujioka, Shinsuke; Fukuda, Yuji; Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro; Habara, Hideaki; Batani, Dimitri (January 2022). "In-Target Proton–Boron Nuclear Fusion Using a PW-Class Laser". Applied Sciences. 12 (3): 1444. doi:10.3390/app12031444. ISSN 2076-3417.
  78. ↑ Jones, Jonathan Spencer (31 March 2022). "Australia's HB11 Energy demonstrates laser-powered nuclear fusion". Power Engineering International. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  79. ↑ Staff (2021–2023). "Helical Fusion: Helix KANATA". Helical Fusion. Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  80. ↑ Staff (2018–2024). "Helicity Space: Accelerating Humanity's Expansion into the Solar System". Helicity Space. Pasadena, California. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  81. ↑ Marin, Natalija; Warznak, Grace; You, Setthivoine; Bellan, Paul; Pree, Seth; Romero-Talamás, Carlos; University of Maryland, Baltimore County Team (1 January 2021). "Engineering Design and Testing of the HelicitySpace Novel Rocket Concept". APS Division of Plasma Physics Meeting Abstracts. 2021: TP11.076. Bibcode:2021APS..DPPTP1076M.
  82. ↑ Staff (2013–2025). "Helion: We're building the world's first fusion power plant". Helion. Everett, Washington. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  83. 1 2 Harris, Mark (29 June 2023). "Welcome to Fusion City, USA". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  84. ↑ Staff (2008–2026). "Horne Technologies: Engineering the Future of Practical Fusion". Horne Technologies. Longmont, Colorado. Retrieved 14 January 2026.
  85. ↑ Meschini, Samuele; Laviano, Francesco; Ledda, Federico; Pettinari, Davide; Testoni, Raffella; Torsello, Daniele; Panella, Bruno (August 2023). "Review of commercial nuclear fusion projects". Frontiers in Energy Research. 11. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1157394. ISSN 2296-598X.
  86. ↑ Staff (2018–2026). "Hylenr: Energy That Gives More Than It Takes". Hylenr, Inc. Hyderabad, India. Retrieved 11 September 2026.
  87. ↑ Jedikovska, Georgina (10 September 2026). Written at Hyderabad, India. "Nuclear fusion experiment spots rare earths for EVs, robots, turbines and defense". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 11 September 2026.
  88. ↑ Staff (2017–2022). "HyperJet Fusion Corporation: Hypervelocity Plasma Guns for Clean Energy, Industry & Space". HyperJet Fusion Corp. Chantilly, Virginia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
  89. ↑ Staff (27 March 2020). "HyperJet Fusion: Plasma Guns for Magnetized Fuel Targets for PJMIF". ARPA-E. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  90. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "Inertia Enterprises: Star power for life". Inertia Enterprises. Livermore, California. Archived from the original on 28 August 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2026.
  91. ↑ Dorsey, Dustin (11 July 2026). Written at Livermore, California. "World's 1st fusion factory in Livermore aims to be clean energy source for commercial use". American Broadcasting Company (ABC): KGO-TV. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 29 July 2026.
  92. ↑ Fehrenbacher, Katie (13 July 2026). Written at Livermore, California. "Behind the scenes of Inertia's newly opened fusion facility". Axios. Arlington, Virginia: Cox Enterprises. Retrieved 29 July 2026.
  93. ↑ Heppenheimer, Thomas (1984). The Man-made Sun: The Quest for Fusion Power. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 107–113. ISBN 978-0316357937.
  94. ↑ Staff (2022–2026). "Kronos Fusion Energy: Build the fuel first. Makes the fuel". Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
  95. ↑ Staff (8 October 2026). Written at Los Angeles, California. "Kronos Fusion Energy". Fusion Energy News. New York City, New York: Fusion Energy News International. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
  96. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Kyoto Fusioneering: Fusion for the Future". Kyoto Fusioneering Ltd. Kyoto, Japan. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  97. 1 2 3 4 Staff (25 July 2023). "FY2023 Awards Announced by DOE: INFUSE". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  98. ↑ Obenschain, Stephen (19 December 2023). Written at Springfield, Virginia. "LaserFusionX Inc.: Path to an ArF laser fusion pilot power plant that also serves as a Fusion Test Facility (FTF)" (PDF). FIRE. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  99. 1 2 Reichbach, Matthew (4 August 2026). Written at Santa Fe, New Mexico. "Fusion startup inherits 12 years of LANL research, sets up shop at Santa Fe Innovation Hub". Albuquerque Business First. Albuquerque, New Mexico: American City Business Journals. Retrieved 10 October 2026.
  100. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "Liberty Fusion: Enlightening the World". Liberty Fusion. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Retrieved 10 October 2026.
  101. ↑ Braun, Anson (6 October 2026). Written at Santa Fe, New Mexico. "Liberty Fusion: An Economics-First Approach to Fusion". Fusion Energy Base. New York City, New York: Triple Product Inc. Retrieved 10 October 2026.
  102. ↑ Clery, Daniel (17 October 2014). "Updated: Are old secrets behind Lockheed's new fusion machine?". Science. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  103. ↑ Staff (2021–2024). "Longview Fusion Energy Systems: Commercial fusion is here". Longview Fusion Energy Systems. Orinda, California. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
  104. ↑ Staff (2025). "LPP Fusion". Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc. Middlesex, New Jersey. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  105. ↑ Staff (2008–2025). "MIFTI Fusion: The Energy Powering the Sun Could Power the Earth". MIFTI Fusion. Tustin, California. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  106. ↑ Staff (2008–2025). "MIFTI". Magneto-Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI). Tustin, California. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  107. ↑ Whittington, Mark (28 February 2021). "Solving the climate and energy crises: Mine the Moon's helium-3?". The Hill. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  108. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Marvel Fusion: Energy for Humanity". Marvel Fusion GmbH. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  109. ↑ Staff (2016–2025). "Meson production". Norrønt AS. Slemmestad, Viken, Norway. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  110. ↑ Cederberg, Roger (2 April 2019). "Developing new clean energy solutions from nuclear fusion (announcement)". GU Ventures (Swedish government owned, university managed) (Press release) (in Swedish). University of Gothenburg. Retrieved 22 December 2025.
  111. ↑ "NT-Tao Raises $22M Series A to Ensure a Secure, Clean Energy Future". Gulf Oil & Gas. 1 February 2023.
  112. ↑ Staff (2019–2026). "nT-Tao: Compact Fusion Power". nT-Tao. Hod Hasharon, Israel. Retrieved 22 March 2026.
  113. ↑ Lisbona, Natalie (27 April 2023). "The Israeli plan to fit a fusion reactor into a container". BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  114. ↑ Walter, Neetika (21 September 2026). Written at Hod Hasharon, Israel; Alexandria, Virginia, United States. "20 MW compact fusion system targets on-site power for data centers and industry". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  115. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "NearStar Fusion: Fusion is Near". NearStar Fusion. Chantilly, Virginia. Retrieved 22 December 2025.
  116. ↑ Hronik, Richard H. (24 March 2023). "Local fusion energy company commissions new experiment". Fairfax County Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  117. ↑ Brain, Marshall (19 May 2023). "Climate hope: Fusion dream moving closer to reality as clean power source". WRAL-TV TechWire. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  118. ↑ Staff (10 April 2026). Written at Shanghai, China. "NovaFusionX". Fusion Energy Base (in English and Chinese). New York City, New York: Triple Product Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  119. ↑ Young, Doug (20 April 2026). "NovaFusionX shines as China's private sector answer to nuclear fusion". Bamboo Works (in English and Chinese). Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  120. ↑ Cai Xin Zhang Er Chi (1 August 2025). "Shanghai adds another nuclear fusion company "New Force" Novartis Fusion completes angel round financing of over 500 million yuan". Caixin.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  121. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Novatron: A unique fusion solution to power a sustainable planet". Novatron Fusion Group AB. Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  122. ↑ Ericsson, Lisa (6 December 2022). "Fusion energy is focus of KTH investment (announcement)". KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Press release). Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  123. ↑ Lindsten, Per Olof (23 May 2023). "Fusion, edible bottles and electric aircraft: here are three hot Swedish projects". Google Translate. Dagens industri. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  124. ↑ Cyrus, Callum (8 December 2022). "Looking to deliver fusion reactors from 2040 onwards, Novatron raises €3 million seed round". Tech.eu. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  125. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "OpenStar Technologies Limited". OpenStar. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  126. ↑ Staff (19 February 2026). Written at Wellington, New Zealand. "OpenStar demonstrates dipole fusion reactor concept". World Nuclear News (WNN). London, England, United Kingdom: World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  127. ↑ Staff (2023–2026). "Pacific Fusion: Powering a prosperous planet". Pacific Fusion. Fremont, California. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  128. ↑ Staff (30 October 2024). "What's different about Pacific Fusion's pulsed magnetic concept?". NuclearNewswire.
  129. ↑ Levy, Steven (25 October 2024). "A High-Profile Geneticist Is Launching a Fusion-Power Moonshot". Wired.
  130. ↑ Wade, Will; Ma, Michelle (9 September 2026). Written at Fremont, California. "Fusion Gets $14 Billion Bet It's More Than a 'Science Project'". Businessweek. New York City, New York: Bloomberg News. Retrieved 10 September 2026.
  131. 1 2 Staff (2026). "Why we invested in Pranos Fusion". Ankur Capital. Mumbai, India. Retrieved 12 September 2026.
  132. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "Pranos Fusion Energy: Fusion power, engineered". Pranos Fusion Energy. Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Retrieved 12 September 2026.
  133. ↑ Tripathi, Sibu Kumar (3 September 2026). Written at Bangalore, Karnataka, India. "Bengaluru-based Pranos unveils India's 1st private compact nuclear fusion reactor". India Today. New Delhi, India: Living Media India Ltd. Retrieved 12 September 2026.
  134. ↑ Staff (1992–2025). "Princeton Satellite Systems: Fusion Power and Propulsion". Princeton Satellite Systems. Plainsboro, New Jersey. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  135. ↑ Paluszek, Michael (15 November 2018). "Next-Generation PFRC". Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) (Press release). US Department of Energy. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  136. ↑ Staff (2023–2025). "Proxima Fusion: Building stellarators to power the future". Proxima Fusion. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  137. ↑ Henning, Eyk; Schuetze, Arno; Thompson, Maya (7 July 2026). "Google and RWE Back German Nuclear Startup Proxima Fusion at €2.4 Billion Valuation". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  138. ↑ "Realta Fusion". VC Database. VC News Daily. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  139. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Realta Fusion: Decarbonizing industrial heat and power with compact, scalable, modular – CoSMo fusion – energy systems". Realta Fusion Inc. Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  140. ↑ Nykiel, Teddy (5 June 2023). "Madison fusion energy startup lands $12 million to decarbonize heavy industry". Milwaukee Business Journal. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  141. 1 2 Heidemann, Emilie (1 June 2023). "2 Madison-area companies get federal money to help curb climate change through fusion energy". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  142. ↑ Lyons, Tom (26 July 2024). "After breaking a fusion world record, Realta Fusion is at "an inflection point"". The Currency. Dublin, Ireland: Currency Media. Retrieved 28 August 2026.
  143. ↑ Taylor, Charlie (1 July 2026). "Irish-founded Realta Fusion in world-first energy breakthrough". The Business Post. Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  144. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Renaissance Fusion: ... we build stellarators ... the most efficient, steady, and stable fusion reactors on earth". Renaissance Fusion. Fontaine, Isère, France. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  145. ↑ Staff (2010–2025). "Shine Technologies: Fusion's moment has arrived". Shine Technologies, LLC. Janesville, Wisconsin. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  146. ↑ Rude, Logan (3 August 2023). Written at Janesville, Wisconsin. "Local fusion technology company takes step forward in developing small-scale nuclear reactions". WISC-TV Channel3000.com. Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved 24 January 2026.
  147. ↑ Still, Tom (19 December 2022). "Fusion energy breakthrough is huge, but other uses will come first". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  148. ↑ Staff (2021–2026). "Startorus Fusion: Sustainable, Inexhaustible". Startorus Fusion (in English and Chinese). Shanghai, China. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  149. ↑ Paleja, Ameya (20 January 2026). Written at Southlake, Texas. "China's nuclear fusion startup leverages AI to boost device operation, plasma control". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  150. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Stellarex: Fusion: The Ultimate Source of Energy". Stellarex. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  151. ↑ Clifford, Catherine (19 July 2022). "Google and Chevron invest in nuclear fusion startup that's raised $1.2 billion". CNBC. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  152. ↑ Staff (1998–2025). "TAE Technologies: Forward Clean Safe Fusion Energy from Experience". TAE Technologies. Foothill Ranch, California. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  153. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "Terra Fusion: Fusion Energy Simple and Scalable". Terra Fusion Energy. College Park, Maryland. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  154. ↑ Meyers, Catherine (18 February 2026). "Is fusion the future? Carlos Romero Talamás' lab gets congressional attention". University of Maryland, Baltimore. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  155. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Thea Energy: Fusion energy made faster and simpler". Thea Energy. Kearny, New Jersey. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  156. ↑ Staff (2015–2026). "Tibbar Plasma Technologies: Regional Development Corporation". Tibbar Plasma Technologies. Los Alamos, New Mexico. Retrieved 20 September 2026.
  157. ↑ Nebel, Richard; Gibson, William; Karmgard, Daniel (22 May 2025). Written at Los Alamos, New Mexico. "Advanced Fuel Oscillating Fusion Reactor". Fusion Science and Technology. 81 (7). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, American Nuclear Society (ANS): 730–740. doi:10.1080/15361055.2025.2488703.
  158. ↑ Staff (2009–2025). "Tokamak Energy: Delivering transformative fusion energy and superconducting technologies". Tokamak Energy Ltd. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  159. ↑ Jessop, Simon (6 October 2026). Written at Knoxville, Tennessee. "Fusion firm Type One in $200 million Siemens Energy-backed raise". Reuters. Canary Wharf, London. Retrieved 7 October 2026.
  160. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Type One Energy: Fusion with a Twist". Type One Energy Group. Knoxville, Tennessee. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  161. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Xcimer Energy Corporation: Powering a Better World With Inertial Fusion Energy". Xcimer Energy Inc. Denver, Colorado. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  162. ↑ Staff (2017–2025). "Fusion Power: No Magnets Required". Zap Energy, Inc. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  163. ↑ Soper, Taylor (19 May 2021). "Seattle startup Zap Energy lands $27.5M to build commercial fusion reactor without magnets". GeekWire. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
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