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List of exoplanets discovered in 2025

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This list of exoplanets discovered in 2025 is a list of confirmed exoplanets that were first reported in 2025. For exoplanets detected only by radial velocity, the listed value for mass is a lower limit. See Minimum mass for more information.

Specific exoplanet lists

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Lists of exoplanets

Lists of exoplanets by year of discovery

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Sum of masses of the system
  2. ↑ Temperature of component A
  3. ↑ Calculated from R★ = 1.1303±0.0069 R☉ and a/R★ = 40.3+0.7
    −0.6
    .
  4. ↑ Temperature of component A

References

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  1. ↑ Ban, M.; et al. (45) (31 March 2025). "AT2021uey: A planetary microlensing event outside the Galactic bulge". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 697: A57. arXiv:2503.22331. Bibcode:2025A&A...697A..57B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554236.
  2. 1 2 3 Basant, Ritvik; Luque, Rafael; Bean, Jacob L.; Seifahrt, Andreas; Brady, Madison; Zhao, Lily L.; Brown, Nina; Das, Tanya; Stürmer, Julian; Kasper, David; Gupta, Rohan; Stefánsson, Guđmundur (20 March 2025). "Four Sub-Earth Planets Orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 982 (1): L1. arXiv:2503.08095. Bibcode:2025ApJ...982L...1B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5. ISSN 2041-8205.
  3. ↑ "PPM 6653". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.
  4. ↑ Baycroft, Thomas A.; Santerne, Alexandre; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Heidari, Neda; Sebastian, Daniel; Davis, Yasmin T.; Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Sairam, Lalitha; Freckelton, Alix V. (17 June 2025). "BEBOP VII. SOPHIE discovery of BEBOP-3b, a circumbinary giant planet on an eccentric orbit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 541 (3): 2801–2814. arXiv:2506.14615. Bibcode:2025MNRAS.541.2801B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1184.
  5. ↑ Hon, Marc; Rappaport, Saul; Shporer, Avi; Vanderburg, Andrew; Collins, Karen A.; Watkins, Cristilyn N.; Schwarz, Richard P.; Barkaoui, Khalid; Yee, Samuel W. (9 January 2025). "A Disintegrating Rocky Planet with Prominent Comet-like Tails Around a Bright Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 984 (1): L3. arXiv:2501.05431. Bibcode:2025ApJ...984L...3H. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adbf21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kaminski, A.; Sabotta, S.; Kemmer, J.; Chaturvedi, P.; Burn, R.; Morales, J. C.; Caballero, J. A.; Ribas, I.; Reiners, A.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Dreizler, S.; Guenther, E. W.; Hatzes, A. P.; Henning, Th.; Kürster, M.; Montes, D.; Nagel, E.; Pallé, E.; Pinter, V.; Reffert, S.; Schlecker, M.; Shan, Y.; Trifonov, T.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Zechmeister, M. (8 April 2025). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A101. arXiv:2504.03364. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453381.
  7. ↑ Beard, Corey; Robertson, Paul; et al. (October 2025). "Discovery of a Nearby Habitable Zone Super-Earth Candidate Amenable to Direct Imaging". The Astronomical Journal. 170 (5): 279. arXiv:2510.19956. Bibcode:2025AJ....170..279B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae0e20.
  8. ↑ Carmona, A.; Delfosse, X.; et al. (4 April 2025). "Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: Detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 700: A222. arXiv:2504.03572. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A.222C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452513.
  9. ↑ Suárez Mascareño, A.; Del Burgo, C.; Delisle, J.-B.; González Hernández, J.I.; Hara, N.C.; Mestre, J.M.; Nari, N.; Rebolo, R.; Stefanov, A.K.; Burt, J.A. (2025). "A second low-mass planet orbiting the nearby M-dwarf GJ 536". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 702: A121. arXiv:2509.03134. Bibcode:2025A&A...702A.121S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555731.
  10. ↑ Schorr, A.; Binnenfeld, A.; Zucker, S. (31 January 2025). "GJ 2126 b: A highly eccentric Jovian exoplanet". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 694: A210. arXiv:2502.11139. Bibcode:2025A&A...694A.210S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452563. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ↑ Stefanov, A. K.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; González Hernández, J. I.; Nari, N.; Rebolo, R.; Affer, L.; Micela, G.; Ribas, I.; Sozzetti, A.; Perger, M.; Pinamonti, M.; Damasso, M.; Maldonado, J.; González Álvarez, E.; Scandariato, G. (11 March 2025). "HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 695. arXiv:2503.08405. Bibcode:2025A&A...695A..62S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452630. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  12. 1 2 Morales, J. C.; et al. (2025). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 317, GJ 463, and GJ 3512 systems and two newly discovered planets orbiting GJ 9773 and GJ 508.2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 700. arXiv:2507.15516. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A.242M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554992.
  13. ↑ Lienhard, F.; et al. (2026). "HARPS-N, TESS, and CHEOPS discover a transiting sub-Neptune and two outer companions around the bright solar analogue HD 85426". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 545 (3) staf1934. arXiv:2511.08473. Bibcode:2026MNRAS.545f1934L. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1934.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Fontanet, E.; Udry, S.; Ségransan, D.; Figueira, P.; Acevedo Barroso, J. A.; Akinsanmi, B.; Attia, M.; Battley, M.; Bhatnagar, S.; Bugatti, M.; Carteret, Y.; Chakraborty, H.; Deline, A.; Farret Jentink, C.; Frensch, Y. G. C. (1 July 2025). "CORALIE radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES): IV. New planetary systems around HD 87816, HD 94890, and HD 102888 and an update on HD 121056". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 699: A38. arXiv:2505.14317. Bibcode:2025A&A...699A..38F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554137. ISSN 0004-6361.
  15. ↑ Stolker, T.; et al. (2025). "Direct imaging discovery of a young giant planet orbiting on Solar System scales". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 700: A21. arXiv:2507.06206. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A..21S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555064.
  16. ↑ Jones, Nathalie K.; et al. (2025). "HD 143811 AB b: A Directly Imaged Planet Orbiting a Spectroscopic Binary in Sco-Cen". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 995 (2): L41. arXiv:2509.06729. Bibcode:2025ApJ...995L..41J. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae2007.
  17. 1 2 3 Damasso, M.; Naponiello, L.; Anna John, A.; Egger, J. A.; Cretignier, M.; Mortier, A.; Bonomo, A. S.; Collier Cameron, A.; Dumusque, X.; Wilson, T.; Buchhave, L.; Nicholson, B.; Stalport, M.; Ghedina, A.; Latham, D. W. (14 October 2025). "Discovery of a multi-planet system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 702: A118. arXiv:2508.13684. Bibcode:2025A&A...702A.118D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555770. ISSN 0004-6361.
  18. 1 2 Castro-González, A.; Bouchy, F.; Correia, A. C. M.; Sozzetti, A.; Lillo-Box, J.; Figueira, P.; Lavie, B.; Lovis, C.; Hobson, M. J.; Sousa, S. G.; Adibekyan, V.; Standing, M. R.; Hara, N. C.; Barrado, D.; Silva, A. M. (22 July 2025). "Two neighbours of the ultra-short-period Earth-sized planet K2-157 b in the warm Neptunian savanna". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 699: A344. arXiv:2504.20999. Bibcode:2025A&A...699A.344C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554736. ISSN 0004-6361.
  19. ↑ Lammers, Caleb; Winn, Joshua N. (17 April 2025). "Discovery and Dynamics of the Nontransiting Planet Kepler-139f". The Astrophysical Journal. 984 (2): L39. arXiv:2504.13160. Bibcode:2025ApJ...984L..39L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adce01.
  20. 1 2 Ofir, Aviv; Yoffe, Gideon; Aharonson, Oded (21 January 2025). "Planetary Mass Determinations from a Simplified Photodynamical Model—Application to the Complete Kepler Dataset". The Astronomical Journal. 169 (2): 90. arXiv:2410.11401. Bibcode:2025AJ....169...90O. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad91a7.
  21. ↑ Sun, L.; Gu, S.; Wang, X.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Ioannidis, P.; Kouwenhoven, M. B. N.; Dou, J.; Zhao, G. (June 2025). "A temperate 10-Earth-mass exoplanet around the Sun-like star Kepler-725". nature. 9 (8): 1184–1194. Bibcode:2025NatAs...9.1184S. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02565-z.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Han, Cheongho; Albrow, Michael D. (2 May 2025). "Four Planets Found through Microlensing Events Involving Faint Source Stars". The Astronomical Journal. 169 (6): 288. Bibcode:2025AJ....169..288H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adc5e7. ISSN 0004-6256.
  23. 1 2 Yang, Hongjing; Yee, Jennifer C.; Zhang, Jiyuan; Lee, Chung-Uk; Kim, Dong-Jin; Bond, Ian A.; Udalski, Andrzej; Hwang, Kyu-Ha; Zang, Weicheng; Qian, Qiyue; Gould, Andrew; Mao, Shude (26 March 2025). "Systematic Reanalysis of KMTNet Microlensing Events. II. Two New Planets in Giant-source Events". The Astronomical Journal. 169 (6): 295. arXiv:2503.19471. Bibcode:2025AJ....169..295Y. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adc73e.
  24. 1 2 3 Han, Cheongho; Bond, Ian A.; Jung, Youn Kil; Albrow, Michael D.; Chung, Sun-Ju; Gould, Andrew; Hwang, Kyu-Ha; Lee, Chung-Uk; Ryu, Yoon-Hyun (4 January 2025). "MOA-2022-BLG-033Lb, KMT-2023-BLG-0119Lb, and KMT-2023-BLG-1896Lb: Three low mass-ratio microlensing planets detected through dip signals". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 694: A90. arXiv:2501.02193. Bibcode:2025A&A...694A..90H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452027.
  25. ↑ Han, Cheongho; et al. (9 July 2025). "KMT-2024-BLG-0404L: A triple microlensing system consisting of a star, a brown dwarf, and a planet". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 700: A181. arXiv:2507.07326. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A.181H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452760.
  26. 1 2 Han, Cheongho; Lee, Chung-Uk; Udalski, Andrzej; Bond, Ian A.; Yang, Hongjing; Albrow, Michael D.; Chung, Sun-Ju; Gould, Andrew; Jung, Youn Kil; Hwang, Kyu-Ha; Ryu, Yoon-Hyun; Shvartzvald, Yossi; Shin, In-Gu; Yee, Jennifer C.; Zang, Weicheng (1 July 2025). "MOA-2022-BLG-091Lb and KMT-2024-BLG-1209Lb: Microlensing planets detected through weak caustic-crossing signals". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 699: A91. arXiv:2505.22951. Bibcode:2025A&A...699A..91H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554182. ISSN 0004-6361.
  27. 1 2 Balsalobre-Ruza, O.; Lillo-Box, J.; Silva, A. M.; Grouffal, S.; Aceituno, J.; Castro-González, A.; Cifuentes, C.; Standing, M. R.; Faria, J. P.; Figueira, P.; Santerne, A.; Marfil, E.; Abreu, A.; Aguichine, A.; González-Ramírez, L. (3 February 2025). "KOBE-1: The first planetary system from the KOBE survey: Two planets likely residing in the sub-Neptune mass regime around a late K-dwarf". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 694: A15. arXiv:2502.01249. Bibcode:2025A&A...694A..15B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452631. ISSN 0004-6361.
  28. 1 2 Nabbie, Emma; Huang, Chelsea X.; Korth, Judith; Parviainen, Hannu; Wang, Su; Venner, Alexander; Wittenmyer, Robert; Bieryla, Allyson; Latham, David W.; Li, Gongjie; Lin, Douglas N. C.; Zhou, George (27 June 2025). "A high mutual inclination system around KOI-134 revealed by transit timing variations". Nature Astronomy. 9 (9): 1317–1325. arXiv:2507.02238. Bibcode:2025NatAs...9.1317N. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02594-8. ISSN 2397-3366.
  29. ↑ Schwarz, Paul I.; Dreizler, Stefan; Heller, René (30 November 2025). "Confirmation of a Non-Transiting Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M Dwarf L 98-59". Astronomische Nachrichten. 347 (2) e70059. doi:10.1002/asna.70059. ISSN 0004-6337.
  30. ↑ Delisle, J. -B.; Faria, J. P.; Ségransan, D.; Fontanet, E.; Ceva, W.; Barbato, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Unger, N.; Leleu, A.; Bouchy, F.; Cretignier, M.; Díaz, R. F.; Dumusque, X.; Frensch, Y. G. C.; Hara, N. C.; Laughlin, G.; Lo Curto, G.; Lovis, C.; Marmier, M.; Mayor, M.; Mignon, L.; Mordasini, C.; Pepe, F.; Santos, N. C.; Udry, S. (2025). "Architecture of planetary systems with and without outer giant planets I. Inner planet detections around HD 23079, HD 196067, and HD 86226". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 703. arXiv:2509.26232. Bibcode:2025A&A...703A..78D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555445.
  31. ↑ Weicheng, Zang; Youn Kil, Jung (2025). "Microlensing events indicate that super-Earth exoplanets are common in Jupiter-like orbits". Science. 388 (6745): 400–404. arXiv:2504.20158. Bibcode:2025Sci...388..400Z. doi:10.1126/science.adn6088. PMID 40273242.
  32. ↑ Geraldía-González, S.; et al. (2025). "Discovery of a transiting hot water-world candidate orbiting Ross 176 with TESS and CARMENES". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 700: A216. arXiv:2507.15763. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A.216G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553719.
  33. ↑ Vach, Sydney; et al. (1 February 2025). "A 16 Myr super-Neptune in Upper-Centaurus Lupus and a preliminary survey of transiting planets in Sco-Cen with TESS". The Astronomical Journal. 170 (2): 131. arXiv:2502.00576. Bibcode:2025AJ....170..131V. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ade67f.
  34. ↑ Maciejewski, Gracjan; Łoboda, Weronika (2025). "A Transiting Giant on a 7.7 yr Orbit Revealed by Transit Timing Variations in the TOI-201 System". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 988 (2): L63. arXiv:2507.11504. Bibcode:2025ApJ...988L..63M. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adefe5.
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  36. ↑ Rodrigues, J.; et al. (20 February 2025). "TOI-512: Super-Earth transiting a K-type star discovered by TESS and ESPRESSO". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 695: A237. arXiv:2502.14472. Bibcode:2025A&A...695A.237R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452887.
  37. ↑ Lacedelli, G.; Pallé, E.; Davis, Y. T.; Luque, R.; Morello, G.; Tabernero, H. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Jankowski, D.; Nowak, G.; Murgas, F.; Orell-Miquel, J.; Akana Murphy, J. M.; Barkaoui, K.; Charbonneau, D.; Dransfield, G.; Ducrot, E.; Geraldía-González, S.; Irwin, J.; Jehin, E.; Osborne, H. L. M.; Pedersen, P. P.; Rackham, B. V.; Scott, M. G.; Timmermans, M.; Triaud, A.; Van Eylen, V. (2025). "A transiting rocky super-Earth and a non-transiting sub-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-771". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 698: A223. arXiv:2504.18223. Bibcode:2025A&A...698A.223L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554161.
  38. 1 2 3 Lockley, Isobel S; Armstrong, David J; Fernández.Fernández, Jorge; Millholland, Sarah; Knierim, Henrik; Delgado.Mena, Elisa; Sousa, Sergio; Collins, Karen A; Watkins, Cristilyn N; Howell, SteveB; Adibekyan, Vardan; Helled, Ravit; Ziegler, Carl; Bayliss, Daniel; Briceño, César (1 August 2025). "The TOI-1117 multiplanetary system: 3 sub-Neptunes, 1 in both the Neptunian Desert and Radius Valley". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 541 (2): 919–938. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf939. ISSN 0035-8711.
  39. 1 2 3 Gandolfi, D.; Alnajjarine, A.; Serrano, L. M.; Egger, J. A.; Lam, K. W. F.; Cabrera, J.; Hatzes, A. P.; Fridlund, M.; Gili, M. Garbaccio (2025), A four-planet system orbiting the old thick disk star TOI-1203, arXiv:2509.10136
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  41. ↑ Soubkiou, Abderahmane; Barkaoui, Khalid; Benkhaldoun, Zouhair; Ghachoui, Mourad; Chouqar, Jamila; Rackham, Benjamin V.; Burgasser, Adam; Softich, Emma; Pallé, Enric (23 June 2025). "TOI-1846b: A super-Earth in the radius valley orbiting a nearby M dwarf". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 541 (4): 3249–3268. arXiv:2506.18550. Bibcode:2025MNRAS.541.3249S. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1030.
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  43. ↑ Barkaoui, K.; et al. (10 February 2025). "TOI-2015b: a sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 695: A281. arXiv:2502.07074. Bibcode:2025A&A...695A.281B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452916.
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  45. 1 2 Zúñiga-Fernández, S.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Dévora-Pajares, M.; Cuello, N.; Greklek-McKeon, M.; Stassun, K. G.; Van Grootel, V.; Rojas-Ayala, B.; Korth, J.; Günther, M. N.; Burgasser, A. J.; Hsu, C.; Rackham, B. V.; Barkaoui, K.; Timmermans, M. (24 October 2025). "Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 702: A85. arXiv:2508.14176. Bibcode:2025A&A...702A..85Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554419. ISSN 0004-6361.
  46. ↑ Greklek-McKeon, Michael; Gomez Barrientos, Jonathan; Knutson, Heather A.; Zúñiga-Fernández, Sebastián; Pozuelos, Francisco J.; Saidel, Morgan; Levine, W. Garrett; Hu, Renyu; Dai, Fei; Daylan, Tansu; Doty, John P.; Rodriguez, David R.; Twicken, Joseph D.; Latham, David W.; Jenkins, Jon M. (2 February 2026). "Validation of a Third Earth-sized Planet in the TOI-2267 Binary System". The Astronomical Journal. 171 (2): 97. arXiv:2512.10007. Bibcode:2026AJ....171...97G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae2be9. ISSN 0004-6256.
  47. ↑ Janó Muñoz, C.; Hooton, M. J.; Pedersen, P. P.; Barkaoui, K.; Rackham, B. V.; Burgasser, A. J.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Stassun, K. G.; Queloz, D.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Ziegler, C.; Almenara, J. M.; Timmermans, M.; Bonfils, X.; Collins, K. A. (June 2025). "TOI-2407 b: a warm Neptune in the desert". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 541 (1): 630–641. arXiv:2506.05521. Bibcode:2025MNRAS.541..630J. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf946. ISSN 0035-8711.
  48. ↑ Ulmer-Moll, S.; et al. (2025). "Detection and characterisation of a 106-day transiting Jupiter: TOI-2449 b/NGTS-36 B". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 703: A258. arXiv:2509.15424. Bibcode:2025A&A...703A.258U. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555168.
  49. 1 2 3 Frensch, Y. G. C.; et al. (2025). "Three hot Jupiters transiting K-dwarfs with significant heavy element masses". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 700: A118. arXiv:2506.04923. Bibcode:2025A&A...700A.118F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553879.
  50. ↑ Chaturvedi, P.; Goffo, E.; Gandolfi, D.; Persson, C. M.; Hatzes, A. P.; Nowak, G.; Bonfanti, A.; Bieryla, A.; Cochran, W. D.; Collins, K. A.; Fajardo-Acosta, S. B.; Howell, S. B.; Jenkins, J. M.; Korth, J.; Livingston, J.; Pallé, E.; Quinn, S. N.; Schwarz, R. P.; Seager, S.; Shporer, A.; Stassun, K. G.; Striegel, S.; Van Eylen, V.; Watkins, C. N.; Winn, J. N.; Ziegler, C. (17 April 2025). "TOI-3493 b: A planet with a Neptune-like density transiting a bright G0-type star". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 697: A169. arXiv:2504.12884. Bibcode:2025A&A...697A.169C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453511.
  51. ↑ Espinoza-Retamal, Juan I.; et al. (2026). "A Cold and Superpuffy Planet on a Prograde Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 996 (1): L13. arXiv:2510.00102. Bibcode:2026ApJ...996L..13E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae2bfa.
  52. 1 2 Thomas, Luis; et al. (47) (7 January 2025). "TOI-5108 b and TOI 5786 b: Two transiting sub-Saturns detected and characterized with TESS, MaHPS, and SOPHIE". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 694: A143. arXiv:2501.03803. Bibcode:2025A&A...694A.143T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451676.
  53. ↑ Radzom, Brandon T.; Dong, Jiayin; Rice, Malena; Wang, Xian-Yu; Hixenbaugh, Kyle; Zhou, George; Huang, Chelsea X.; Wang, Songhu (3 March 2025). "Evidence for Primordial Alignment II: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Hot Jupiters in Compact Multiplanet Systems". The Astronomical Journal. 169 (3): 189. arXiv:2503.03745. Bibcode:2025AJ....169..189R. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad9dd5.
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