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International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines

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Situation in the Republic of the Philippines
The seal of the International Criminal Court
The seal of the International Criminal Court
File no.ICC-01/21
Date openedJuly 15, 2021 (2021-07-15)
Incident(s)Philippine drug war
CrimesCrimes against humanity:
· Murder
· Torture
· Rape
Status of suspects
Rodrigo DuterteIn custody; ongoing trial
Ronald dela RosaAt-large
Website: https://www.icc-cpi.int/philippines

The International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines, or the situation in the Republic of the Philippines, is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into alleged crimes against humanity committed during the Philippine drug war.

The Philippines announced its intention to withdraw from the Rome Statute on March 14, 2018, approximately one month after the ICC launched a preliminary investigation into the situation in the country. The withdrawal took effect on March 16, 2019. Since the Philippines is no longer a state party to the Rome Statute, the investigation covers only the period during which the treaty was in force in the country, between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019. In a 2021 ruling, the Supreme Court of the Philippines stated that the Philippines remains obligated to cooperate with ICC proceedings despite its withdrawal from the Rome Statute.

On March 11, 2025, former president Rodrigo Duterte was arrested by the Philippine National Police in coordination with Interpol following the issuance of an arrest warrant by the ICC.[1][2] On April 23, 2026, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I unanimously confirmed all charges against Duterte and committed him to trial before a Trial Chamber. The judges found substantial grounds to believe that Duterte was criminally responsible for crimes against humanity in connection with the Philippine drug war.[3][4]

Background

[edit]

Davao Death Squad

[edit]

The Davao Death Squad (DDS), a Davao City–based vigilante group linked to former president Rodrigo Duterte, is estimated to have killed at least a thousand people since the 1990s.[5] According to Human Rights Watch, the group mostly targeted alleged drug dealers, petty criminals, and was involved in forced disappearances, summary executions, and drug dealing.[6][7]

During an October 2016 Philippine Senate inquiry into extrajudicial killings, opposition Senator Leila de Lima presented a witness, Edgar Matobato, a self-confessed former member of the DDS;[8] Matobato testified that the DDS was taking orders from Duterte and claimed that Duterte himself, while he was still mayor of Davao City, had killed a member of the Department of Justice with an Uzi submachine gun.[9] Duterte dismissed Matobato's claims as a lie,[8] and the Senate probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence.[10] Arturo Lascañas, a retired police officer who initially denied being a member of the group in the Senate hearing, retracted his statement a year later, backed up Matobato's accusations, and admitted to killing 200 people as a DDS member, claiming that they "were motivated by the reward system ... when a killing is ordered and there's a price".[11][12][13]

Philippine drug war

[edit]

A day after the 2016 presidential election, presidential forerunner Duterte said, "I will be a dictator [...] but only against forces of evil – criminality, drugs and corruption in government", and vowed that if he failed to fulfill his promise to end crime, corruption, and drugs within the first six months of his term, he would step down from the presidency.[14] On July 1, the day after the inauguration of Duterte as president, the Philippine National Police (PNP) launched Project Double Barrel, marking the beginning of the Philippine drug war.[15]

From his presidential campaign to the end of his presidency, President Duterte made multiple remarks to kill criminals and drug syndicates. He has also given law enforcers "shoot-to-kill" orders for criminals and drug syndicates, further assuring their protection from prosecution and saying he would go to jail in place of them.[16]

By the end of Duterte's term, the number of drug suspects killed since Duterte took office was officially tallied by the Philippine government as 6,252.[17] Human rights groups, including the ICC, however, claim drug casualties reached as high as 12,000 to 30,000[18] and the killings reached their peak between 2016 and 2017.[19][20]

History

[edit]

On October 13, 2016, about four months into the Philippine drug war, ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda expressed deep concern over reports of extrajudicial killings of alleged drug dealers and users in the Philippines, stating that the ICC would be "closely following developments" in the country to assess whether to open a preliminary examination if necessary.[21] The following month, on November 17, President Duterte threatened to follow Russia's lead[a] by withdrawing the Philippines from the ICC, which he called "useless" in Filipino.[22][23]

On April 27, 2017, Filipino lawyer Jude Sabio submitted a 77-page document to the ICC titled "The Situation of Mass Murder in the Philippines", requesting charges of mass murder and crimes against humanity against President Duterte and 11 other officials.[24][25] Similarly, then-Senator Antonio Trillanes and members of the Magdalo Party-List, led by then-Representative Gary Alejano, filed a 45-page supplemental complaint requesting charges of crimes against humanity in addition to the earlier filing by Sabio.[26] However, in January 2020, Sabio retracted his allegations and requested the ICC to dismiss the charges, claiming that his 2017 case was an orchestrated move by the Liberal Party, particularly Senators Antonio Trillanes and Leila de Lima, to discredit Duterte.[27] The ICC rejected Sabio's request, stating that it "cannot effectively destroy or return information once it is in its possession or control".[28]

On August 28, 2018, activists and families of eight victims of the Philippine drug war, led by the National Union of People's Lawyers, submitted a 50-page document to the ICC.[29] This was followed up by two supplemental pleadings, filed in October 2018 and October 2019, respectively.[30]

Inquiries on the drug war were held by the House of Representatives' Quad Committee and the Senate Blue Ribbon sub-committee in October 2024. Duterte attended the Senate inquiry and transcripts from the hearings was later submitted to the ICC by Duterte's staunch critic, former Senator Antonio Trillanes.[31][32]

Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte

[edit]

On March 11, 2025, Rodrigo Duterte was arrested by the Philippine National Police through the Interpol at Ninoy Aquino International Airport upon his arrival from Hong Kong, following the issuance of an arrest warrant by the ICC on charges of crimes against humanity.[33]

Arrest warrant against Ronald dela Rosa

[edit]
CCTV footage of the Senate showing Dela Rosa being chased by NBI agents inside the Senate premises.

On May 11, 2026, Senator Ronald dela Rosa resurfaced at the Senate of the Philippines after months of absence amid reports of an impending arrest by the International Criminal Court (ICC). Dela Rosa returned to participate in the election of the Senate President, where Senator Alan Peter Cayetano successfully ousted incumbent Senate President Tito Sotto.[34][35]

Earlier that day, agents of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), accompanied by former senator Antonio Trillanes, reportedly attempted to serve an ICC arrest warrant against dela Rosa inside the Senate premises. CCTV footage later released by the Senate showed dela Rosa running through Senate corridors while being pursued by law enforcement agents. The Senate was subsequently placed under lockdown and dela Rosa was placed under Senate protective custody by the Office of the Sergeant-at-Arms upon the orders of newly elected Senate President Cayetano.[36][37]

Later that evening, the ICC officially confirmed that Pre-Trial Chamber I had unsealed an arrest warrant against dela Rosa that had originally been issued under seal on November 6, 2025. The warrant charged dela Rosa as an "indirect co-perpetrator" of the alleged crime against humanity of murder in relation to killings committed during the Philippine drug war between July 3, 2016 and April 30, 2018, when he served as Chief of the Philippine National Police. The Chamber stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe that dela Rosa contributed to a widespread and systematic attack against civilians pursuant to a state policy targeting alleged drug offenders.[38]

Following the unsealing of the warrant, human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International Philippines called on the Philippine government to immediately arrest and surrender dela Rosa to the ICC.[39][40]

Jurisdiction

[edit]

The Philippines signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on December 28, 2000, and ratified it on August 30, 2011. The treaty came into force in the country on November 1, 2011.[41] On March 14, 2018, a month after the ICC opened a preliminary investigation into the situation in the Philippines, President Duterte said in a statement that "the Philippines is withdrawing its ratification of the Rome statute effective immediately".[42][43] Duterte rebuked the idea of permitting foreigners to interfere in the country's justice system and his administration emphasized that cases against him should be filed before the national courts;[44][45] additionally, he argued that the Rome Statute, which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines as it was never published in the Official Gazette, a requirement for a law in the country to take effect.[46] However, in accordance with article 127 (1) of the treaty, the withdrawal shall only take effect "one year after the date of receipt of the notification".[47] Two days later, on March 16, the Philippines formally notified the secretary-general of the United Nations of its decision to withdraw from the Rome Statute.[48] The country officially left the ICC one year later, on March 17, 2019.[49]

The jurisdiction of the ICC investigation in the Philippines will be limited to the period when the country was a state party to the Rome Statute, between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019, encompassing almost three years of Duterte's presidency, during which the Philippine drug war was at its height. The Philippine Supreme Court, in a 2021 ruling, commented on the withdrawal from the Rome Statute and stated that the Philippines still has an obligation to cooperate in the ICC proceedings.[50]

The administration of president Bongbong Marcos, which succeeded Duterte in June 2022, maintained that the ICC has no jurisdiction in the Philippines.[51] He argued that the Philippines has a working justice system and hence does not warrant a probe by the ICC.[52] This is despite the ICC meant to be complementary to domestic court systems and only prosecute cases only if "when States do not or are unwilling or unable to do"[53] Regardless, the government has allowed the ICC to conduct its investigation in the Philippines independently. Marcos stated the PNP acted on behalf on Interpol, which the Philippines is a member of, leading to Rodrigo Duterte's arrest in March 2025.[54][55]

In October 2024, former Senator Leila de Lima said that there is no legal obstacle to prevent the Philippine government's cooperation with the ICC citing Republic Act 9851 or the "Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity" including the surrender or extradition of accused persons "to the appropriate international court". The 2009 law came into effect two years before the Philippines ratified the Rome Statute.[56][57]

Investigation

[edit]

On September 15, 2021, the ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber I authorized the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to open an investigation of crimes within the court's jurisdiction in the Philippines, spanning between November 1, 2011, and March 16, 2019, before the Philippines withdrew from the ICC.[58]

In the same month, the government of the Philippines announced that it would not cooperate with the ICC on their investigation and would bar their investigators from entering the country.[59] However, by 2024, the government under the succeeding Bongbong Marcos administration stated that it could not prevent investigators from acting independently, despite the state's continued non-cooperation.[54][55]

Court proceedings

[edit]

Pre-trial proceedings

[edit]

Rodrigo Duterte made his initial appearance before the ICC via video link on March 14, 2025.[60][61] Duterte's camp had earlier requested that his first appearance be postponed, but this was rejected. Salvador Medialdea reiterated this request in his manifestation.[62]

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for September 23, 2025.[63] Nicholas Kaufman was named lead counsel of Duterte's defense team. Lawyers Harry Roque and Salvador Medialdea were initially selected as supporting members, but Duterte's daughter and Vice President Sara Duterte later stated that Roque and Medialdea would no longer be part of the team, which would instead consist of foreign lawyers experienced with the ICC.[64][65][66] Dov Jacobs was later appointed associate counsel.[67]

Kaufman stated that he would argue the ICC has no jurisdiction over the case to prevent the start of a trial.[68] He also indicated that he would seek an interim release for Duterte, though no timeline for such an application had yet been provided.[69]

In June 2025, Duterte's team petitioned that judges Reine Alapini-Gansou of Benin and Socorro Flores Liera of Mexico be disqualified from adjudicating on the issue of jurisdiction.[70] All 18 judges rejected the plea on July 3, 2025.[71]

On July 4, 2025, prosecutors at the ICC formally charged Duterte with three counts of crimes against humanity,[72] alleging his involvement, as an indirect co-perpetrator, in at least 76 murders over several years:[73]

  • Count 1: the murder of 19 individuals between 2013 and 2016 while Duterte was mayor of Davao City and was accused of being at the apex of the Davao Death Squad
  • Count 2: the assassination of 14 "high value targets" in 2016 and 2017 when Duterte was president
  • Count 3: "barangay clearance operations" resulting in the murder of 43 alleged low-level drug dealers or drug addicts between 2016 and 2018 during his presidency.

In a later Pre-Confirmation Brief, the prosecution listed various eye witness statements (along with quotes from Duterte himself) in setting out their accusations that he was ultimately responsible for a vast number of extrajudicial killings, such as by providing firearms to the actual DDS gunmen or by making public statements promising law enforcement officials immunity from prosecution during any "shoot to kill" operations against drug dealers.[74]

On August 18, 2025, Duterte's lawyers submitted an official Request for an Indefinite Adjournment to the ICC, alleging that he suffered from significant cognitive deficiencies affecting his memory and capacity for complex reasoning.[75] A 13-page document submitted to the court described medical and psychological evaluations conducted while Duterte was in custody at the ICC Detention Centre, asserting that his condition rendered him unable to meaningfully participate in proceedings and therefore unfit to stand trial.[76] On September 8, 2025, ICC judges allowed an indefinite postponement of pre-trial proceedings to permit further testing to determine whether Duterte was fit to stand trial.[77]

On October 15, 2025, the ICC dismissed chief prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan from continuing in the case over bias concerns, due to links between him and victims of Duterte's alleged crimes.[78]

On January 26, 2026, the court declared that Duterte was fit for pre-trial hearings.[79]

Alleged co-perpetrators

[edit]

On February 13, 2026, the ICC Office of the Prosecutor disclosed additional details in its charge sheet against former Philippine president Duterte, identifying several individuals as alleged co-perpetrators in relation to crimes against humanity committed during the Philippine government’s anti-drug campaign. According to the prosecution, Duterte and these individuals allegedly shared a common plan to “neutralise” suspected drug personalities through acts including murder, carried out by law-enforcement units and associated structures.[80]

The ICC document stated that the alleged co-perpetrators exercised either de jure or de facto authority over police and security forces involved in the implementation of the anti-drug operations. The prosecution further alleged that these individuals contributed to the planning, coordination, or supervision of the campaign and failed to prevent or punish the commission of crimes under their control.[81]

Those named in the ICC charge sheet included incumbent and former government officials, among them senators, former chiefs of the Philippine National Police, senior police commanders, and heads of law-enforcement agencies. Media reports identified the alleged co-perpetrators as including Senator Ronald dela Rosa, Senator Bong Go, former Philippine National Police chiefs Oscar Albayalde and Camilo Cascolan, former Manila Police District director Vicente Danao, former National Bureau of Investigation director Dante Gierran, former Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency chief Isidro Lapeña, and former Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II, among others.[82]

Confirmation of charges

[edit]

Duterte's confirmation of charges hearing was held between February 23 and 27, 2026.[83] On April 23, 2026, all charges against Rodrigo Duterte were confirmed by the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, committing him to a trial. In a unanimous decision, the pre-trial judges found that there are "substantial grounds to believe" Duterte was "criminally responsible" for the crimes against humanity presented by the prosecution. The chamber then affirmed that the case would be transferred to an ICC Trial Chamber.[84]

Following the confirmation, Palace Press Officer Claire Castro said that the Philippine government welcomes and respects the chamber's decision to confirm all criminal charges against Duterte and to put him on trial.[85] Families of victims of the war on drugs celebrated the decision. Their lawyers described it as their "first big step in attaining justice for their murdered loved ones."[86] Members of the House Minority Bloc released similar reactions and statements about the confirmation of charges. ML Partylist representative Leila de Lima characterized it as "a victory for the families of the victims, for the bereaved who have long yearned for justice", while Makabayan Bloc representatives Antonio Tinio, Sarah Elago, and Renee Co, framed it as "a critical step forward for victims and survivors who have long been denied justice in the Philippines".[87]

Trial proceedings

[edit]

In May 2026, former president Rodrigo Duterte reorganized his legal defense team before the ICC ahead of trial proceedings. On May 8, Duterte's lead counsel Nicholas Kaufman filed a request before the ICC Trial Chamber III seeking permission to withdraw from the case, stating that Duterte had informed him of his decision to appoint new lead counsel and restructure his defense team. Associate counsel Dov Jacobs also withdrew from Duterte's legal team as part of the reorganization, with his request being approved immediately.[88]

On May 11, 2026, the ICC Trial Chamber III granted Kaufman's request to withdraw as Duterte's lead counsel. The chamber ruled that the withdrawal would not cause prejudice or inconvenience because replacement counsel was prepared to immediately assume representation. The chamber also ordered that the identity of Duterte's new counsel be publicly disclosed unless sufficient justification for confidentiality was presented.[89][90]

Subsequent reports identified British barrister Peter Haynes as the lawyer appointed to succeed Kaufman as Duterte's lead counsel before the ICC.[91][92] According to Kaufman, Rodrigo Duterte's daughter Kitty Duterte and common-law wife Honeylet Avanceña picked his successor counsel.[93] Meanwhile, the ICC announced that Australian lawyer Kate Gibson has been appointed as the new associate counsel for Duterte on May 18 upon the request of Haynes the same day.[94] The ICC also released the document dated May 13, 2026, showing Duterte himself signed the file appointing Haynes as his new lead counsel. Haynes' appointment was formalized on May 15 by the ICC.[95]

Duterte's trial is scheduled to start on November 30, 2026.[96]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Russia signed the Rome Statute in 2000 but never ratified it. It later withdrew its signature in 2016 (see: States parties to the Rome Statute#Russia).

Further readings

[edit]
  • Flores, Dominique Nicole (March 14, 2025). "Full Text: Rodrigo Duterte's first court appearance before the ICC". The Philippine Star.
  • "Timeline: ICC's probe into PH drug war". CNN Philippines. July 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023.
  • Gavilan, Jodesz (March 10, 2025). "Timeline: The International Criminal Court and Duterte's bloody war on drugs". Rappler.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Lema, Karen (March 11, 2025). "Philippines sends ex-President Duterte to ICC over 'drugs war' killings". Reuters. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  2. ↑ "Rodrigo Duterte: Philippines ex-leader arrested on ICC warrant over drug killings". BBC News. March 11, 2025. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  3. ↑ "ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I confirms all charges against Rodrigo Roa Duterte and commits him to trial" (Press release). International Criminal Court. April 23, 2026. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  4. ↑ van den Berg, Stephanie (April 23, 2026). "ICC rules that Philippine ex-President Duterte must stand trial for murder". Reuters. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  5. ↑ Phippen, J. Weston (September 15, 2016). "A Former Hitman Says the Philippine President Once Ran a Hit Squad". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 15, 2025. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  6. ↑ You Can Die Any Time: Death Squad Killings in Mindanao (PDF). New York City: Human Rights Watch. 2009. ISBN 978-1-56432-448-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  7. ↑ "PHILIPPINES: Filipino journalists face brutal death squads". Taipei Times. April 4, 2005. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2023 – via AsiaMedia.
  8. 1 2 Regalado, Edith (September 20, 2016). "All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  9. ↑ Luu, Chieu; Ap, Tiffany; Quiano, Kathy (September 15, 2016). "Philippines President 'ordered death squad hits while mayor,' alleged hitman claims". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  10. ↑ Suarez, KD (October 13, 2016). "Senate ends probe: Neither Duterte nor state sponsored killings". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016.
  11. ↑ McKirdy, Euan; Bernal, Buena (March 6, 2017). "Self-proclaimed death squad chief: I killed almost 200 for Duterte". CNN. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  12. ↑ Quiano, Kathy; Westcott, Ben (February 20, 2017). "Ex-Davao Death Squad leader: Duterte ordered bombings". CNN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  13. ↑ Patag, Kristine Joy (June 16, 2021). "Here's why the 'Davao Death Squad' was included in the ICC 'drug war' probe". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  14. ↑ Gutierrez, Jason; Ap, Tiffany; Sawatzky, Rob (May 10, 2016). "Philippines' Duterte vows to be a 'dictator'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Command Memorandum Circular No. 16 – 2016" (PDF). Philippine National Police. National Police Commission. July 1, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  16. ↑ Dela Peña, Kurt (September 17, 2021). "'Kill, kill, kill': Duterte's words offer evidence in ICC". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  17. ↑ Sarao, Zacarian (June 22, 2022). "6,252 drug suspects killed as of May 31 – PDEA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  18. ↑ Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (July 17, 2022). "ICC calls on Philippine gov't to comment on reopening of drug war probe". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  19. ↑ Simons, Margaret (January 11, 2023). "The Philippines Is Losing Its 'War on Drugs'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on November 26, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  20. ↑ Kishi, Roudabeh; Buenaventura, Tomas (November 18, 2021). The Drug War Rages on in the Philippines: New Data on the Civilian Toll, State Responsibility, and Shifting Geographies of Violence (Report). Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project. Archived from the original on February 14, 2025. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Philippines drug crackdown prompts warning from ICC". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 14, 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  22. ↑ Ranada, Pia (November 17, 2016). "Duterte threatens PH withdrawal from ICC". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  23. ↑ "Philippines' Duterte calls Western threats of ICC indictment hypocritical". Reuters. November 28, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  24. ↑ Domonoske, Camila (April 24, 2017). "Lawyer In Philippines Accuses President Duterte Of Crimes Against Humanity". The Two-Way. NPR. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  25. ↑ Paddock, Richard C. (April 24, 2017). "Charge Rodrigo Duterte With Mass Murder, Lawyer Tells The Hague". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 19, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  26. ↑ "Trillanes, Magdalo charge Duterte at ICC". Senate of the Philippines. June 6, 2017. Archived from the original on January 19, 2025. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  27. ↑ Lagrimas, Nicole-Anne C. (January 14, 2020). "Lawyer Jude Sabio withdraws one of ICC cases vs. Duterte". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  28. ↑ Yap, D. J. (January 16, 2020). "ICC prosecutor: Probe of Duterte can't be stopped". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  29. ↑ Takumi, Rie (August 28, 2018). "Fresh ICC complaint filed vs. Duterte over drug war deaths". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
  30. ↑ Cabico, Gaea Katreena. "'Drug war' victims' kin file additional communication vs Duterte at ICC". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
  31. ↑ Villanueva, Gillian; de Villa, Kathleen; Santos, Tina (October 31, 2024). "Trillanes: ICC given Duterte 'death squad' transcript". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  32. ↑ Panti, Llanesca (October 30, 2024). "Trillanes submits Duterte's statements on killings to ICC". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  33. ↑ "LIVE UPDATES: Rodrigo Duterte arrested over ICC case". Rappler. March 11, 2025. Archived from the original on March 14, 2025. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
  34. ↑ Cruz, James Patrick (May 11, 2026). "Sotto ousted as Senate president, Alan Cayetano takes over". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  35. ↑ "Bato dela Rosa returns to Senate after months-long absence". ABS-CBN News. Manila. May 11, 2026. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  36. ↑ Clores, Keith (May 11, 2026). "Senate under lockdown after NBI-Dela Rosa altercation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
  37. ↑ "Philippines' Duterte ally in standoff with law enforcers after ICC arrest warrant". Reuters. May 11, 2026. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Situation in the Philippines: ICC judges unseal arrest warrant against Ronald Marapon Dela Rosa for alleged crime against humanity". International Criminal Court. May 11, 2026. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
  39. ↑ "Human-rights groups call for Bato dela Rosa's immediate arrest". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 11, 2026. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
  40. ↑ "ICC confirms it has issued arrest warrant for Duterte ally". Reuters. May 11, 2026. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
  41. ↑ "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". United Nations Treaty Collection. May 16, 2019. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  42. ↑ "Duterte to quit ICC over drugs inquiry". BBC News. March 14, 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  43. ↑ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (March 14, 2018). "Rodrigo Duterte to pull Philippines out of international criminal court". The Guardian. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  44. ↑ "Philippine's Duterte urges nations to abandon ICC". DW News. March 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  45. ↑ Cabico, Gaea Katreena; Patag, Kristine Joy (April 17, 2019). "Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019.
  46. ↑ Kabiling, Genalyn (July 29, 2021). "Duterte still has no copy of Rome Statute; ICC pullout an 'empty gesture' due to treaty's non-publication". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021.
  47. ↑ Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (March 14, 2018). "Can the Philippines leave the ICC without Senate concurrence?". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  48. ↑ "Philippines informs U.N. of ICC withdrawal, court regrets move". Reuters. March 16, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  49. ↑ Gutierrez, Jason (March 17, 2019). "Philippines Officially Leaves the International Criminal Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 13, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  50. ↑ Lopez, Virgil (July 21, 2021). "Philippines obliged to cooperate with ICC despite withdrawal —Supreme Court". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2025. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  51. ↑ Bajo, Anna Felicia (February 20, 2024). "Marcos firm on not recognizing ICC jurisdiction over PH". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  52. ↑ Flores, Helen (October 15, 2024). "'No return to ICC despite findings by quad comm'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  53. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Marcos' claim on the purpose of ICC misleads". Vera Files. March 13, 2024. Archived from the original on January 15, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  54. 1 2 Bautista, Jane (July 31, 2024). "SolGen: Gov't will not stand in way of ICC probe". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  55. 1 2 Casilao, Joahna Lei (August 13, 2024). "Guevarra maintains gov't cannot stop ICC from interviewing suspects". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  56. ↑ Panti, Llanesca (October 22, 2024). "De Lima: Gov't can't stop ICC from investigating Duterte's drug war". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2024. In the interest of justice, the relevant Philippine authorities may dispense with the investigation or prosecution of a crime punishable under this Act if another court or international tribunal is already conducting the investigation or undertaking the prosecution of such crime
  57. ↑ Robles, Raissa (October 23, 2024). "'Superman' Duterte could still face ICC trial due to little-known Philippine law: witness". South China Morning Post. Retrieved October 31, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  58. ↑ Regencia, Ted (September 15, 2021). "ICC agrees to open investigation into Duterte's 'war on drugs'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  59. ↑ Lema, Karen; Morales, Neil Jerome (September 16, 2021). "Philippines refuses to work with ICC 'war on drugs' probe". Reuters. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  60. ↑ Buan, Lian (March 14, 2025). "Duterte in The Hague: Can he be released before September pre-trial?". Rappler. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  61. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 15, 2025). "Palace: Justice rolling down after Duterte faces ICC's 'fair' pre-trial". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  62. ↑ Mendoza, John Eric (March 15, 2025). "ICC junks Rodrigo Duterte's plea to postpone first court appearance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
  63. ↑ "ICC sets Duterte confirmation of charges hearing Sept. 23". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 14, 2025. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
  64. ↑ Domingo, Katrina (March 17, 2025). "Duterte assembles defense team with international law expert as lead counsel". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  65. ↑ Hernandez, Zen (March 19, 2025). "Medialdea, Roque will not be part of Duterte's legal team, says VP Sara". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  66. ↑ Villa, Kathleen de (March 20, 2025). "Foreigners to defend Duterte; Roque out, says VP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
  67. ↑ Mateo, Janvic (April 9, 2025). "French lawyer joins Duterte defense team". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 10, 2025.
  68. ↑ Mendoza (April 1, 2025). "Duterte camp scrambling to stop ICC trial before it starts – lawyer". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
  69. ↑ Peñafuerte, Andy III; Pangan, Jay-vee Marasigan (April 1, 2025). "Duterte's counsel working on interim release, but timing yet to be discussed". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
  70. ↑ Casilao, Joahna Lei (July 4, 2025). "ICC plenary: No bias found in 2 judges Duterte sought to disqualify". GMA Integrated News. Archived from the original on July 6, 2025. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
  71. ↑ Abarca, Charie (July 6, 2025). "All 18 ICC judges junk Duterte plea as wrong, untenable and dilatory". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 6, 2025. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
  72. ↑ "SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE - 4 July 2025 - Public Redacted Version of "Document Containing the Charges"" (PDF). International Criminal Court. September 11, 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2025. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  73. ↑ "Rodrigo Duterte, former Philippines president, charged with crimes against humanity at ICC". The Guardian. September 23, 2025.
  74. ↑ "SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE - 24 July 2025 - Public Redacted Version of 'Prosecution's Pre-Confirmation Brief'" (PDF). International Criminal Court. September 22, 2025. Retrieved September 22, 2025.
  75. ↑ "Duterte defence says ex-Philippine president has deteriorating cognitive condition". Channel News Asia. September 12, 2025.
  76. ↑ "SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE - 11 Sept 2025 - Public Redacted Version of the "Defence Request for an Indefinite Adjournment"" (PDF). International Criminal Court. September 11, 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2025. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
  77. ↑ "ICC postpones hearing for Philippines' Duterte for health assessment". Reuters. September 8, 2025.
  78. ↑ Corder, Mike (October 15, 2025). "ICC disqualifies chief prosecutor from Duterte case over perceived conflict of interest". AP NEWS. Retrieved October 15, 2025.
  79. ↑ Mateo, Janvic (January 27, 2026). "ICC: Duterte fit for pre-trial proceedings". Philstar.com. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  80. ↑ Buan, Lian (February 13, 2026). "ICC names additional alleged co-perpetrators in Duterte drug war case". Rappler. Archived from the original on February 16, 2026. Retrieved February 16, 2026.
  81. ↑ "Two Philippine senators named as co-perpetrators in Duterte ICC case". Al Jazeera. February 14, 2026. Retrieved February 16, 2026.
  82. ↑ "ICC document names alleged co-perpetrators in Duterte drug war case". GMA News Online. February 14, 2026. Retrieved February 16, 2026.
  83. ↑ "ICC concludes confirmation of charges hearing in Duterte case". International Criminal Court (Press release). February 27, 2026. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  84. ↑ Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (April 23, 2026). "ICC pre-trial chamber unanimously confirms all raps vs. Duterte". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 23, 2026.
  85. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (April 23, 2026). "Palace welcomes ICC decision to put FPRRD on trial". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 23, 2026.
  86. ↑ "Victims' families celebrate ICC confirmation of charges against Duterte". GMA News. April 23, 2026. Retrieved April 23, 2026.
  87. ↑ Quismorio, Ellson (April 23, 2026). "House minority solons celebrate, welcome ICC confirmation of charges vs Duterte". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 23, 2026.
  88. ↑ Mateo, Janvic (May 10, 2026). "Duterte replaces defense team ahead of ICC trial". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  89. ↑ Domingo, Katrina (May 11, 2026). "ICC accepts Kaufman's withdrawal as Duterte's legal counsel". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  90. ↑ Casilao, Joahna Lei (May 11, 2026). "ICC Trial Chamber grants Kaufman withdrawal as Duterte lawyer". GMA News. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  91. ↑ de Villa, Kathleen (May 12, 2026). "British lawyer Peter Haynes is Rodrigo Duterte's new lead counsel". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  92. ↑ Ferreras, Vince Angelo (May 12, 2026). "Peter Haynes appointed as Rodrigo Duterte's ICC Defense counsel replacing Kaufman". GMA News. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  93. ↑ Delgado, Harlene (May 10, 2026). "Rodrigo Duterte meets new legal counsel picked by Kitty, Honeylet after Kaufman exit". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
  94. ↑ Lacuata, Rose Carmelle (May 19, 2026). "Australian lawyer Kate Gibson joins Duterte's ICC defense team". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 20, 2026.
  95. ↑ Lacuata, Rose Carmelle (May 19, 2026). "ICC releases Duterte-signed appointment document for new counsel". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 20, 2026.
  96. ↑ "Duterte case: Trial to open on 30 November 2026". International Criminal Court. May 27, 2026. Retrieved May 27, 2026.
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