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Economy of the Czech Republic

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Economy of Czech Republic
Prague is the economic centre of the Czech Republic
CurrencyCzech koruna (CZK)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
EU, EEA, WTO (via EU) and OECD
Country group
Statistics
PopulationNeutral increase 10,900,555 (2023)[4]
GDP
  • Increase $383.38 billion (nominal, 2025)[5]
  • Increase $652.61 billion (PPP, 2025)[5]
GDP rank
  • Increase 2.0% (2026f)
GDP per capita
  • Increase $35,161 (nominal, 2025)[5]
  • Increase $59,853 (PPP, 2025)[5]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
Positive decrease 2.4% (2025)[5]
3.75% (since 7 February 2025)[6]
Population below national poverty line
  • 9.5% (2023)[7]
  • Positive decrease 19% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (2023)[8]
Positive decrease 23.7 low (2024)[9]
Decrease 56 out of 100 points (2023)[11] (44th)
Labour force
  • Decrease 5,378,192 (2020)[12]
  • Increase 81.7% employment rate (2023)[13]
Labour force by occupation
Negative increase 2.8% (2025)[15]
9.2% (2025)[16]
Average gross salary
52,283 Kč (~€2,155; Q4 2025 average)[17]
45,523 Kč (~€1,876; Q4 2025 median)[17]
Main industries
  • Engineering
  • electronics
  • motor vehicles
  • metallurgy
  • machinery
  • chemicals
  • pharmaceuticals
External
ExportsDecrease $244.664 billion (2024)[18]
Export goods
  • Machinery
  • precision engineering equipment
  • transport equipment
  • electronics
  • pharmaceuticals
  • medical equipment
Main export partners
ImportsPositive decrease $230.189 billion (2024)[19]
Import goods
  • Machinery components
  • raw materials and fuels
  • chemicals
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Increase $185.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[20] 35th
  • Increase Abroad: $54.39 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[20]
Negative increase -$678 million (2019 est.) 130th[20]
Positive decrease $191.9 billion (2019 est.)[20] 44th
−17 % of GDP (2020)[21]
Public finance
  • Positive decrease 30.8% of GDP (2019)[22]
  • Negative increase CZK 1.739 trillion (2019)[22]
$151.69  billion (January 2018 est.; 17th)[23]
  • CZK 15.4 billion surplus (2019)[22]
  • +0.3% of GDP (2019)[22]
42.1% of GDP (2019)[22]
41.9% of GDP (2019)[22]
Economic aid
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The Czech Republic has a developed export-oriented social market economy. It is based in services, manufacturing, and innovation that maintains a high-income welfare state and the European social model.[29] The Czech Republic participates in the European Single Market as a member of the European Union, and is therefore a part of the economy of the European Union. It uses its own currency, the Czech koruna, instead of the euro. It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Czech Republic ranks 16th in inequality-adjusted human development and 24th in World Bank Human Capital Index, ahead of countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom or France. The Czech Republic ranks 7th – 10th among the world’s most diversified economies in the Economic Complexity Index.

The industry sector accounts for 37% of the economy, while services account for 61% and agriculture for 2%. The principal industries are high tech engineering, electronics and machine-building,[30] steel production, transportation equipment (automotive, rail and aerospace industry), chemicals, advanced materials and pharmaceuticals. The major services are research and development, ICT and software development, nanotechnology and life sciences.[30] Its main agricultural products are cereals, vegetable oils and hops.

As of 2023, the Czech GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is $50,961 and 698,706 Czech crowns ($31,368) at nominal value.[5] As of September 2021, the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic was the lowest in the EU at 2.6%,[31] and the poverty rate is the second lowest of OECD members, following Denmark.[32] The Czech Republic ranks 21st in the Index of Economic Freedom (ranked behind Chile),[33] 32nd in the Global Innovation Index (ranked behind Portugal),[34] 32nd in the Global Competitiveness Report,[35] 41st in the ease of doing business index and 25th in the Global Enabling Trade Report (ranked behind Canada).[36] The largest trading partner for both export and import is Germany, followed by other members of the EU. The Czech Republic has a highly diverse economy that ranks 7th in the 2019 Economic Complexity Index.[37]

History

[edit]

From industrialisation to communism (1800-1989)

[edit]

The Czech lands were among the first industrialized countries in continental Europe during the German Confederation era. The Czech industrial tradition dates back to the 19th century, when the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the economic and industrial heartland of the Austrian Empire and later the Austrian side of Austria-Hungary.[38] The Czech lands produced a majority (about 70%) of all industrial goods in the Empire, some of which were almost monopolistic.

After the First World War, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire collapsed and independent Czechoslovakia was created. Czechoslovakia had way too big industrial production for a small internal market and it missed the big market of the former Empire. The Czechoslovak crown was introduced in April 1919 at a 1:1 ratio to the Austro-Hungarian currency, it became one of the most stable currencies in Europe.[citation needed] It is a widespread[citation needed] myth among Czechs that the First Republic belonged to the 10 most developed economies of the world. In fact it had the 14th highest GDP per capita in the world. The Czech part (without Slovakia and Transcarpathia) had a similar GDP per capita in the 1920s to Germany and Belgium, which was higher than that of the crisis-struck Austrian First Republic.[39]

The consequences of the 1938 Munich Agreement and subsequent Nazi Germany occupation were disastrous for the economy. After the occupation and forced subordination of the economy to Nazi German economic interests, the crown was officially pegged to the mark at a ratio of 1:10, even though the unofficial exchange rate was 1 to 6-7 and Germans immediately started buying Czech goods in large quantities.[40]

After the World War II and the Communist Coup d'état were all the economies of the socialist countries tightly linked to that of the Soviet Union, in accordance with Stalin's development policy of planned interdependence. Czechoslovakia was the most prosperous country in the Eastern Bloc, however it was during the decades overtaken not only by Austria or Finland but also Southern European economies like that of Italy, Spain or Greece.

Czech National Bank headquarters in Prague
Heavy industry such as steelmaking is a traditional part of the Czech economy.
Transportation equipment, machinery manufacturing and engineering are essential for the Czech economy.

1989–1995

[edit]

The "Velvet Revolution" in 1989, offered a chance for profound and sustained political and economic reform. With the disintegration of the communist economic alliance in 1991, Czech manufacturers lost their traditional markets among former communist countries in the east. Signs of economic resurgence began to appear in the wake of the shock therapy that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) labelled the "big bang" of January 1991. Since then, consistent liberalization and astute economic management has led to the removal of 95% of all price controls, low unemployment, a positive balance of payments position, a stable exchange rate, a shift of exports from former communist economic bloc markets to Western Europe, and relatively low foreign debt. Inflation has been higher than in some other countries – mostly in the 10% range[41] – and the government has run consistent modest budget deficits.[citation needed]

Two government priorities have been strict fiscal policies and creating a good climate for incoming investment in the republic. Following a series of currency devaluations, the crown has remained stable in relation to the US dollar.[citation needed] The Czech crown became fully convertible for most business purposes in late 1995.

In order to stimulate the economy and attract foreign partners, the government has revamped the legal and administrative structure governing investment. With the breakup of the Soviet Union, the country, till that point highly dependent on exports to the USSR, had to make a radical shift in economic outlook: away from the East, and towards the West. This necessitated the restructuring of existing banking and telecommunications facilities, as well as adjusting commercial laws and practices to fit Western standards. Further minimizing reliance on a single major partner, successive Czech governments have welcomed U.S. investment (amongst others) as a counterbalance to the strong economic influence of Western European partners, especially of their powerful neighbour, Germany. Although foreign direct investment (FDI) runs in uneven cycles, with a 12.9% share of total FDI between 1990 and March 1998, the U.S. was the third-largest foreign investor in the Czech economy, behind Germany and the Netherlands.

Czech high export profile has made it tightly woven into both European and global markets and supply chains, which has contributed to its relatively low unemployment.[42] A large part of the Czech industrial economy is tied to German demand, with 33% of its exported goods going to its neighbor to the northwest.[43] Foreign direct investment in the 1990s from Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands helped build the country's automotive industry and provided a strong base for the rest of the economy.[44] This foreign investment is further reflected in the fact that upwards of 38% of entire sectors of the Czech economy are owned by foreign-owned corporations.[45] The large stake of foreign ownership has created concerns over dependency on foreign entities and has left the Czech economy prone to shocks in foreign demand or global supply disruptions.[46] This openness has supported growth but also increased vulnerability.

The country boasts a flourishing consumer production sector and has privatized most state-owned heavy industries through the voucher privatization system. Under the system, every citizen was given the opportunity to buy, for a moderate price, a book of vouchers that represents potential shares in any state-owned company. The voucher holders could then invest their vouchers, increasing the capital base of the chosen company, and creating a nation of citizen share-holders. This is in contrast to Russian privatization, which consisted of sales of communal assets to private companies rather than share-transfer to citizens. The effect of this policy has been dramatic. Under communism, state ownership of businesses was estimated to be 97%.[citation needed] Privatization through restitution of real estate to the former owners was largely completed in 1992. By 1998, more than 80% of enterprises were in private hands. Now completed,[citation needed] the program has made Czechs, who own shares of each of the Czech companies, one of the highest per-capita share owners in the world.[citation needed] On the other hand, by the public is the voucher privatisation seen mostly as unfair and source of corruption.[47]

1995–2000

[edit]
Škoda Auto is the largest automobile manufacturer in the Czech Republic.

The country's economic transformation was far from complete. Political and financial crises in 1997 shattered the Czech Republic's image as one of the most stable and prosperous of post-Communist states. Delays in enterprise restructuring and failure to develop a well-functioning capital market played major roles in Czech economic troubles, which culminated in a currency crisis in May. The formerly pegged currency was forced into a floating system as investors sold their Korunas faster than the government could buy them. This followed a worldwide trend to divest from developing countries that year. Investors also worried the republic's economic transformation was far from complete. Another complicating factor was the current account deficit, which reached nearly 8% of GDP.

In response to the crisis, two austerity packages were introduced later in the spring (called vernacularly "The Packages"), which cut government spending by 2.5% of GDP. Growth dropped to 0.3% in 1997, −2.3% in 1998, and −0.5% in 1999. The government established a restructuring agency in 1999 and launched a revitalization program – to spur the sale of firms to foreign companies. Key priorities included accelerating legislative convergence with EU norms, restructuring enterprises, and privatising banks and utilities. The economy, fueled by increased export growth and investment, was expected to recover by 2000.

2000–2005

[edit]

Growth in 2000–05 was supported by exports to the EU, primarily to Germany, and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment. Domestic demand is playing an ever more important role in underpinning growth as interest rates drop and the availability of credit cards and mortgages increases. Current account deficits of around 5% of GDP are beginning to decline as demand for Czech products in the European Union increases. Inflation is under control. Recent accession to the EU gives further impetus and direction to structural reform. In early 2004 the government passed increases in the Value Added Tax (VAT) and tightened eligibility for social benefits with the intention to bring the public finance gap down to 4% of GDP by 2006, but more difficult pension and healthcare reforms will have to wait until after the next elections. Privatization of the state-owned telecommunications firm Český Telecom took place in 2005. Intensified restructuring among large enterprises, improvements in the financial sector, and effective use of available EU funds should strengthen output growth.

2005–2010

[edit]

Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the 2008 financial crisis did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local Czech currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.

However, as a large exporter, the economy was sensitive to the decrease of the demand in Germany and other trading partners. In the middle of 2009, the annual drop of the GDP for 2009 was estimated around 3% or 4.3%,[48] a relatively modest decrease. The impact of the economic crisis may have been limited by the existence of the national currency that temporarily weakened in H1 of 2009, simplifying the life of the exporters. The Czech Republic has a well-educated population and a densely developed infrastructure.[49]

2010–2019

[edit]
Smartwings is the major Czech airline holding company with subsidies including the Czech Airlines.

Due to the Great Recession, Czech Republic was in stagnation or decreasing of GDP. Some commenters and economists criticising fiscally conservative policy of Petr Nečas' right-wing government, especially criticising ex-minister of finance, Miroslav Kalousek. Miroslav Kalousek in a 2008 interview, as minister of finance in the center-right government of Mirek Topolánek, said "Czech Republic will not suffer by financial crisis".[50] In September 2008, Miroslav Kalousek formed state budget with projection of 5% GDP increase in 2009. In 2009 and 2010, Czech Republic suffered strong economical crisis and GDP decreased by 4,5%. From 2009 to 2012, Czech Republic suffered highest state budget deficits in history of independent Czech Republic. From 2008 to 2012, the public debt of Czech Republic increased by 18,9%. Most decrease of industrial output was in construction industry (-25% in 2009, -15,5% in 2013). From 4Q 2009 to 1Q 2013, GDP decreased by 7,8%.

In 2012, Czech government increased VAT. Basic VAT was increased from 20% in 2012 to 21% in 2013 and reduced VAT increased from 14% to 15% in 2013. Small enterprises sales decreased by 21% from 2012 to 2013 as result of increasing VAT.[51] Patria.cz predicting sales stagnation and mild increase in 2013. Another problem is foreign trade. The Czech Republic is considered an export economy (the Czech Republic has strong machinery and automobile industries), however in 2013, foreign trade rapidly decreased which led to many other problems and increase of state budget deficit. In 2013, Czech National Bank, central bank, implemented controversial monetary step. To increase export and employment, CNB wilfully deflated Czech Crown (CZK), which inflation increased from 0.2% in November 2013, to 1.3% in 1Q 2014.

In 2014, GDP in the Czech Republic increased by 2% and is predicted to increase by 2.7% in 2015. In 2015, Czech Republic's economy grew by 4,2% and it's the fastest growing economy in the European Union.[52] On 29 May 2015, it was announced that growth of the Czech economy has increased from calculated 3,9% to 4,2%.[53]

Cybersecurity software company Avast had its IPO on the Prague Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange in 2018. The information and communications technology (ICT) and software development is a major sector of the Czech economy.[54]

In August 2015, Czech GDP growth was 4.4%, making the Czech economy the highest growing in Europe.[55] On 9 November 2015, unemployment in the Czech Republic was at 5.9%, the lowest number since February 2009.[56] On the other hand, the economy suffers from dividends being paid to the foreign owners of Czech companies (in 2016 worth CZK 289 billion). It is seen as a hurdle to catching up with the Western European economies and as a reason for salaries being only a third of neighbouring Germany or Austria.[57] In 2019 it was described by The Guardian as "one of Europe's most flourishing economies"[58]

2020-present

[edit]

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in the early 2020s as well as the European energy crisis caused by the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 hit the Czech economy hard. In 2023, the conservative German newspaper Die Welt called the Czech Republic "Europe's sick man" as it was the only country not to economically recover from the pandemic trap. Furthermore, the newspaper highlighting the danger of the Czech Republic being stuck in the middle-income trap,[59] although it is labelled as high-income country by the World Bank since 2006.

In June 2026, the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) of the manufacturing sector stood at a high 53.9, which was mostly attributed to customer stockpiling and stronger demand conditions.[60]

Adoption of Euro and EU funds

[edit]

Since its accession to the European Union in 2004, the Czech Republic has adopted the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and it is bound by the Treaty of Accession 2003 to adopt the Euro currency in the future.

Although the Czech Republic is economically well positioned to adopt the euro, there is no target date by the government for joining the ERM II or adopting the euro as the general public is against Euro adoption.[61] The cabinet that was formed following the 2017 legislative election did not plan to proceed with euro adoption within its term,[62] and this policy was continued by the succeeding cabinet formed after the 2021 Czech parliamentary election.[63] However, in January 2024, President Petr Pavel called on the government to take concrete steps in adopting the euro.[64]

The Czech Republic also receives €24.2bn between 2014 and 2020 from the European Structural and Investment Funds,[65][66] however, this sum does not outweigh the amount of capital outflow of profits of foreign owned firms from the Czech Republic into other EU members, at which the funds are aimed to compensate for.[67]

Public policy

[edit]
Ministry of Industry and Trade

Social policy in the Czech Republic addresses issues such as healthcare, education, social welfare, housing and pensions. While the Czech Republic's welfare and social system incorporate elements of the European social model, these policys also differ from this model in some respects.

The Czech Republic provides [68] social assistance and benefits to vulnerable groups, including the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. The government also provides universal access to healthcare, and healthcare services are predominantly financed through compulsory health insurance contributions.[citation needed]

The Czech Republic has labor market regulations[69] in place to protect workers' rights, ensure fair wages, and promote job security. However, labor market flexibility has increased in recent years, and the country has undertaken labor market reforms to enhance competitiveness.[citation needed]

As of 2016, the Czech Republic has the second lowest poverty rate of OECD members only behind Denmark.[32] The Czech healthcare system ranks 13th in the 2016 Euro health consumer index.[70]

Prague Stock Exchange

[edit]
Prague Stock Exchange

The Czech economy also includes its capital market. In the case of the Czech Republic, it is the Prague Stock Exchange (PSE).[71] The Prague Stock Exchange is governed by the Capital Market Business Act and the stock exchange rules it sets itself. All of its activities are controlled by the Czech National Bank. The Vienna Stock Exchange is the majority shareholder of the Prague Stock Exchange.

The Prague Stock Exchange has four main markets:

  • Prime Market[72] - a market for trading the largest and most prestigious issues of shares of Czech and foreign companies (the market capitalization of the company should exceed EUR 1 million)
  • Standard Market[73] - a market designed for trading large and prestigious issues of shares of Czech and foreign companies (Market Capitalization of the company should exceed EUR 1 million)
  • Free Market[74] - a market admits to trading both investment instruments for which the issuer has requested admission to trading and investment instruments traded on other world exchanges which are admitted to trading without the issuer's consent
  • START Market[75] - a market for smaller innovative companies (Small and Medium Enterprises) that wish to raise new capital or whose owners wish to partially or wholly exit their existing business to capitalise their existing operations

The largest issue traded on the Prague Stock Exchange is the energy company ČEZ.[76] The main activity of ČEZ is the sale of electricity, mainly generated from its own sources, and the related provision of support services to the electricity system. Other large issues on the Prague Stock Exchange's Prime Market include banking houses - Komerční banka,[77] MONETA Money Bank[78] and the dual listing of the Austrian company Erste Group Bank,[79] under which the local bank Česká spořitelna[80] falls; as well as Colt CZ Group[81] focusing mainly on the production of firearms (traded on the Prague Stock Exchange from 2020). From the Standard market, the largest issue is Philip Morris ČR, the largest manufacturer and seller of tobacco products in the Czech Republic. On the START market, we find, for example, e-commerce companies Bezvavlasy[82] and Pilulka Lékárny,[83] leather manufacturer and processor KARO Leather[84] or urban furniture manufacturer mmcité.[85]

Energy

[edit]

In Czech Republic energy production is diverse, with a mix of nuclear, coal, natural gas, and renewable sources. Nuclear power plays a significant role, while efforts to increase renewable usage are underway. The country aims to balance energy security, environmental concerns and sustainability in its energy policies. National objectives are to cut gas emissions by 40 percent by 2030 (compared with 1990) and to construct one nuclear reactor at the current Dukovany NPP site by late 2030s.[86]

The Czech energy sector is largely built around two large nuclear plants and several smaller conventional coal power plants. Nuclear and coal power plants provide primarily baseload power at a high level of utilization, while gas fired units, reservoir hydro and pumped storage provide flexible generation. Recent rises in costs of carbon credits have made coal power plants almost financially inviable. [86]

in 2022, Czech gross electricity production reached 78.8 terawatt-hours (TWh), while domestic consumption was around 60.4 TWh. The Czech energy mix was made up of 53.60 percent fossil fuels (47.50 percent lignite, 5.86 percent natural gas, etc.), 40.95 percent nuclear power, and 5.46 percent renewables (3.34 percent biomass, 1.47 percent solar, 0.63 percent water, etc.). The first green hydrogen electrolyzer powered by solar energy in the Czech Republic started in May 2023 with production capacity of about 100 kilograms per day / 8,000 kilograms of green hydrogen per year.  [86]

While the goal of EU funds is to support a sustainable low-carbon-emission economy and ensure energy security by utilizing alternative energies, the Czech approach is different. As described in the State Energy Policy, the future Czech energy mix will be primarily based on nuclear power with a goal of reaching 50 percent of the energy supply. Due to EU regulations, the share of coal energy will decrease but be largely replaced by both one (and possibly more) large nuclear reactors. The deployment of a series of small modular reactors is also under consideration by the Czechs. The share of alternative energies will grow but its potential for becoming the backbone of the energy sector is unclear.[86][87][88]

Statistical indicators

[edit]
Real GPD per capita development the Czech Republic 1970 to 2018
Percentage of GDP growth in the Czech Republic 1997–2019
Average gross wage in the Czech Republic (1990–2015)
EU by GNI per capita, PPP (current international $). World Bank 2016

Development of main indicators

[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 2015–2026. Inflation under 2% is in green.[89]

Year GDP
(in bn. US$ PPP)		 GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)		 GDP
(in bn. US$ nominal)		 GDP growth
(real)		 Inflation rate
(in Percent)		 Unemployment
(in Percent)		 Government debt
(in % of GDP)
2015 Increase376.0 Increase35,680 Decrease189.1 Increase5.0 % Increase0.3 % Positive decrease5.0 % Positive decrease39.5 %
2016 Increase389.4 Increase36,807 Increase198.2 Increase2.6 % Increase0.6 % Positive decrease3.9 % Positive decrease36.2 %
2017 Increase416.8 Increase39,288 Increase221.6 Increase5.2 % Negative increase2.4 % Positive decrease2.9 % Positive decrease33.8 %
2018 Increase442.6 Increase41,560 Increase252.0 Increase2.8 % Negative increase2.2 % Positive decrease2.2 % Positive decrease31.7 %
2019 Increase486.8 Increase45,520 Increase256.8 Increase3.6 % Negative increase2.8 % Positive decrease2.0 % Positive decrease29.6 %
2020 Decrease479.7 Decrease44,823 Decrease251.1 Decrease−5.3 % Negative increase3.2 % Negative increase2.5 % Negative increase36.9 %
2021 Increase525.2 Increase49,944 Increase291.0 Increase4.0 % Negative increase3.9 % Negative increase2.7 % Negative increase40.7 %
2022 Increase578.6 Increase53,440 Increase301.8 Increase2.8 % Negative increase15.1 % Positive decrease2.2 % Negative increase42.5 %
2023 Increase600.3 Increase55,325 Increase345.1 Steady0.0 % Negative increase10.7 % Negative increase2.6 % Positive decrease42.2 %
2024 Increase622.9 Increase56,964 Increase347.1 Increase1.3 % Negative increase2.4 % Steady2.6 % Negative increase43.3 %
2025 Increase656.9 Increase60,247 Increase389.0 Increase2.5 % Negative increase2.5 % Negative increase2.9 % Negative increase44.6 %
2026 Increase690.8 Increase63,550 Increase432.6 Increase2.2 % Negative increase2.4 % Negative increase3.0 % Negative increase46.4 %

Background

[edit]

From the CIA World Factbook 2017 GDP (pp.): $353.9 billion (2016) GDP (nom.): $195.3 billion (2016) GDP Growth: 2.6% (2016) GDP per capita (pp.): $33,500 (2016) GDP per capita (nom.): $18,487 (2016) GDP by sector: Agriculture: 2.5% Industry: 37.5% Services: 60% (2016) Inflation: 0.7% (2016) Labour Force: 5.427 million (2017) Unemployment: 2,3% (September 2018)[90]

Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2016)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: (2015)

  • lowest 10%: 4.1%
  • highest 10%: 21.7%

Public Debt: 34.2% GDP (2018)

Trade and finance

[edit]
Treemap of product exports from the Czech Republic in 2019.Cars (transportation) — 11.35% — US$ 22,525,875,719Vehicle parts (transportation) — 7.63% — US$ 15,131,658,388Computers (machines) — 5.37% — US$ 10,652,089,188Broadcasting equipment (machines) — 4.88% — US$ 9,683,883,694Office machine parts (machines) — 2.31% — US$ 4,573,917,606Insulated wire (machines) — 1.58% — US$ 3,141,426,598Seats (miscellaneous) — 1.57% — US$ 3,119,967,737Low-voltage protection equipment (machines) — 1.48% — US$ 2,931,807,197Models and stuffed animals (miscellaneous) — 1.32% — US$ 2,620,696,258Liquid pumps (machines) — 1.19% — US$ 2,363,995,486Packaged medicaments (chemical products) — 1.16% — US$ 2,295,772,083Electrical lighting and signalling equipment (machines) — 1.06% — US$ 2,107,367,954Rubber tires (plastics and rubbers) — 1.05% — US$ 2,092,732,535Centrifuges (machines) — 0.98% — US$ 1,952,739,388Other plastic products (plastics and rubbers) — 0.95% — US$ 1,891,206,646Air conditioners (machines) — 0.91% — US$ 1,796,729,770Other iron products (metals) — 0.87% — US$ 1,729,657,567Machinery having individual functions (machines) — 0.85% — US$ 1,691,790,625Valves (machines) — 0.85% — US$ 1,690,637,208Electricity (mineral products) — 0.80% — US$ 1,583,660,965Electrical control boards (machines) — 0.78% — US$ 1,553,176,993Video displays (machines) — 0.74% — US$ 1,471,953,337Excavation machinery (machines) — 0.66% — US$ 1,312,373,211Iron structures (metals) — 0.66% — US$ 1,301,032,558Electric motors (machines) — 0.64% — US$ 1,278,588,482Air pumps (machines) — 0.60% — US$ 1,191,740,241Refined petroleum (mineral products) — 0.60% — US$ 1,183,162,463Engine parts (machines) — 0.58% — US$ 1,152,876,734Integrated circuits (machines) — 0.57% — US$ 1,137,655,172Electrical power accessories (machines) — 0.57% — US$ 1,134,602,700Other furniture (miscellaneous) — 0.50% — US$ 995,833,282Blank audio media (machines) — 0.50% — US$ 994,239,516Plastic pipes (plastics and rubbers) — 0.49% — US$ 965,898,543Refrigerators (machines) — 0.47% — US$ 941,561,141Toilet paper (paper goods) — 0.45% — US$ 886,502,479Electric batteries (machines) — 0.44% — US$ 869,858,298Buses (transportation) — 0.43% — US$ 858,470,176Electrical transformers (machines) — 0.43% — US$ 846,691,710Rolled tobacco (foodstuffs) — 0.40% — US$ 796,938,297Rough wood (wood products) — 0.39% — US$ 783,729,317Gas turbines (machines) — 0.39% — US$ 764,422,729Industrial printers (machines) — 0.38% — US$ 751,175,243Transmissions (machines) — 0.37% — US$ 743,527,287Locomotive parts (transportation) — 0.37% — US$ 728,272,137Electrical capacitors (machines) — 0.36% — US$ 710,733,214Telephones (machines) — 0.34% — US$ 684,330,835Large construction vehicles (machines) — 0.33% — US$ 664,499,288Cleaning products (chemical products) — 0.33% — US$ 664,243,805Scrap iron (metals) — 0.33% — US$ 661,470,412Plastic lids (plastics and rubbers) — 0.32% — US$ 625,799,144Non-optical microscopes (instruments) — 0.31% — US$ 624,930,553Beauty products (chemical products) — 0.31% — US$ 616,392,479Metal mountings (metals) — 0.30% — US$ 600,309,795Other rubber products (plastics and rubbers) — 0.30% — US$ 592,879,847Animal food (foodstuffs) — 0.29% — US$ 569,672,865Microphones and headphones (machines) — 0.29% — US$ 566,290,976Iron fasteners (metals) — 0.28% — US$ 565,434,738Padlocks (metals) — 0.28% — US$ 563,015,947Medical instruments (instruments) — 0.27% — US$ 544,427,540Spark-ignition engines (machines) — 0.27% — US$ 536,528,971Rubber pipes (plastics and rubbers) — 0.27% — US$ 532,047,901Video recording equipment (machines) — 0.27% — US$ 529,662,397Other aluminium products (metals) — 0.27% — US$ 526,814,068Iron pipes (metals) — 0.26% — US$ 511,119,637Uncoated kraft paper (paper goods) — 0.25% — US$ 504,907,423Aircraft parts (transportation) — 0.25% — US$ 488,248,667Baked goods (foodstuffs) — 0.25% — US$ 487,709,923Sports equipment (miscellaneous) — 0.24% — US$ 484,982,136Perfumes (chemical products) — 0.24% — US$ 469,652,640Electric heaters (machines) — 0.23% — US$ 456,564,772Raw plastic sheeting (plastics and rubbers) — 0.23% — US$ 456,276,830Other heating machinery (machines) — 0.23% — US$ 450,875,354Metal insulating fittings (machines) — 0.23% — US$ 448,276,071Brochures (paper goods) — 0.23% — US$ 447,872,564Other edible preparations (foodstuffs) — 0.22% — US$ 446,248,864Light fixtures (miscellaneous) — 0.22% — US$ 444,805,744Safety glass (stone and glass) — 0.22% — US$ 444,696,525Sawn wood (wood products) — 0.22% — US$ 431,892,652Glass fibers (stone and glass) — 0.22% — US$ 430,014,761Chemical analysis instruments (instruments) — 0.21% — US$ 425,940,338Other domestic electric housewares (machines) — 0.21% — US$ 424,760,447Other printed material (paper goods) — 0.21% — US$ 419,623,838Video and card games (miscellaneous) — 0.21% — US$ 410,191,884Wheat (vegetable products) — 0.21% — US$ 409,422,508Other electrical machinery (machines) — 0.21% — US$ 408,998,918Vehicle bodies (transportation) — 0.21% — US$ 407,657,736Hot-rolled iron bars (metals) — 0.21% — US$ 407,276,807Non-woven textiles (textiles) — 0.20% — US$ 402,675,686Paper containers (paper goods) — 0.20% — US$ 399,513,386Other cast iron products (metals) — 0.20% — US$ 399,274,857Prefabricated buildings (miscellaneous) — 0.20% — US$ 397,995,267Propylene polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.20% — US$ 396,871,109Lifting machinery (machines) — 0.20% — US$ 395,396,904Harvesting machinery (machines) — 0.20% — US$ 392,986,301Washing and bottling machines (machines) — 0.20% — US$ 388,482,761Radio receivers (machines) — 0.19% — US$ 386,335,118Ethylene polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.19% — US$ 382,164,633Broadcasting accessories (machines) — 0.19% — US$ 380,596,672Trailers (transportation) — 0.19% — US$ 378,393,306Milk (animal products) — 0.19% — US$ 373,949,817Optical fibers (instruments) — 0.19% — US$ 369,713,383Other measuring instruments (instruments) — 0.18% — US$ 365,049,546Textile processing machines (machines) — 0.18% — US$ 362,433,168Electric motor parts (machines) — 0.18% — US$ 361,030,372Textile footwear (footwear and headwear) — 0.18% — US$ 359,095,562Trunks and cases (animal hides) — 0.18% — US$ 358,368,421Non-knit men's suits (textiles) — 0.18% — US$ 352,175,704Metalworking machine parts (machines) — 0.18% — US$ 350,810,279Blood, antisera, vaccines, toxins and cultures (chemical products) — 0.17% — US$ 346,374,854Interior decorative glassware (stone and glass) — 0.17% — US$ 339,028,266Thermostats (instruments) — 0.17% — US$ 335,750,840Beer (foodstuffs) — 0.17% — US$ 331,123,651Hot-rolled iron (metals) — 0.17% — US$ 330,243,496Bandages (chemical products) — 0.16% — US$ 326,676,665Electrical ignitions (machines) — 0.16% — US$ 325,610,920Iron wire (metals) — 0.16% — US$ 318,445,151Polyacetals (plastics and rubbers) — 0.16% — US$ 317,694,898Revolution counters (instruments) — 0.16% — US$ 315,826,183Industrial fatty acids, oils and alcohols (chemical products) — 0.16% — US$ 311,707,381Rubberworking machinery (machines) — 0.16% — US$ 310,200,573Ferroalloys (metals) — 0.15% — US$ 306,418,358Synthetic rubber (plastics and rubbers) — 0.15% — US$ 305,666,538Razor blades (metals) — 0.15% — US$ 303,693,823Precious metal scraps (precious metals) — 0.15% — US$ 300,650,427Interchangeable tool parts (metals) — 0.15% — US$ 298,982,412Chocolate (foodstuffs) — 0.15% — US$ 295,769,042Other plastic sheetings (plastics and rubbers) — 0.15% — US$ 292,467,434Metal finishing machines (machines) — 0.15% — US$ 289,281,141Particle board (wood products) — 0.15% — US$ 288,989,556Plastic building materials (plastics and rubbers) — 0.15% — US$ 288,557,722Navigation equipment (machines) — 0.14% — US$ 284,426,197Semiconductor devices (machines) — 0.14% — US$ 284,157,972Knit t-shirts (textiles) — 0.14% — US$ 280,237,731Other steel bars (metals) — 0.14% — US$ 277,071,907Leather footwear (footwear and headwear) — 0.14% — US$ 274,733,438Aluminium structures (metals) — 0.14% — US$ 273,599,824Non-iron and steel slag, ash and residues (mineral products) — 0.14% — US$ 269,437,705Iron springs (metals) — 0.13% — US$ 264,991,598Vacuum cleaners (machines) — 0.13% — US$ 264,334,122Petroleum gas (mineral products) — 0.13% — US$ 263,525,220Knitting machine accessories (machines) — 0.13% — US$ 255,734,991Other small iron pipes (metals) — 0.13% — US$ 254,020,685Spring, air, and gas guns (weapons) — 0.13% — US$ 250,366,292Aluminium bars (metals) — 0.12% — US$ 247,852,634Other engines (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 247,332,989Scrap copper (metals) — 0.12% — US$ 247,029,504Metal molds (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 244,572,033Ball bearings (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 242,732,742Wood carpentry (wood products) — 0.12% — US$ 241,297,090Wood crates (wood products) — 0.12% — US$ 241,024,069Rapeseed oil (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.12% — US$ 238,990,379Cheese (animal products) — 0.12% — US$ 237,080,906Gas and liquid flow measuring instruments (instruments) — 0.12% — US$ 235,894,103Electric soldering equipment (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 234,369,463Detonating fuses (chemical products) — 0.12% — US$ 234,279,083Aluminium cans (metals) — 0.12% — US$ 233,722,506Stone processing machines (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 233,385,159Soil preparation machinery (machines) — 0.12% — US$ 233,070,511Flavored water (foodstuffs) — 0.11% — US$ 227,474,083Steam turbines (machines) — 0.11% — US$ 225,515,254Raw iron bars (metals) — 0.11% — US$ 224,419,962Dissolving grades chemical woodpulp (paper goods) — 0.11% — US$ 223,561,411Fork-lifts (machines) — 0.11% — US$ 221,188,156Iron gas containers (metals) — 0.11% — US$ 219,925,109Cement articles (stone and glass) — 0.11% — US$ 218,601,777Prepared wool or animal hair (textiles) — 0.11% — US$ 218,514,453Hair products (chemical products) — 0.11% — US$ 217,427,438Dyeing finishing agents (chemical products) — 0.11% — US$ 215,504,319Bovine (animal products) — 0.11% — US$ 214,635,948Knit sweaters (textiles) — 0.11% — US$ 211,990,415Iron pipe fittings (metals) — 0.11% — US$ 211,157,064Motorcycles (transportation) — 0.11% — US$ 210,221,626Non-knit women's suits (textiles) — 0.11% — US$ 209,974,444Coal briquettes (mineral products) — 0.11% — US$ 208,885,779Coke (mineral products) — 0.10% — US$ 205,555,911Planes, helicopters, and/or spacecraft (transportation) — 0.10% — US$ 204,952,059Delivery trucks (transportation) — 0.10% — US$ 203,587,923Liquid dispersing machines (machines) — 0.10% — US$ 196,289,495Brooms (miscellaneous) — 0.10% — US$ 194,429,550Metal stoppers (metals) — 0.10% — US$ 194,176,806Printed circuit boards (machines) — 0.10% — US$ 193,389,583Confectionery sugar (foodstuffs) — 0.10% — US$ 192,712,642Household washing machines (machines) — 0.10% — US$ 192,252,395Tractors (transportation) — 0.10% — US$ 192,062,857Rapeseed (vegetable products) — 0.09% — US$ 186,560,176Glass bottles (stone and glass) — 0.09% — US$ 185,702,199Reaction and catalytic products (chemical products) — 0.09% — US$ 185,096,397Iron blocks (metals) — 0.09% — US$ 183,937,661Rubber sheets (plastics and rubbers) — 0.09% — US$ 181,452,428Raw aluminium (metals) — 0.09% — US$ 181,072,709Iron railway products (metals) — 0.09% — US$ 179,946,919Amine compounds (chemical products) — 0.09% — US$ 175,299,314Iron radiators (metals) — 0.09% — US$ 169,930,871Cyclic hydrocarbons (chemical products) — 0.09% — US$ 169,727,992Medical furniture (miscellaneous) — 0.09% — US$ 169,641,082Bi-wheel vehicle parts (transportation) — 0.09% — US$ 169,207,276Therapeutic appliances (instruments) — 0.08% — US$ 163,881,057Coffee (vegetable products) — 0.08% — US$ 162,648,474Compounded unvulcanised rubber (plastics and rubbers) — 0.08% — US$ 162,618,949Oscilloscopes (instruments) — 0.08% — US$ 161,576,631Rubber footwear (footwear and headwear) — 0.08% — US$ 161,410,519Styrene polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.08% — US$ 160,930,608House linens (textiles) — 0.08% — US$ 160,016,263Boat propellers (machines) — 0.08% — US$ 158,293,509Non-knit men's coats (textiles) — 0.08% — US$ 157,430,100Shaving products (chemical products) — 0.08% — US$ 150,387,952Synthetic filament yarn woven fabric (textiles) — 0.07% — US$ 148,528,415Steel wire (metals) — 0.07% — US$ 147,277,685Unglazed ceramics (stone and glass) — 0.07% — US$ 145,160,253Petroleum coke (mineral products) — 0.07% — US$ 144,410,394Small iron containers (metals) — 0.07% — US$ 143,474,324Carbon (chemical products) — 0.07% — US$ 140,336,779Other coloring matter (chemical products) — 0.07% — US$ 139,345,088Coffee and tea extracts (foodstuffs) — 0.07% — US$ 137,090,810Plywood (wood products) — 0.07% — US$ 134,496,758Shaped paper (paper goods) — 0.07% — US$ 134,377,981Non-retail synthetic filament yarn (textiles) — 0.07% — US$ 134,180,246Industrial food preperation machinery (machines) — 0.07% — US$ 133,866,129Raw sugar (foodstuffs) — 0.07% — US$ 132,249,943Nitrogenous fertilizers (chemical products) — 0.07% — US$ 130,160,669Other cloth articles (textiles) — 0.06% — US$ 128,477,433Iron stovetops (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 128,320,151Audio alarms (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 127,811,247Flat flat-rolled steel (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 127,428,485Electric generating sets (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 126,374,579Refractory ceramics (stone and glass) — 0.06% — US$ 124,938,256Other prepared meat (foodstuffs) — 0.06% — US$ 124,309,124Large flat-rolled iron (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 124,217,776Other vegetable residues (foodstuffs) — 0.06% — US$ 123,871,229Electrical resistors (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 123,367,614Plastic housewares (plastics and rubbers) — 0.06% — US$ 122,804,464Cellulose fibers paper (paper goods) — 0.06% — US$ 122,511,771Specialized vehicles (transportation) — 0.06% — US$ 122,508,365Stainless steel wire (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 119,522,061Steel ingots (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 119,372,954Rock wool (stone and glass) — 0.06% — US$ 116,423,861X-ray equipment (instruments) — 0.06% — US$ 114,819,001Other stone articles (stone and glass) — 0.06% — US$ 114,360,926Unpackaged medicaments (chemical products) — 0.06% — US$ 114,164,166Float glass (stone and glass) — 0.06% — US$ 113,816,204Aluminium plating (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 113,363,110Plastic coated textile fabric (textiles) — 0.06% — US$ 113,345,875Fuel wood (wood products) — 0.06% — US$ 113,032,894Coated flat-rolled iron (metals) — 0.06% — US$ 111,374,888Bathroom ceramics (stone and glass) — 0.06% — US$ 111,370,806Bicycles (transportation) — 0.06% — US$ 111,243,401Drilling machines (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 111,011,482Gold (precious metals) — 0.06% — US$ 109,978,791Central heating boilers (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 109,037,766Window dressings (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 108,943,978Non-knit women's coats (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 108,932,999Sewing machines (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 108,009,796Iron sheet piling (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 105,891,217Iron chains (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 105,053,011Knit women's suits (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 104,725,132Pens (miscellaneous) — 0.05% — US$ 104,410,710Ink (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 103,210,079Iron cloth (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 103,068,939Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 103,028,797Coated metal soldering products (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 102,826,568Large iron containers (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 101,905,631Pesticides (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 101,699,719Non-retail combed wool yarn (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 101,505,336Glaziers putty (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 101,166,697Eyewear frames (instruments) — 0.05% — US$ 100,802,285Other hand tools (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 100,422,706Large flat-rolled stainless steel (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 99,975,869Iron housewares (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 99,646,825Recovered paper (paper goods) — 0.05% — US$ 99,570,250Light rubberized knitted fabric (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 99,042,174Vegetable alkaloids (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 98,290,361Malt extract (foodstuffs) — 0.05% — US$ 97,082,942Hydrometers (instruments) — 0.05% — US$ 96,769,136Self-adhesive plastics (plastics and rubbers) — 0.05% — US$ 94,473,716Malt (vegetable products) — 0.05% — US$ 94,386,310Handguns (weapons) — 0.05% — US$ 94,055,900Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 93,806,443Steel bars (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 93,514,954Light pure woven cotton (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 93,492,820Sausages (foodstuffs) — 0.05% — US$ 93,358,024Electromagnets (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 92,979,194Metal lathes (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 92,027,465Uncoated paper (paper goods) — 0.05% — US$ 91,754,286Other iron bars (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 91,006,826Knit socks and hosiery (textiles) — 0.05% — US$ 90,706,477Raw lead (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 90,182,313Seed oils (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.05% — US$ 89,856,796Candles (chemical products) — 0.05% — US$ 89,409,468Prepared cereals (foodstuffs) — 0.05% — US$ 89,341,180Vinyl chloride polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.04% — US$ 88,901,862Other uncoated paper (paper goods) — 0.04% — US$ 88,520,097Mattresses (miscellaneous) — 0.04% — US$ 87,256,458Aluminium foil (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 86,698,656Combed wool or animal hair fabric (textiles) — 0.04% — US$ 86,401,260Hard liquor (foodstuffs) — 0.04% — US$ 86,287,341Sound recordings (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 85,367,243High-voltage protection equipment (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 85,354,498Tufted carpets (textiles) — 0.04% — US$ 85,347,639Plastic wash basins (plastics and rubbers) — 0.04% — US$ 85,168,845Industrial furnaces (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 85,025,989Metalworking transfer machines (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 84,833,748Orthopedic appliances (instruments) — 0.04% — US$ 83,720,274Glass beads (stone and glass) — 0.04% — US$ 82,906,286Semi-finished iron (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 82,735,740Concentrated milk (animal products) — 0.04% — US$ 82,448,818Vehicle chassis (transportation) — 0.04% — US$ 82,403,713Motor-working tools (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 81,985,388Cranes (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 81,669,459Forging machines (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 81,300,348Woodworking machines (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 81,134,121Poultry (animal products) — 0.04% — US$ 79,982,840Scrap aluminium (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 79,806,612Explosive ammunition (weapons) — 0.04% — US$ 79,691,834Technical use textiles (textiles) — 0.04% — US$ 79,237,755Glass mirrors (stone and glass) — 0.04% — US$ 78,953,869Laboratory reagents (chemical products) — 0.04% — US$ 77,476,181Electric furnaces (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 76,839,761Metal-rolling mills (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 76,450,093Tool plates (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 76,424,807Corrugated paper (paper goods) — 0.04% — US$ 76,410,507Shipping containers (transportation) — 0.04% — US$ 76,373,358Paper notebooks (paper goods) — 0.04% — US$ 75,871,933Polycarboxylic acids (chemical products) — 0.04% — US$ 75,816,554Pitch coke (mineral products) — 0.04% — US$ 75,762,450Acyclic hydrocarbons (chemical products) — 0.04% — US$ 75,712,220Papermaking machines (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 75,581,713Other oily seeds (vegetable products) — 0.04% — US$ 74,652,410Flexible metal tubing (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 73,823,323Fermented milk products (animal products) — 0.04% — US$ 73,193,301Cutting blades (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 73,077,972Pig meat (animal products) — 0.04% — US$ 73,052,900Porcelain tableware (stone and glass) — 0.04% — US$ 71,387,749Armored vehicles (transportation) — 0.04% — US$ 71,259,496Jewellery (precious metals) — 0.04% — US$ 70,850,015Processed tobacco (foodstuffs) — 0.04% — US$ 70,813,857Other wood articles (wood products) — 0.04% — US$ 70,619,009Other paper machinery (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 70,557,428Steam boilers (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 70,149,144Cigarette paper (paper goods) — 0.03% — US$ 69,001,778Electric filament (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 68,463,747Base metal watches (instruments) — 0.03% — US$ 68,462,256Glass working machines (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 68,009,702Kaolin (mineral products) — 0.03% — US$ 67,996,269Railway freight cars (transportation) — 0.03% — US$ 67,657,842Veneer sheets (wood products) — 0.03% — US$ 67,349,730Polyamide fabric (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 67,182,894Synthetic coloring matter (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 66,305,096Sauces and seasonings (foodstuffs) — 0.03% — US$ 66,083,688Soap (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 65,895,601Refractory bricks (stone and glass) — 0.03% — US$ 65,789,621Pigs (animal products) — 0.03% — US$ 65,780,515Twine and rope (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 65,183,261Awnings, tents, and sails (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 64,638,362Vegetable saps (vegetable products) — 0.03% — US$ 62,734,364Glass bricks (stone and glass) — 0.03% — US$ 62,194,977Other women's undergarments (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 61,066,740Nonaqueous paints (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 61,004,791Asbestos cement articles (stone and glass) — 0.03% — US$ 60,275,407Shaped wood (wood products) — 0.03% — US$ 60,058,654Batteries (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 58,827,443Bovine meat (animal products) — 0.03% — US$ 58,439,832Combustion engines (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 57,457,319Eyewear (instruments) — 0.03% — US$ 57,282,052Cement (mineral products) — 0.03% — US$ 56,996,969Vegetable parchment (paper goods) — 0.03% — US$ 56,864,171Lignite (mineral products) — 0.03% — US$ 56,585,895Monofilament (plastics and rubbers) — 0.03% — US$ 55,794,599Textile fiber machinery (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 55,709,310Paper labels (paper goods) — 0.03% — US$ 55,412,875Cyanides (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 54,408,468Abrasive powder (stone and glass) — 0.03% — US$ 54,054,260Newspapers (paper goods) — 0.03% — US$ 53,673,482Sodium or potassium peroxides (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 52,681,489Non-retail artificial filament yarn (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 52,609,881Aqueous paints (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 52,282,404Unprocessed synthetic staple fibers (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 52,275,329Pencils and crayons (miscellaneous) — 0.03% — US$ 52,111,727Mirrors and lenses (instruments) — 0.03% — US$ 52,109,817Acrylic polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.03% — US$ 51,975,241Knit women's undergarments (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 51,601,681Opto-electric instrument parts (instruments) — 0.03% — US$ 51,168,064Platinum (precious metals) — 0.03% — US$ 50,816,336Phosphinates and phosphonates (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 50,723,218Bedspreads (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 50,178,359Eggs (animal products) — 0.03% — US$ 50,071,499Barley (vegetable products) — 0.03% — US$ 50,022,897Felt or coated fabric garments (textiles) — 0.03% — US$ 49,970,086Flat-rolled iron (metals) — 0.03% — US$ 49,683,329Other agricultural machinery (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 49,658,273Hops (vegetable products) — 0.02% — US$ 49,591,629Lead sheets (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 49,520,028Large coated flat-rolled iron (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 49,466,788Traffic signals (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 49,320,831Copper plating (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 49,229,964Amino-resins (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 49,067,606Carbides (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 48,966,398Knit men's undergarments (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 48,848,860Hand saws (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 48,686,083Other copper products (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 48,259,456Other locomotives (transportation) — 0.02% — US$ 48,057,071Other leather articles (animal hides) — 0.02% — US$ 48,000,410Whey (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 47,983,395Bananas (vegetable products) — 0.02% — US$ 47,697,063Self-propelled rail transport (transportation) — 0.02% — US$ 47,227,994Iron toiletry (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 46,972,460Fish fillets (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 46,894,014Gaskets (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 46,870,163Ice cream (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 46,833,329Disc chemicals for electronics (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 46,749,310Milling stones (stone and glass) — 0.02% — US$ 46,645,847Live fish (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 46,332,383Tungsten (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 45,737,904Carbon-based electronics (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 45,503,134Radioactive chemicals (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 45,475,918Hydraulic turbines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 45,458,482Other processed vegetables (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 45,396,975Poultry meat (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 44,929,196Carboxylic acids (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 44,711,953Utility meters (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 44,599,084Non-knit men's shirts (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 44,596,411Metal pickling preparations (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 44,564,504Other knit garments (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 44,539,709Other processed fruits and nuts (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 43,679,544Knitted hats (footwear and headwear) — 0.02% — US$ 43,241,461Metalworking machines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 42,946,891Packing bags (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 42,730,589Electrical insulators (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 42,604,770Aluminium pipes (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 42,446,037Non-fillet fresh fish (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 42,237,618Narrow woven fabric (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 42,198,875Pasta (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 42,122,678Other precious metal products (precious metals) — 0.02% — US$ 41,718,614Dental products (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 40,553,630Pulley systems (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 39,559,568Clays (mineral products) — 0.02% — US$ 39,357,858Laboratory ceramic ware (stone and glass) — 0.02% — US$ 39,016,426Prepared pigments (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 38,999,586Phosphoric acid (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 38,859,871Halogenated hydrocarbons (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 38,332,982Leather apparel (animal hides) — 0.02% — US$ 38,228,821Glues (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 38,121,564Other headwear (footwear and headwear) — 0.02% — US$ 37,901,006Polyamides (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 37,743,479Scrap plastic (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 37,720,964Cold-rolled iron (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 37,668,360Nucleic acids (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 37,560,092Jams (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 37,529,770Lubricating products (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 37,348,353Corn (vegetable products) — 0.02% — US$ 37,314,527Plastic floor coverings (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 36,919,149Footwear parts (footwear and headwear) — 0.02% — US$ 36,820,145Special pharmaceuticals (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 36,656,301Weapons parts and accessories (weapons) — 0.02% — US$ 36,592,518Other nickel products (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 36,471,156Soups and broths (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 35,986,951Non-knit women's shirts (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 35,760,693Coal tar oil (mineral products) — 0.02% — US$ 35,636,627Instructional models (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 35,618,882Tanned equine and bovine hides (animal hides) — 0.02% — US$ 35,523,767Other zinc products (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 35,344,341Silicone (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 35,168,111Glass with edge workings (stone and glass) — 0.02% — US$ 34,914,808Knit men's shirts (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 34,880,648Sowing seeds (vegetable products) — 0.02% — US$ 34,844,447Casting machines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 34,760,105Rubber belting (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 34,688,779Knit men's coats (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 34,649,062Natural polymers (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 34,648,062Other construction vehicles (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 34,419,014Other metal fasteners (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 34,079,472Chlorides (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 33,478,036Copper pipe fittings (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 33,450,842Other firearms (weapons) — 0.02% — US$ 33,402,540Cellulose (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 33,245,904Plaster articles (stone and glass) — 0.02% — US$ 33,211,807Aluminium housewares (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 33,026,156Drafting tools (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 32,829,338Vending machines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 32,495,702Knit gloves (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 32,259,985Safes (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 32,033,623Mill machinery (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 31,691,818Processed fish (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 31,586,921Titanium (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 31,289,165Other inorganic acids (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 31,159,372Other vegetables (vegetable products) — 0.02% — US$ 30,905,039Wine (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 30,264,429Soldering and welding machinery (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 29,862,281Conveyor belt textiles (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 29,457,696Insulating glass (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 29,426,671Rubber textile fabric (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 29,239,743Non-mechanical removal machinery (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 29,184,819Laboratory glassware (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 29,002,137Calculators (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 28,994,335Hair trimmers (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 28,920,563Wood fiberboard (wood products) — 0.01% — US$ 28,908,652Coin (precious metals) — 0.01% — US$ 28,810,722Sulfate chemical woodpulp (paper goods) — 0.01% — US$ 28,793,698Water (foodstuffs) — 0.01% — US$ 28,704,729Non-knit active wear (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 28,558,189Iron nails (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 28,432,067Knit men's suits (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 28,425,020Alcohol > 80% abv (foodstuffs) — 0.01% — US$ 28,402,817Precious metal watches (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 28,324,251Other stainless steel bars (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 28,232,735Scales (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 27,854,896Stranded iron wire (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 27,572,889Knit babies' garments (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 27,295,278Lcds (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 27,087,407Non-retail synthetic staple fibers yarn (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 26,982,302Other large iron pipes (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 26,920,486Garden tools (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 26,799,452Wrenches (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 26,520,761Print production machinery (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 26,471,957Liquid fuel furnaces (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 26,241,338Woven fabrics (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 26,044,174Hand-woven rugs (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 24,962,900Animal organs (animal products) — 0.01% — US$ 24,958,426Other nuts (vegetable products) — 0.01% — US$ 24,798,841Hydrogen (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 24,588,766Iron reductions (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 24,551,492Sulfates (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 24,530,650Tobacco processing machines (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 24,180,674Knitting machines (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 23,894,402Walking sticks (footwear and headwear) — 0.01% — US$ 23,510,295Pianos (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 23,268,798Other glass articles (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 23,266,743Sound recording equipment (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 23,167,451Kaolin coated paper (paper goods) — 0.01% — US$ 23,030,214Vitamins (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 22,310,895Netting (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 22,254,546Ceramic bricks (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 22,141,786Scent sprays (miscellaneous) — 0.01% — US$ 22,061,230Magnesium (metals) — 0.01% — US$ 21,930,779Letter stock (paper goods) — 0.01% — US$ 21,928,004Photographic chemicals (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 21,927,208Blankets (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 21,602,275Breathing appliances (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 21,582,256Knit active wear (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 21,482,396Quicklime (mineral products) — 0.01% — US$ 21,455,994Rice (vegetable products) — 0.01% — US$ 21,253,935Musical instrument parts (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 21,217,214Asphalt (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 20,935,761Dairy machinery (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 20,826,714Vegetable fiber (stone and glass) — 0.01% — US$ 20,752,660Gravel and crushed stone (mineral products) — 0.01% — US$ 20,703,706Other synthetic fabrics (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 20,391,320Butter (animal products) — 0.01% — US$ 20,314,803Sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated hydrocarbons (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 20,092,746Compasses (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 20,053,390Photographic plates (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 19,883,569Values below 0.01% (chemical products) — 0.31% — US$ 614,187,699Values below 0.01% (metals) — 0.21% — US$ 416,125,091Values below 0.01% (vegetable products) — 0.20% — US$ 387,234,982Values below 0.01% (textiles) — 0.19% — US$ 381,790,672Values below 0.01% (machines) — 0.09% — US$ 177,459,070Values below 0.01% (foodstuffs) — 0.08% — US$ 164,118,504Values below 0.01% (stone and glass) — 0.07% — US$ 134,025,632Values below 0.01% (instruments) — 0.07% — US$ 129,028,337Values below 0.01% (mineral products) — 0.06% — US$ 124,465,745Values below 0.01% (animal products) — 0.06% — US$ 121,104,530Values below 0.01% (miscellaneous) — 0.05% — US$ 107,558,665Values below 0.01% (paper goods) — 0.05% — US$ 97,653,590Values below 0.01% (transportation) — 0.05% — US$ 94,232,857Values below 0.01% (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.04% — US$ 83,655,300Values below 0.01% (precious metals) — 0.04% — US$ 72,393,736Values below 0.01% (plastics and rubbers) — 0.03% — US$ 62,523,085Values below 0.01% (wood products) — 0.03% — US$ 60,971,050Values below 0.01% (footwear and headwear) — 0.03% — US$ 55,145,689Values below 0.01% (animal hides) — 0.01% — US$ 29,328,142
Exports of the Czech Republic by product category (2019)
  Chemical products
  Transportation
  Machines
  Mineral products
  Plastics and rubbers
  Metals
  Foodstuffs
  Precious metals
  Textiles
  Instruments
  Animal products
  Vegetable products
  Paper goods
  Footwear and headwear
  Miscellaneous
  Stone and glass
  Wood products
  Animal and vegetable bi-products
  Animal hides
  Arts and antiques
  Weapons

Exports: $136.1 billion Export goods: machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, fuel, chemicals (2018)

Imports: $122.8 billion Import goods: machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals (2018) Current Account balance: $2.216 billion (2018) Export partners: Germany 32.4%, Slovakia 8.4%, Poland 5.8%, UK 5.2%, France 5.2%, Italy 4.3%, Austria 4.2% (2016) Import partners: Germany 30.6%, Poland 9.6%, China 7.5%, Slovakia 6.3%, Netherlands 5.3%, Italy 4.1% (2016) Reserves: $85.73 billion (31 December 2016) Foreign Direct Investment: $139.6 billion (31 December 2016) Czech Investment Abroad: $43.09 billion (31 December 2016) External debt: $138 billion (31 December 2016) Value of Publicly Traded Shares: $44.5 billion (31 December 2016)

Exchange rates:

  • koruny (Kč) per US$1 – 21.82 Kč (September 2018), 18.75 (December 2010),[91] 18.277 (2007), 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004), 28.2 (2003), 32.7 (2002), 38.0 (2001), 38.6 (2001), 34.6 (1999), 32.3 (1998), 31.7 (1997), 27.1 (1996), 26.5 (1995)
  • koruny (Kč) per EUR€1 – 27.33 (May 2015), 25.06 (December 2010)[91]

IT and Telecommunications

[edit]

Households with access to fixed and mobile telephone access[92]

  • landline telephone – 25% (2009)
    • according to the Czech Statistical Office:[93] 55,2% (2005); 31,1% (2008); 27,6% (2009); 24,2% (2010); 23,4% (2011); 21,8% (2012)
  • mobile telephone – 94% (2009)
    • according to the Czech Statistical Office:[93] 81,2% (2005); 92,4% (2008); 94,6% (2009); 95,6% (2010); 96,2% (2011); 97,0% (2012)

Individuals with mobile telephone access

  • according to the Czech Statistical Office:[94] 75,8% (2005); 90,6% (2009); 93,9% (2011); 96,0% (2012); 96,0% (2013)

Broadband penetration rate[92]

  • fixed broadband – 19.1% (2010)
  • mobile broadband – 3.5% (2010)

Individuals using computer and internet[92]

  • computer – 67% (2009)
    • according to the Czech Statistical Office:[95] 42,0% (2005); 59,2% (2009); 64,1% (2010); 67,1% (2011); 69,5% (2012); 70,2% (2013)
  • internet – 80.9% (2019)
    • according to the Czech Statistical Office:[96] 32,1% (2005); 55,9% (2009); 61,8% (2010); 65,5% (2011); 69,5% (2012); 70,4% (2013)

Companies

[edit]

By the end of 2025, the Statistical Business Register maintained by the Czech Statistical Office contained 2,893,480 economic entities, of which 1,780,970 were identified as active.[97] Among entities with a recorded principal activity, the largest categories were wholesale and retail trade; professional, scientific and technical activities; industry; and construction.[98]

The 2025 CZECH TOP 100 revenue ranking placed EPH first, followed by Škoda Auto, ČEZ, Agrofert and Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech.[99]

In the 2025 ranking of businesses under Czech control by estimated value, PPF Group placed second overall behind the state-controlled ČEZ, making it the highest-ranked privately owned group.[100] The group reported consolidated assets of €42.6 billion at the end of 2025.[101]

International rankings

[edit]
Index of Economic Freedom 2018
Credit ratings by Standard & Poor's

Macroeconomics

[edit]

Society and quality of life

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Resources

[edit]
  • Statistická ročenka České republiky (Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic) by the Czech Statistical Office. The current line is published annually since 1957. Recent yearbooks can be read online (in Czech and English).
  • Czechoslovakia published its first statistical yearbook in 1920. Historically used names: Statistická příručka Republiky československé, Statistická ročenka Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (during the occupation) and Statistická ročenka Československé socialistické republiky.
  • Statistics about the Czech lands in Austria-Hungary were collected by Zemský statistický úřad Království českého (Provincial Statistical Office of the Czech Kingdom) founded in 1897. Two detailed books (in Czech and German) were published in 1909 and 1913.
  • Benacek, Vladimir: economics of alliances and (dis)integration, an alternative interpretation of transition illustrated on Czech economic history (June 2002) - 25 p.
  • Horvath, Julius: the Czech currency crisis of 1997 - En: Dabrovski, Marek: currency crises in emerging markets - New York: Springer, 2003 - p. 221-234
  • OECD: economic surveys, Czech republic, 1991-2018 (OECD iLibrary)
  • Zidek, Libor: from central planning to the market, the transformation of the Czech economy 1989-2004 Budapest: CEU press, 2017

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. 1 2 "Czechia". The World Factbook (2017 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  4. ↑ "Population".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Czech Republic". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
  6. ↑ "Rozhodnutí bankovní rady ČNB". cnb.cz. ČNB. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  7. ↑ "Vic než Milion Čechů žije pod hranicí chudoby. Potvrzují to data Českého statistického úřadu". info.cz. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  8. ↑ "People at risk of poverty or social exclusion". ec.europa.eu. EAPN CR & EU, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  9. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  10. 1 2 Conceição, Pedro (6 May 2025). Human Development Report 2025. New York: United Nations Development Programme. ISBN 9789211542639.
  11. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. 30 January 2024. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  12. ↑ "Labor force, total – Czech Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "Employment rate by sex, age group 20-64". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  14. ↑ LABOR FORCE – BY OCCUPATION. The World Factbook.
  15. ↑ "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 18 January 2026.
  16. ↑ "Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24)". World Bank Open Data. 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  17. 1 2 "4. čtvrtletí 2025". Český statistický úřad. 6 March 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
  18. 1 2 "Export partners of Czechia". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  19. 1 2 "Import partners of Czechia". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 4 February 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Czechia". The World Factbook (2019 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  21. ↑ "International investment position statistics – Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "GDP, government deficit/surplus and debt in the EU (in national currencies)" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  23. ↑ "ČNB".
  24. ↑ "European Cohesion Policy in the Czech Republic" (PDF). n.d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2019.
  25. ↑ "European Structural and Investment Funds Czech Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  26. ↑ "Czech Republic's 'AA-/A-1+' Foreign Currency And 'AA/A-1+' Local Currency Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable". S&P Global Ratings. S&P Global. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  27. ↑ "Scope affirms the Czech Republic's credit ratings at AA- with Stable Outlook". Scope Ratings. Retrieved 19 September 2025.
  28. ↑ "Czech Republic". www.fitchratings.com. FitchRatings. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  29. ↑ Christian Aspalter, Kim Jinsoo, Park Sojeung. Analysing the Welfare State in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia: An Ideal-Typical Perspective. Published on 10 March 2009. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00654.x
  30. 1 2 Market Information: Sectors and Products. Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Businessinfo.cz
  31. ↑ "Unemployment rates, seasonally adjusted, March 2018 (%)".
  32. 1 2 Federica Cocco. Israel and the US have the highest poverty rates in the developed world. Financial Times. Published on 19 October 2016.
  33. ↑ "2022 Index of Economic Freedom Country Rankings".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  34. 1 2 "Czech Republic ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025". WIPO. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
  35. ↑ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2018". Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  36. ↑ "Enabling Trade rankings". Global Enabling Trade Report 2016.
  37. ↑ Economic Complexity Rankings (ECI) Archived 14 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Atlas of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  38. ↑ Mutschlechner, Martin (6 June 2014). "The Czechs in the Habsburg Monarchy". Der Erste Weltkrieg. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
  39. ↑ Houska, Ondřej (27 October 2023). "Vrátíme Česko mezi nejbohatší státy světa, hlásají politici. Jenže Češi tam nikdy nepatřili, ani za Masaryka". Hospodářské noviny (HN.cz) (in Czech). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  40. ↑ "History of Czechoslovak currency". zlate-mince.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  41. ↑ International Monetary Fund (October 2023). "International Monetary Fund: Czech Republic, 15 INDICATORS, 1980 - 2028". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  42. ↑ OECD. OECD Economic Surveys: Czechia 2025. OECD Publishing, 2025, p. 17. https://doi.org/10.1787/7a70af5c-en.
  43. ↑ OECD. OECD Economic Surveys: Czechia 2025. OECD Publishing, 2025, p. 19. https://doi.org/10.1787/7a70af5c-en.
  44. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. “Economy – Czechia.” Czechia.eu, https://www.czechia.eu/economy/. Accessed 2 Nov. 2025.
  45. ↑ Jurajda, Štěpán, and Juraj Stančík. “Foreign Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from Czech Manufacturing.” Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, vol. 23, no. 2, 2015, p. 314.
  46. ↑ OECD. OECD Economic Surveys: Czechia 2025. OECD Publishing, 2025, p. 22. https://doi.org/10.1787/7a70af5c-en.
  47. ↑ "Why do most Czechs regard early 90s voucher privatisation as unfair?". Radio Prague International. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
  48. ↑ "Earth Times: show/278536,czech-economy-to-shrink-by-43-per-cent-in-2009.html". Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Petr Pabian (2009). "Europeanisation of higher education governance in the post-communist context: The case of the Czech Republic". European Integration and the Governance of Higher Education and Research: 257–278.
  50. ↑ "Miroslav Kalousek: Moná vás zklamu: krize nám nehrozí". Hospodáøské noviny. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  51. ↑ "Služby - vývoj tržeb ve službách v ČR, 2015". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  52. ↑ "Česká ekonomika roste nejrychleji v celé EU". ČT24. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  53. ↑ "Tvorba a užití HDP - 1. čtvrtletí 2015, Rychlejší růst české ekonomiky potvrzen (in Czech)". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  54. ↑ "Chapter 1. An overview of the digital economy". OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015. Paris: OECD. 15 July 2015. p.42. Figure 1.9. Share of ICT sector in total value added, 2013. doi:10.1787/9789264232440-en.
  55. ↑ "Czechs Power EU's Fastest GDP Growth as Romania, Hungary Stumble". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  56. ↑ "Nezaměstnanost v říjnu opět klesla, lidí bez práce je nejméně od února 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  57. ↑ "Czech foreign owned companies take second biggest dividend yield in 2017:report". Radio Prague. 7 March 2018.
  58. ↑ Robert Tait. Czech democracy 'under threat' from rising debt crisis. The_Guardian. 6 January 2019.
  59. ↑ "Czechia is the 'sick man of Europe' says analysis in Germany's Die Welt". www.expats.cz. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
  60. ↑ "Czech manufacturing expands at fastest pace since 2022". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2 July 2026. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  61. ↑ "Vláda přijala doporučení MF a ČNB zatím nestanovit cílové datum přijetí eura" (in Czech). Ministry of Finance (Czech Republic) (zavedenieura.cz). 19 December 2016.
  62. ↑ Bukovský, Jaroslav (5 December 2017). "Vstoupit do eurozóny? Až bude euro za dvacet korun, shodli se Babiš s Rusnokem".
  63. ↑ Přijetí eura se na čtyři roky odkládá. Podle vznikající vlády by to "nebylo výhodné". Published on 2 November 2021.
  64. ↑ "Pavel: Je načase přijmout euro". Novinky.cz. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  65. ↑ European Structural and Investment Funds: Country factsheet - Czech Republic. http://ec.europa.eu/. Published on 19/05/2016.
  66. ↑ "DotaceEU - EU funds in the CZ".
  67. ↑ Germany’s troubled relations with the Visegrad states show the limits to its power. The Economist. 14 June 2018.
  68. ↑ . Policy_statement. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  69. ↑ . Ministry_of_labor_and_social_affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  70. ↑ "Euro Health Consumer Index 2016" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  71. ↑ "Prague Stock Exchange".
  72. ↑ "Prime Market".
  73. ↑ "Standard Market".
  74. ↑ "Free Market".
  75. ↑ "START Market".
  76. ↑ "ČEZ".
  77. ↑ "Komerční banka".
  78. ↑ "MONETA Money Bank".
  79. ↑ "Erste Group Bank".
  80. ↑ "Erste Group Bank".
  81. ↑ "Colt CZ Group".
  82. ↑ "Bezvavlasy".
  83. ↑ "Pilulka Lékárny".
  84. ↑ "KARO Leather".
  85. ↑ "mmcité".
  86. 1 2 3 4 "Energy in the Czech Republic". International trade administration. 8 September 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  87. ↑ "Energy". Ministry of industry and trade.
  88. ↑ "Nuclear safety". State office for nuclear safety.
  89. ↑ "World Economic Outlook (April 2026) – Czech Republic". IMF Data Mapper. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  90. ↑ Unemployment rates, seasonally adjusted, July 2016. Eurostat. 31 August 2016.
  91. 1 2 "CEE Basic Data - Key economic indicators and forecasts". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  92. 1 2 3 IT and telecommunications in Central and Eastern Europe Archived 11 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  93. 1 2 "Obsah nenalezen | ČSÚ".
  94. ↑ "Obsah nenalezen | ČSÚ".
  95. ↑ "Obsah nenalezen | ČSÚ".
  96. ↑ "Persons and ICT". Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.Page 4, Table C2
  97. ↑ "Statistical Business Register – SBR statistics". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  98. ↑ Ekonomické subjekty ve Středočeském kraji v roce 2025 [Economic entities in the Central Bohemian Region in 2025] (PDF) (Report) (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 5 February 2026. p. 2. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  99. ↑ "Galavečer nejvýznamnějších firem České republiky 2025" [Gala evening of the most significant companies in the Czech Republic 2025] (in Czech). CZECH TOP 100. 27 June 2025. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  100. ↑ Nádoba, Jiří (6 November 2025). "Kdo je Česká elita 2025. Nový žebříček nejhodnotnějších českých firem" [Who is the Czech Elite 2025: A new ranking of the most valuable Czech companies]. Seznam Zprávy (in Czech). Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  101. ↑ PPF 2025: The Long Game (PDF) (Report). PPF Group. 2026. p. 15. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  102. ↑ "Henley Passport Index" (PDF). www.henleypassportindex.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  103. ↑ WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2019. The World Bank.
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