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Economy of Seychelles

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Economy of Seychelles
Central Bank of Seychelles
CurrencySeychellois rupee (SCR, SR)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
AU, AfCFTA (signed), WTO, COMESA, SADC
Country group
Statistics
GDP
GDP rank
  • Increase 3.5% (2025)[3]
  • Steady 3.5% (2026f)[3]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $17,675 (nominal; 2025)[3]
  • Increase $42,010 (PPP; 2025)[3]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
46.8 high (2013)[5]
Labour force by occupation
Positive decrease 3.7% (2017)[7]
Main industries
Fishing, tourism, beverages
External
ExportsIncrease $564.8 million (2017 est.)[4]
Export goods
Canned tuna, frozen fish, petroleum products (reexports)
Main export partners
ImportsIncrease $1.155 billion (2017 est.)
Import goods
Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods
Main import partners
Decrease −$307 million (2017 est.)[4]
Positive decrease $2.559 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[4]
Public finance
Positive decrease 63.6% of GDP (2017 est.)[4]
Increase $545.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)[4]
−0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[4]
593.4 million (2017 est.)[4]
600.7 million (2017 est.)[4]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Seychelles has a developing economy based on fishing, tourism, processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir rope, boat building, printing, furniture and beverages.[8][9] Agricultural products include cinnamon, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca), bananas, poultry and tuna.[8][9]

Economic history

[edit]

The French originally settled the Seychelles in 1770, setting up plantations which relied heavily on slave labour to produce cotton, sugar, rice, and maize. The British took control of the Seychelles during the Napoleonic Wars without removing the French upper class.

After the British prohibited slavery in 1835, the influx of African workers did not end because British warships captured Arab slavers and forced the liberated slaves to work on plantations as apprentices without pay.

In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[10]

Advent of the tourist industry (1971)

[edit]
Aircraft at Seychelles International Airport.

Plantations were the main industry of the Seychelles until 1971, when the international airport opened. Overnight, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far.[11]

The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism and fishing became the primary industries of Seychelles. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, but by 2006 it was less than 3%.[12]

While the tourism and industrial fishing industries were flourishing in the late 1990s, the traditional plantation economy atrophied. Cinnamon barks and copra—traditional export crops—dwindled to negligible amounts by 1991. There were no exports of copra in 1996; 318 tons of cinnamon bark was exported in 1996, reflecting a decrease of 35% in cinnamon bark exports from 1995.[citation needed]

The US military Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé operated from 1963 until 1996.[13]

Current economy

[edit]
One of the supermarkets by the Seychelles Marketing Board, built in 1984

Although industries have rebounded since the Gulf War, the government recognises the continuing need for upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition. Other issues facing the government during the mid 2000s were the curbing of the budget deficit and the further privatisation of public enterprises.[14]

Despite attempts to improve its agricultural base and emphasise locally manufactured products and indigenous materials, Seychelles imports 90% of the food it consumes.[citation needed] The exceptions are some fruits and vegetables, fish, poultry, pork, and beer.[citation needed] In addition to that, Seychelles also produces cigarettes, paint, and a few plastic items. Imports of all kind are controlled by the Seychelles Marketing Board (SMB), a government parastatal which operates all the major supermarkets and is the distributor and licensor of most other imports.[citation needed]

In 2020, the Corruption Perception Index from Transparency International assessed Seychelles as the least corrupt country in Africa.[15]

Economic growth

[edit]

Tourism roared back at a record pace setting successive records in 2006 and again in 2007 for number of visitors.[16] The increased availability of flights to and from the archipelago due in part to new entrants Emirates and Qatar Airways is also beginning to show. Both at official exchange rates and at purchasing power parity (PPP), Seychelles remains the richest territory in Africa in terms of GDP per capita (US$9,440.095 at real exchange rates and US$17,560.062 at PPP 2008 estimate),[17]

Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2% in 2004 and 2005 and lost another 1.4% in 2006 according to the International Monetary Fund) the country was moving downward in terms of per capita income. However, the economy bounced back in 2007, growing by 5.3% due in part to record tourism numbers and the booming building and offshore industries. The IMF forecast further growth in 2008 with continuing increase in the GDP per capita.[18]

In October 2008, as tourism and fishing revenue began slowing, the Seychelles defaulted on a $230 million debt. The International Monetary Fund stepped with a two-year, $26 million rescue package. The rescue package came with a few stipulations; The country laid off 1,800 government workers, floated its currency, lifted foreign exchange controls and sold off state assets.[19] At the time, the country's $800 million external foreign debt was equivalent to almost 175 per cent of its gross domestic product.[20]

The decision to let the currency trade freely as part of the IMF rescue package means that Seychelles is the smallest country in the world that has a completely independent currency – one that is neither pegged, nor an adopted foreign currency, nor a common currency used within a larger monetary union. When the Seychellois rupee became freely floated on 3 November 2008, its value quickly fell drastically, decreasing from eight per US dollar to 16, effectively doubled the prices of imports.[21]

The global recession and piracy in the Indian Ocean hit Seychelles hard in 2009, with the GDP projected to contract by 7.5 per cent. However the government exceeded its fiscal targets, with a primary surplus of 13.4% of GDP in the first nine months of 2009 according to the IMF. They report expenditure has been tightly controlled and revenue has held up well despite the difficult economic environment.[22]

In May 2010 an International Monetary Fund mission visited Seychelles and concluded the country is making progress. The head of the mission, Mr. Jean Le Dem, said at the conclusion of the visit:[23]

The economy is recovering from a recession that put real gross domestic product (GDP) to almost a stand in 2009. Real GDP is projected to grow at 4 per cent in 2010, reflecting primarily a rebound in tourism earnings. Twelve-month inflation, which was negative during the past few months, is expected to return to about 1 per cent by year-end

In 2017 the Seychelles joined the World Trade Organisation, facilitated by Omani economist Hilda al-Hinai, who chaired the Working Group.[24]

Sectors

[edit]

Tourism and fishing

[edit]
Fisherman landing his catch in the early 1970s

Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the economy, accounting for approximately 16.6% (2000) of GDP. Employment, foreign earnings, construction, banking, and commerce are all dominated by tourism-related industries. Tourism earned $631 million in 1999–2000. About 213,036 tourists visited Seychelles in 2013, with France being the leading market.[25]

In 2000, industrial fishing surpassed tourism as the most important foreign exchange earner. Manufacturing, construction, and industrial fishing, notably tuna fishing, account for about 28.8% of the GDP. Earnings are growing annually from licensing fees paid by foreign trawlers fishing in Seychelles' territorial waters.

In 1995, Seychelles saw the privatisation of the Seychelles Tuna Canning Factory, 60% of which was purchased by the American food company Heinz. Similarly, some port operations have been privatised, a trend that has been accompanied by a fall in transshipment fees and an increase in efficiency. Overall, this has sparked a recovery in port services following a drastic fall in 2009.

Offshore oil and gas

[edit]

New detailed studies and exploration shows that the Seychelles potentially have large off-shore petroleum reservoirs which are yet to be discovered. Drills have proven the presence of:

  1. Oil-prone source rocks containing Type II kerogen in coaly deltaic shales of the Middle Jurassic and in marine shales of the Upper Jurassic;
  2. Mixed source rocks bearing Type II/III kerogen in deltaic marine shales of the Lower Cretaceous that are II correlative of oil-generating shales in Somalia;
  3. Gas-prone sources containing Type I kerogen in Upper Triassic fluvial shales and Paleocene marine shales, the latter being correlative of oil and gas generating source rocks of the Deep Continental Shelf trend of the Bombay High Oil Province offshore west India;
  4. Evidence of hydrocarbon generation and migration with well shows, such as 0.7 ml benzene in DST-1 of Reith Bank-1, 10,010 ppm of 99.8% n-C4 headspace gas coincident with as small fault in the same well and 20% petrol vapours at an immature level of volcanics in Owen Bank A-1;
  5. Clastic reservoirs with measured porosities up to 22% in the Early-Middle Jurassic;
  6. Sealing lithologies occur both locally in syn-rift, and regionally in post-rift sequences;[26]
  7. An extensive seismic dataset, plus a variety of remote sensing data have been collected which bolster the well data by confirming the presence of:
  8. A variety of trapping styles, dominated by tilted fault blocks, stratigraphic pinchouts and reefs;
  9. Multiple heating events, with the principal event post-dating trap formation; and
  10. Hydrocarbon generation and migration with the presence of: a) numerous DHIs on seismic, including gas chimneys, flat spots, bright spots, phase changes and chemosynthetic reefs; b) gas sniffer anomalies, involving ethane/iso-butane in the southeast and propane/normal butane/total hydrocarbon in the north and northeast; c) UV fluorescence anomalies, especially over the wells and in the southeast; and d) 4 types of beach-stranded tar that correlate to the local source rock stratigraphy.

However, to date all exploratory and stratigraphic test wells (a total of 9 since the 1970s) in the Seychelles have failed to find commercial hydrocarbons. The most recent wildcat by Enterprise Oil in 1995 detected gas but failed to find hydrocarbons.

Several oil and gas exploration companies are active in the Seychelles offshore. These include East African Exploration (EAX) (a subsidiary of Afren), Avana Petroleum (a subsidiary of Vanoil Energy) and WHL Energy.

Beginning at the turn of the millennium the Seychelles Petroleum Company (SEPEC) started to develop the first fleet of modern petroleum double-hull tankers, with five vessels, which was completed by late 2007/early 2008 with the possibility to build more in the near future. The Seychelles President claims that this has opened the door to a new industry for his country and encouraged economic growth by further removing over-reliance on traditional trades like fisheries and tourism, which is now falling rapidly as the country's main income but nevertheless, has experienced significant growth in recent years.[27]

The country has also increased its capacity for wind power, with windfarms on Romainville Island.

Agriculture

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Agriculture in Seychelles.[edit]
A cinnamon quill maker in Seychelles

Seychelles' Ministry of Agriculture and Marine Resources in 1993 gave up the management of five state-owned farms, which were divided into small plots and leased to individuals.[28] In addition, the agricultural sector consisted of state farms of the Seychelles Agricultural Development Company (Sadeco) and the outer islands managed by the IDC; three other large holdings producing mainly coconuts, cinnamon, and tea; about 250 families engaged in full-time production of foodstuffs; and an estimated 700 families working on a part-time basis. Many households cultivate gardens and raise livestock for home consumption.[28]

The total cultivable area of the islands is only about 400 hectares.[28] Although rainfall is abundant, wet and dry seasons are sharply defined. Better irrigation and drainage systems are needed to improve food crops.[28] The government has taken various measures to reduce dependency on imported foods, including deregulating production and marketing and reducing the trades tax on fertilisers and equipment.[28] As a result, vegetable and fruit production climbed from 505 tons in 1990 to 1,170 tons in 1992.[28] This increase failed to be matched by a commensurate decrease in imports of fruits and vegetables, which reached 3,471 tons in 1992.[28] Local consumption had apparently increased, and substitution between imported and domestic foodstuffs was possible only to a limited degree.[28] In most cases, imported produce is significantly cheaper in spite of air freight, import taxes, and other costs, necessitating a high import markup by the SMB to prevent disruption of domestic production.[28] Neither rice, a dietary staple, nor other grains can be grown on the islands.[28]

Coconut oil production in Seychelles

The expansion of livestock production is hampered by encroachment of housing and other development on agricultural land as well as by increased labour and animal feed costs.[28] The number of cattle slaughtered in 1992 (329 head) was virtually unchanged from five years earlier.[28] The slaughter of pigs (4,598) was about 45 per cent higher than 1987, and chicken production (439,068) had risen by 60 per cent.[28]

The two traditional export crops of copra (dried coconut meat from which an oil is produced) and cinnamon have declined greatly because of the high cost of production and pressure from low-cost competitors on the international market. Vanilla, formerly important, is produced on a very small scale.[28] Tea grown on the misty slopes of Mahé is a more recent plantation crop, serving mainly the local market.[28]

Transport

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Transport in Seychelles.[edit]
Seychelles International Airport

There are a number of modes of transport in Seychelles. Seychelles possesses transportation systems that include 453km of roads (of which 400km are paved), seaports, and airports. The country lacks both railways and a merchant navy. The main seaport is Victoria. Several islands of Seychelles have a bus system.[29]

In rural areas, especially on La Digue, a popular way of public transport is by using ox-carts.

Telecommunications

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Telecommunications in Seychelles.[edit]

In the Seychelles, local and international telecommunications lines are operated by Cable & Wireless. In 1997 there were around 11,000 telephone lines and in excess of 20,000 telephones, meaning that over half of the population have a home telephone.[30]

The FEBA Seychelles station was decommissioned at the end of March 2003, and short wave broadcasts were transferred to other stations, many in the former Soviet Union.

Education

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Education in Seychelles.[edit]
Children take a class beside the neo-Gothic Church of St. Francis of Assisi (1953) in Baie Lazare on Mahe Island, Seychelles.


Education in Seychelles is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 15. The language of instruction is Creole from ages 6 to 10, and then English is gradually introduced as the language of instruction, with French introduced as a foreign language.[31][32] It has evolved from private mission schools to compulsory public education in the modern system. It is the only African country whose education system features among the top 50 in the world. Seychelles has the highest literacy rate of any country in sub-Saharan Africa at 96.20%.[33] According to The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency as of 2018, 95.9% of the population age 15 and over can read and write in Seychelles were respectively literate.[33]

Healthcare

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Health in Seychelles.[edit]

Seychelles has reached the epidemiological shift from communicable to noncommunicable diseases.[34] Most communicable and infectious diseases have been controlled or eradicated. In 2014 the World Health Organization reported that the country was on target to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and had addressed some of the social determinants of health. [35]

Macroeconomic trend

[edit]

Main indicators

[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980-2026. Inflation below 5% is in green.[36]

Year GDP GDP

growth (real)

 Inflation Government

debt (% of GDP)

Total

(bil. US$ PPP)

 Per capita

(US$ PPP)

 Total

(bil. US$ nominal)

1980 0.3 4231 0.1 Decrease -2.3 Negative increase13.5 n/a
1985 Increase0.4 Increase5700 Increase0.2 Increase10.3 Increase0.6 n/a
1990 Increase0.6 Increase8235 Increase0.4 Increase7.5 Increase4.0 Negative increase80.4
1995 Increase0.7 Increase9940 Increase0.5 Increase0.5 Increase0.5 Negative increase133.5
2000 Increase1.1 Increase13461 Increase0.6 Increase4.3 Negative increase6.3 Negative increase177.8
2005 Increase1.2 Increase14573 Increase0.9 Increase9.0 Increase0.6 Positive decrease144.1
2006 Increase1.4 Increase16096 Increase1.0 Increase9.4 Increase -1.9 Positive decrease135.1
2007 Increase1.5 Increase17824 Steady1.0 Increase10.4 Negative increase5.3 Negative increase144
2008 Steady1.5 Decrease17579 Steady1.0 Decrease -2.1 Negative increase37.0 Negative increase192.1
2009 Steady1.5 Decrease17292 Decrease0.8 Decrease -1.1 Negative increase31.8 Positive decrease106.1
2010 Increase1.7 Increase18345 Increase1.0 Increase6.3 Increase -2.4 Positive decrease82.2
2011 Increase1.8 Increase19370 Steady1.0 Increase5.7 Increase2.6 Negative increase82.5
2012 Increase1.9 Increase19966 Increase1.1 Increase3.8 Negative increase7.1 Positive decrease80.1
2013 Increase2.0 Increase21066 Increase1.3 Increase6.4 Increase4.3 Positive decrease68.2
2014 Increase2.2 Increase21895 Increase1.4 Increase4.7 Increase1.4 Negative increase70.4
2015 Increase2.4 Increase23489 Steady1.4 Increase8.9 Increase4.0 Negative increase75.4
2016 Increase2.7 Increase25959 Increase1.6 Increase12.1 Increase -1.0 Positive decrease64.3
2017 Increase2.9 Increase27606 Increase1.7 Increase7.0 Increase2.9 Positive decrease56.7
2018 Increase3.1 Increase28495 Increase1.8 Increase4.9 Increase3.7 Positive decrease51.3
2019 Increase3.3 Increase29976 Increase1.9 Increase5.5 Increase1.8 Positive decrease48.9
2020 Decrease3.1 Decrease26836 Decrease1.4 Decrease -11.8 Increase1.2 Negative increase77.4
2021 Decrease3.0 Decrease25543 Increase1.5 Increase0.6 Negative increase9.8 Positive decrease71
2022 Increase3.5 Increase29455 Increase2.0 Increase9.9 Increase2.6 Positive decrease60.6
2023 Increase3.8 Increase31516 Increase2.2 Increase5.2 Increase -1.0 Positive decrease55.1
2024 Increase4.0 Increase32749 Steady2.2 Increase3.4 Increase0.3 Negative increase56.1
2025 Increase4.4 Increase34857 Increase2.3 Increase5.1 Increase0.3 Positive decrease51.5
2026 Increase4.6 Increase35855 Steady2.3 Increase1.5 Increase2.6 Negative increase55

Other statistics

[edit]
Treemap of product exports from Seychelles in 2019.Refined petroleum (mineral products) — 27.00% — US$ 261,551,589Processed fish (foodstuffs) — 23.23% — US$ 225,105,787Non-fillet frozen fish (animal products) — 21.32% — US$ 206,604,318Recreational boats (transportation) — 16.99% — US$ 164,576,925Rolled tobacco (foodstuffs) — 1.63% — US$ 15,827,882Animal meal and pellets (foodstuffs) — 1.38% — US$ 13,402,801Non-fillet fresh fish (animal products) — 0.93% — US$ 9,057,643Fish fillets (animal products) — 0.74% — US$ 7,121,370Planes, helicopters, and/or spacecraft (transportation) — 0.52% — US$ 5,019,362Medical instruments (instruments) — 0.50% — US$ 4,887,206Bananas (vegetable products) — 0.47% — US$ 4,534,601Fish oil (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.42% — US$ 4,041,300Processed crustaceans (foodstuffs) — 0.29% — US$ 2,792,479Stainless steel wire (metals) — 0.24% — US$ 2,277,387Cars (transportation) — 0.22% — US$ 2,136,600Hard liquor (foodstuffs) — 0.18% — US$ 1,703,567Passenger and cargo ships (transportation) — 0.17% — US$ 1,669,723Jewellery (precious metals) — 0.16% — US$ 1,590,090Other nuts (vegetable products) — 0.14% — US$ 1,389,540Printed circuit boards (machines) — 0.14% — US$ 1,344,918Scrap iron (metals) — 0.13% — US$ 1,307,895Air conditioners (machines) — 0.13% — US$ 1,242,848Animal food (foodstuffs) — 0.11% — US$ 1,048,131Other animals (animal products) — 0.09% — US$ 919,646Base metal watches (instruments) — 0.08% — US$ 818,676Rubberworking machinery (machines) — 0.07% — US$ 711,186Packaged medicaments (chemical products) — 0.07% — US$ 650,495Sewing machines (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 620,870Machinery having individual functions (machines) — 0.06% — US$ 602,732Synthetic rubber (plastics and rubbers) — 0.06% — US$ 580,181Stearic acid (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.06% — US$ 578,692Vehicle parts (transportation) — 0.06% — US$ 566,930Aircraft parts (transportation) — 0.06% — US$ 539,271Dried fruits (vegetable products) — 0.05% — US$ 525,541Other inedible animal products (animal products) — 0.05% — US$ 494,928Sports equipment (miscellaneous) — 0.05% — US$ 493,902Large iron containers (metals) — 0.05% — US$ 476,637Stone processing machines (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 450,705Electrical lighting and signalling equipment (machines) — 0.05% — US$ 438,527Rubber tires (plastics and rubbers) — 0.04% — US$ 418,045Therapeutic appliances (instruments) — 0.04% — US$ 412,291Scrap copper (metals) — 0.04% — US$ 409,181Carbon (chemical products) — 0.04% — US$ 394,993Telephones (machines) — 0.04% — US$ 368,635Plastic lids (plastics and rubbers) — 0.03% — US$ 330,609Coated flat-rolled iron (metals) — 0.03% — US$ 326,430Other furniture (miscellaneous) — 0.03% — US$ 314,128Office machine parts (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 313,620Soap (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 307,402Insulated wire (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 304,241Glaziers putty (chemical products) — 0.03% — US$ 300,970Metalworking machine parts (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 293,788Corrugated paper (paper goods) — 0.03% — US$ 261,598Molluscs (animal products) — 0.03% — US$ 256,165Metal-clad products (precious metals) — 0.03% — US$ 250,858Cinnamon (vegetable products) — 0.03% — US$ 250,674Iron gas containers (metals) — 0.03% — US$ 246,117Excavation machinery (machines) — 0.03% — US$ 243,966Forging machines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 238,612Seats (miscellaneous) — 0.02% — US$ 238,287Other plastic products (plastics and rubbers) — 0.02% — US$ 233,641Military weapons (weapons) — 0.02% — US$ 228,486Other electrical machinery (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 226,080Low-voltage protection equipment (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 224,730Batteries (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 222,833Umbrellas (footwear and headwear) — 0.02% — US$ 218,622Pens (miscellaneous) — 0.02% — US$ 217,233Brooms (miscellaneous) — 0.02% — US$ 215,410Air pumps (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 202,994Orthopedic appliances (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 200,780Used clothing (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 200,505Precious metal watches (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 195,324Engine parts (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 195,201Iron oxides and hydroxides (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 195,153Light rubberized knitted fabric (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 192,431Wool grease (animal and vegetable bi-products) — 0.02% — US$ 187,614Compasses (instruments) — 0.02% — US$ 180,974Trailers (transportation) — 0.02% — US$ 179,940Bi-wheel vehicle parts (transportation) — 0.02% — US$ 173,701Netting (textiles) — 0.02% — US$ 169,271Industrial fatty acids, oils and alcohols (chemical products) — 0.02% — US$ 164,004Liquid pumps (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 163,247Iron radiators (metals) — 0.02% — US$ 158,429Gas turbines (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 151,459Electrical transformers (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 149,551Refrigerators (machines) — 0.02% — US$ 148,062Non-knit men's shirts (textiles) — 0.01% — US$ 145,059Pianos (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 144,835Precious metal scraps (precious metals) — 0.01% — US$ 143,542Collector's items (arts and antiques) — 0.01% — US$ 137,736Dextrins (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 134,993Ketones and quinones (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 132,628Computers (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 118,444Other floating structures (transportation) — 0.01% — US$ 116,775Microphones and headphones (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 115,017Video recording equipment (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 111,090Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids (chemical products) — 0.01% — US$ 107,214Other measuring instruments (instruments) — 0.01% — US$ 102,773Plastic housewares (plastics and rubbers) — 0.01% — US$ 99,943Rolling machines (machines) — 0.01% — US$ 98,141Values below 0.01% (machines) — 0.14% — US$ 1,329,414Values below 0.01% (metals) — 0.10% — US$ 942,054Values below 0.01% (chemical products) — 0.07% — US$ 677,064Values below 0.01% (instruments) — 0.04% — US$ 431,896Values below 0.01% (plastics and rubbers) — 0.04% — US$ 373,481Values below 0.01% (textiles) — 0.04% — US$ 350,709Values below 0.01% (foodstuffs) — 0.02% — US$ 228,114Values below 0.01% (transportation) — 0.02% — US$ 214,351Values below 0.01% (animal products) — 0.02% — US$ 209,469Values below 0.01% (paper goods) — 0.02% — US$ 168,452Values below 0.01% (stone and glass) — 0.02% — US$ 165,144Values below 0.01% (miscellaneous) — 0.02% — US$ 161,791Values below 0.01% (vegetable products) — 0.01% — US$ 116,487Values below 0.01% (precious metals) — 0.01% — US$ 112,786Values below 0.01% (footwear and headwear) — 0.01% — US$ 64,017Values below 0.01% (arts and antiques) — 0.01% — US$ 60,355
Exports of Seychelles by product category (2019)
  Chemical products
  Transportation
  Machines
  Mineral products
  Plastics and rubbers
  Metals
  Foodstuffs
  Precious metals
  Textiles
  Instruments
  Animal products
  Vegetable products
  Paper goods
  Footwear and headwear
  Miscellaneous
  Stone and glass
  Wood products
  Animal and vegetable bi-products
  Animal hides
  Arts and antiques
  Weapons

Labor force:
47,210 (2017 est.)

Industries:
fishing, tourism, processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir (coconut fibre) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
2.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture – products:
coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca), bananas; poultry; tuna[8][9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "IMF DataMapper: Seychelles". International Monetary Fund. 2025. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  5. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  6. 1 2 "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  7. ↑ "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  10. ↑ "UCLA Library Catalog – Titles". Catalog.library.ucla.edu. Retrieved 22 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  11. ↑ "Holiday in Seychelles – The History of our Tourism Industry -Archive". Nation.sc. Seychelles Nation. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  12. ↑ Duncan, Gillian. "In Seychelles the business is tourism". The National. Retrieved 29 September 2026.
  13. ↑ "Seychelles | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 29 September 2026.
  14. ↑ Melik, J. (9 April 2009). "Seychelles Sets Out Its Priorities". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  15. ↑ Larnyoh, Magdalene Teiko (23 January 2020). "Here Are the 16 Least Corrupt Countries in Africa". Pulse Ghana. Archived from the original on 14 October 2024.
  16. ↑ "Visitor Arrivals Archive & Summary Reports". NBS.gov.sc. National Bureau of Statistics Seychelles.
  17. ↑ "2005 International Comparison Program" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
  18. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  19. ↑ Prasso, Sheridan. "Paradise goes bankrupt". Fortune, 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  20. ↑ "Daily Brief Economics and Financial Market Commentary". Global Economic Monitor, 3 November 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  21. ↑ Theunissen, Garth. "Seychelles Rupee Plunges After Central Bank Drops Currency Peg". Bloomberg L.P., 3 November 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  22. ↑ IMF Executive Board Approves US$31.1 Million Extended Fund Facility Arrangement for Seychelles, Completes Final Review Under Stand-By Arrangement. IMF Press Release, 22 December 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  23. ↑ IMF Mission Finds Seychelles' New Three-Year Economic Program on Track IMF Press Release, 10 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  24. ↑ "WTO team at State House". Statehouse.gov.sc. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  25. ↑ "Record arrivals: 230,000 tourists visit Seychelles islands in 2013". M3Web.bg. Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  26. ↑ Seychelles Investment Bureau Petroleum Exploration Opportunities Archived 29 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 2012.
  27. ↑ Soko Directory Investing in Seychelles. Retrieved September 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tartter, Jean R. (1995). "Seychelles: Agriculture". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Indian Ocean: five island countries (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 231–232. ISBN 0-8444-0857-3. OCLC 32508646.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ↑ "Public Operations Services – Seychelles Public Transport Corporation". Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  30. ↑ Carpin, Sarah, Seychelles, Odyssey Guides, p.175, 1998, The Guidebook Company Limited. Retrieved 4 June 2008
  31. ↑ "Seychelles' education system ranked first in Africa, 43rd in the world". nation.sc (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  32. ↑ "Seychelles". aacrao.org. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  33. 1 2 "Literacy – the World Factbook". Archived from the original on 19 December 2025.
  34. ↑ "Health in Seychelles". Commonwealth Health. 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  35. ↑ "WHO report on Seychelles gives thumbs-up on free health care". Seychelles News. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  36. ↑ "Seychelles". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 August 2026.

Further reading

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