Dusheti treasury heist
A large scale robbery of Russian Imperial treasury occurred on 12 April 1906 (OS) in the Dusheti uezd of the Tiflis Governorate, in what is now Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire. It occurred with the backdrop of rising Georgian nationalism, as well as overall political instability that followed the Russian Revolution of 1905.
The robbery was masterminded by Georgian nationalists Leo Kereselidze, his brother George Kereselidze, and other militant members of the Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party. The intended purpose of the robbery was to finance pro-Georgian revolutionary activities aimed at securing additional political autonomy, and ultimately independence, from the Russian Empire. It was among the most significant robberies of its era, resulting in the theft of at least 315,000 rubles,[1] (equivalent to ₽34 trillion in 2023).[2] By some accounts, the stolen amount was even higher at 360,000 rubles, which made it a larger heist than the better known 1907 Tiflis bank robbery conducted by Joseph Stalin and his Bolshevik associates.[3] Unlike the Tiflis bank robbery, however, the Socialist-Federalist heist in Dusheti did not involve killing.[3]
Preparation
[edit]Georgian officers of the Russian Imperial Army, who were on active duty in the region, had access to intelligence about the guard squad stationed at the Dushety treasury and relayed these sensitive details to the Kereselidze brothers. George Kreselidze then forged a decree issued by the Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military District to a military commander located in Dusheti, ordering the removal of the treasury’s guard squad.[1]
On March 26, a Socialist-Federalist accomplice impersonating a Caucasus Military District official, submitted the forged decree to the Mtskheta police office. On April 12 at midnight, a group of Socialist-Federalists who were disguised as soldiers of the 263rd Regiment guard squad were allowed to enter the compound by unsuspecting staff. The regiment of impersonators had ensured that every detail of their uniforms was accounted for, including the white-bottomed hats normally worn by the relevant regiment. As a result, the treasury employees opened the door to them. Upon gaining entry, the group disarmed and bound the treasury officials and made away with the money stored there.[1] There were no deaths reported.[3]
Aftermath
[edit]Due to their involvement in this robbery, Leo and George Kereselidze became fugitives from the Russian police and fled to Geneva, Switzerland.[4] At least some of the money stayed with Leo, who allegedly took it with him as he went into exile, with some members of the emigré community remarking on his apparent wealth.[5] The rest of the funds were disbursed to the moderate wing of the party and largely spent on publishing subversive literature.[1] Not everyone within the party was content with how the funds were distributed, which was apparently what led to the organizers of the robbery being reported to the Tsarist gendarmerie in the first place.[1]
Russian diplomats approached the Swiss authorities with a request to arrest and extradite Leo, George, and their associate Nestor Magalashvili, for prosecution in Russia. All three were initially arrested in Geneva. During the trial, legal scholar Ernest Nys was among the experts who testified on the legality of Russia's annexation of Georgia starting in 1801 in violation of the Treaty of Georgievsk. Leo recalled that during the court hearings "everyone knew of Georgia’s right to fight Russia with weapons and all other means to restore independence".[1] Ultimately, the Swiss Federal Tribunal acquitted all three defendants on February 12, 1907 after they successfully argued that Russia's case against them was politically motivated and took place with the backdrop of violent repressions.[1][6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mamulia, Giorgi (February 17, 2025). "The History of the Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party of Georgia" (PDF). Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved May 9, 2026.
- ↑ 1548 to 1675 A.G. Vinogradov, National economy of Russia 1515–2015, 1703 to 1913: Mironov, B. (2010). Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913. The Russian Review, 69(1), 47–72. Retrieved May 21, 2021, 1914 to 1956: Efremov, Steven M., The Role of Inflation in Soviet History: Prices, Living Standards, and Political Change (2012), 1956 to 1984: CIA, USSR: Estimates of Personal Incomes and Savings 1985 to 1990: Stanley Fischer, 1994. Russia and the Soviet Union Then and Now, NBER Chapters, in: The Transition in Eastern Europe, Volume 1, Country Studies, pages 221–258, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1991–2023: Federal State Statistics Service, Indices of consumer prices for goods and services in the Russian Federation, monthly data (since 1991)
- 1 2 3 Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6.
Bolshevik disregard for human life, hitherto typical of Cossacks, alienated most Georgians, and reinforced support for the Menshevik social democrats as humane, if disorganized, revolutionaries. (An even bigger robbery, of 360,000 rubles, but without killings, had been carried out in Dusheti by the social federalist party in 1906.)
- ↑ Ratiani, Irma, ed. (2016). Literature in Exile. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016 p. 391. ISBN 978-1-4438-1295-5.
- ↑ Geifman, Anna. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. pp. 159-160
- ↑ Arrêt du Tribunal Fédéral Suisse statuant en séance plénière du 12 février 1907, sur la demande présentée par la légation Impériale de Russie, tendant a obtenir l’extra-dition des frères Léon et Georges Keresselidzé et de Nestor Magaloff, Tribunal Fédéral Suisse, Lausanne: 1907