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Demographics of Haiti

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Demographics of Haiti
Population pyramid of Haiti in 2020
Population11,867,032 (2024 projection)[1]
8,812,245 (2003 census)
Birth rate21.12 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate7.23 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy65.95 years
 • male63.26 years
 • female68.67 years
Fertility rate2.43 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality40.02 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Immigrant share0.2% (2024)[2]
Age structure
0–14 years32.78%
15–64 years62.49%
65 and over4.73%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.01 male(s)/female
Under 150.99 male(s)/female
65 and over0.62 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityHaitian
Major ethnicBlacks (95%)[3]
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialFrench · Haitian Creole
Population of Haiti (in millions) from 1800 to 2021

Haiti is the 83rd most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 11,123,178 as of July 2018.[4] The last national census in Haiti was done in 2003. Although much of that data has not been released, the population recorded was 8,812,245.

According to population DNA tests,[which?] approximately 80% of the population of Haiti is Afro-Haitian.[citation needed] Within Black Haitian DNA, according to a study, the composition is approximately 85% African, the rest are European or mixed European. This is evidenced in DNA ancestry read outs where the average Haitian consistently tests at nearly 80-95 percent sub-Saharan African DNA.

However, there are genetic variations between the population, in the north of the country the average is about 95% African while for the south it is only 75% with more European blood, and much more probability of having native blood, because in the south there were many more mixed-race people, and also some natives living in other French colonies like Guyana and Martinique were sent there

The remaining population of Haiti is primarily composed of Mulattoes, Europeans, Asians, and Arabs. Hispanic residents in Haiti are mostly Cuban and Dominican.

About two-thirds of Haitian people live in rural areas. Several demographic studies, including those by social work researcher Athena Kolbe, have provided estimates of the demographic information of urban residents. In 2006, each Haitian household had an average of 4.5 members.

Population size and structure

[edit]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[5][6] the total population of Haiti in 2018 was 11,447,569, as compared to 3,221,000 in 1950. In 2015, the proportion of children below the age of 15 was 36.2%. 59.7% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% was 65 years or older.[7] According to the World Bank, Haiti's dependency rate is 7.51 dependents per 100 working age persons.[8]

Total population Proportion
aged 0–14
(%)		 Proportion
aged 15–64
(%)		 Proportion
aged 65+
(%)
1950 3 221 00039.656.73.7
1955 3 516 00039.756.93.4
1960 3 869 00040.356.53.2
1965 4 275 00041.754.93.4
1970 4 713 00041.854.53.7
1975 5 144 00041.354.83.9
1980 5 692 00041.154.94.0
1985 6 389 00042.253.84.0
1990 7 110 00043.152.94.0
1995 7 838 00042.653.53.9
2000 8 578 00040.355.74.0
2005 9 261 00038.157.84.2
2010 10,085,21436.259.74.5

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2010) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.):[9]
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 4 993 731 5 091 483 10 085 214 100
0–4 644 550 618 772 1 263 322 12.53
5–9 608 495 586 984 1 195 479 11.85
10–14 588 618 569 860 1 158 478 11.49
15–19 551 467 540 897 1 092 364 10.83
20–24 509 042 510 547 1 019 589 10.11
25–29 454 123 465 513 919 636 9.12
30–34 340 518 362 078 702 596 6.97
35–39 261 157 286 847 548 004 5.43
40–44 235 182 253 300 488 482 4.84
45–49 204 077 219 300 423 377 4.20
50–54 166 418 176 495 342 913 3.40
55–59 136 034 148 697 284 731 2.82
60–64 95 939 110 896 206 835 2.05
65–69 81 854 94 044 175 898 1.74
70–74 58 181 71 255 129 436 1.28
75–79 35 538 45 360 80 898 0.80
80+ 22 538 30 638 53 176 0.53
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 841 663 1 775 999 3 617 229 35.87
15–64 2 953 957 3 074 620 6 028 577 59.78
65+ 198 111 241 297 439 408 4.36
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2011) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.):[10]
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 5 075 517 5 172 789 10 248 306 100
0–4 647 465 621 432 1 268 897 12.38
5–9 611 472 589 690 1 201 161 11.72
10–14 591 018 572 066 1 163 085 11.35
15–19 556 085 544 798 1 100 883 10.74
20–24 514 235 514 898 1 029 132 10.04
25–29 465 396 475 451 940 847 9.18
30–34 358 927 379 066 737 993 7.20
35–39 270 574 296 362 566 936 5.53
40–44 237 754 257 273 495 026 4.83
45–49 208 671 224 746 433 416 4.23
50–54 171 468 182 332 353 800 3.45
55–59 140 392 152 742 293 134 2.86
60–64 99 846 114 973 214 819 2.10
65–69 82 201 94 868 177 069 1.73
70–74 59 833 72 957 132 790 1.30
75–79 36 751 47 083 83 834 0.82
80+ 23 431 32 053 55 484 0.54
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 849 955 1 783 188 3 633 143 35.45
15–64 3 023 346 3 142 640 6 165 986 60.17
65+ 202 216 246 961 449 177 4.38
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2018) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.):[10]
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 5 659 140 5 752 387 11 411 527 100
0–4 661 535 634 371 1 295 906 11.36
5–9 635 927 611 692 1 247 619 10.93
10–14 608 695 588 396 1 197 091 10.49
15–19 580 801 565 986 1 146 787 10.05
20–24 547 618 542 296 1 089 914 9.55
25–29 504 926 508 355 1 013 281 8.88
30–34 463 541 473 269 936 810 8.21
35–39 387 698 405 499 793 197 6.95
40–44 285 013 309 823 594 836 5.21
45–49 230 537 254 629 485 166 4.25
50–54 206 255 224 859 431 114 3.78
55–59 170 991 186 498 357 489 3.13
60–64 134 300 148 115 282 415 2.47
65–69 97 454 113 753 211 207 1.85
70–74 66 084 80 979 147 063 1.29
75–79 46 188 58 733 104 921 0.92
80+ 31 576 45 134 76 710 0.67
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 906 157 1 834 459 3 740 616 32.78
15–64 3 511 681 3 619 329 7 131 010 62.49
65+ 241 302 298 599 539 901 4.73

Vital statistics

[edit]

UN estimates

[edit]

The registration of vital events in Haiti is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.[11]

Mid-year population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration rate (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
1950 3,247,000 151,000 87,000 63,000 46.3 26.8 19.5 6.25 248.2 37.48
1951 3,302,000 152,000 87,000 65,000 46.0 26.4 19.6 -2.9 6.24 243.7 37.91
1952 3,359,000 154,000 86,000 68,000 45.8 25.5 20.2 -3.2 6.24 235.1 38.83
1953 3,419,000 156,000 85,000 71,000 45.5 24.7 20.7 -3.2 6.23 227.1 39.70
1954 3,481,000 157,000 84,000 73,000 45.2 24.1 21.0 -3.2 6.22 220.0 40.29
1955 3,546,000 160,000 83,000 77,000 45.0 23.3 21.7 -3.4 6.23 212.9 41.26
1956 3,614,000 162,000 82,000 80,000 44.8 22.7 22.1 -3.3 6.23 206.9 41.96
1957 3,684,000 163,000 82,000 81,000 44.3 22.3 22.0 -3 6.20 203.4 42.36
1958 3,755,000 166,000 83,000 84,000 44.2 21.9 22.3 -3.4 6.22 199.8 42.77
1959 3,828,000 169,000 83,000 86,000 44.0 21.6 22.4 -3.3 6.23 196.6 43.12
1960 3,901,000 170,000 83,000 87,000 43.6 21.3 22.3 -3.6 6.21 193.3 43.50
1961 3,975,000 173,000 83,000 89,000 43.3 20.9 22.4 -3 6.20 190.1 43.91
1962 4,050,000 175,000 83,000 91,000 43.0 20.6 22.5 -4 6.19 187.0 44.29
1963 4,122,000 177,000 89,000 87,000 42.8 21.6 21.2 -3.7 6.18 188.4 42.77
1964 4,196,000 179,000 84,000 95,000 42.5 19.9 22.6 -5 6.18 181.0 44.97
1965 4,274,000 180,000 84,000 96,000 42.0 19.6 22.4 -4.2 6.12 178.0 45.35
1966 4,353,000 181,000 84,000 97,000 41.5 19.4 22.1 -4 6.07 175.2 45.59
1967 4,433,000 183,000 84,000 99,000 41.1 18.9 22.2 -4.2 6.03 171.8 46.13
1968 4,514,000 184,000 84,000 100,000 40.7 18.6 22.1 -4.2 5.97 168.5 46.51
1969 4,597,000 186,000 84,000 102,000 40.3 18.3 22.1 -4 5.93 165.2 46.92
1970 4,681,000 188,000 84,000 103,000 40.0 17.9 22.0 -4.1 5.87 162.0 47.34
1971 4,766,000 189,000 84,000 105,000 39.6 17.6 21.9 -4.1 5.80 158.6 47.72
1972 4,853,000 191,000 85,000 106,000 39.2 17.4 21.8 -3.9 5.72 155.3 47.95
1973 4,941,000 192,000 85,000 107,000 38.8 17.2 21.6 -3.8 5.65 151.6 48.21
1974 5,031,000 197,000 86,000 111,000 39.0 17.1 21.9 -4 5.66 148.0 48.42
1975 5,125,000 202,000 87,000 115,000 39.3 17.0 22.3 -4 5.69 144.6 48.68
1976 5,222,000 207,000 88,000 119,000 39.5 16.9 22.7 -4,1 5.69 141.0 48.96
1977 5,324,000 212,000 89,000 123,000 39.8 16.7 23.0 -3.8 5.68 137.7 49.21
1978 5,429,000 217,000 91,000 126,000 39.8 16.6 23.2 -3.9 5.67 134.4 49.43
1979 5,536,000 222,000 92,000 130,000 39.9 16.5 23.4 -4.1 5.67 131.3 49.68
1980 5,647,000 226,000 93,000 133,000 40.0 16.4 23.6 -3.9 5.65 128.4 49.90
1981 5,760,000 231,000 93,000 138,000 40.1 16.1 23.9 -4.3 5.67 125.4 50.27
1982 5,878,000 237,000 94,000 143,000 40.2 16.0 24.2 -4.1 5.70 122.4 50.55
1983 5,998,000 239,000 95,000 145,000 39.8 15.7 24.1 -4.1 5.66 119.5 50.87
1984 6,120,000 243,000 95,000 148,000 39.6 15.5 24.1 -4.2 5.63 116.8 51.12
1985 6,246,000 248,000 95,000 153,000 39.6 15.2 24.4 -4.2 5.62 114.0 51.52
1986 6,375,000 252,000 96,000 157,000 39.5 15.0 24.5 -4.3 5.61 111.3 51.88
1987 6,508,000 257,000 96,000 161,000 39.3 14.7 24.6 -4.2 5.59 108.4 52.24
1988 6,645,000 260,000 96,000 164,000 39.0 14.4 24.6 -4 5.57 105.8 52.63
1989 6,784,000 263,000 97,000 166,000 38.7 14.2 24.4 -3.9 5.53 103.2 52.76
1990 6,925,000 266,000 97,000 168,000 38.3 14.0 24.2 -3.9 5.48 100.7 52.98
1991 7,066,000 262,000 97,000 166,000 37.1 13.7 23.4 -3.4 5.32 98.0 53.39
1992 7,206,000 262,000 96,000 167,000 36.4 13.3 23.1 -3.7 5.21 95.3 53.84
1993 7,346,000 262,000 95,000 167,000 35.6 12.9 22.7 -3.6 5.10 92.6 54.35
1994 7,486,000 262,000 95,000 167,000 34.9 12.6 22.3 -3.6 4.99 90.5 54.65
1995 7,627,000 262,000 92,000 170,000 34.2 12.0 22.2 -3.7 4.88 87.2 55.55
1996 7,771,000 262,000 91,000 172,000 33.7 11.6 22.0 -3,5 4.78 84.5 56.15
1997 7,915,000 263,000 90,000 173,000 33.2 11.4 21.8 -3.6 4.67 81.7 56.52
1998 8,061,000 263,000 89,000 174,000 32.6 11.0 21.5 -3.4 4.56 79.3 57.14
1999 8,209,000 264,000 87,000 177,000 32.1 10.6 21.5 -3.5 4.45 76.7 57.96
2000 8,360,000 267,000 87,000 180,000 31.8 10.3 21.5 -3.4 4.39 74.4 58.37
2001 8,512,000 264,000 87,000 177,000 31.0 10.2 20.8 -2.9 4.25 72.2 58.49
2002 8,662,000 263,000 87,000 176,000 30.3 10.0 20.3 -3 4.13 70.2 58.86
2003 8,812,000 264,000 86,000 178,000 29.9 9.7 20.2 -3.2 4.04 68.4 59.51
2004 8,961,000 264,000 91,000 173,000 29.5 10.2 19.3 -2.7 3.94 70.7 58.48
2005 9,112,000 265,000 84,000 180,000 29.0 9.2 19.8 -3.2 3.83 65.2 60.42
2006 9,266,000 266,000 84,000 181,000 28.6 9.1 19.5 -2.9 3.74 63.8 60.76
2007 9,421,000 266,000 84,000 182,000 28.2 8.9 19.2 -2.7 3.64 62.6 61.10
2008 9,575,000 267,000 85,000 182,000 27.8 8.9 19.0 -2.9 3.57 61.4 61.33
2009 9,731,000 269,000 85,000 184,000 27.6 8.7 18.9 -2.9 3.51 59.9 61.74
2010 9,843,000 271,000 175,000 96,000 27.5 17.7 9.8 1.6 3.47 75.9 46.02
2011 9,954,000 271,000 87,000 184,000 27.2 8.8 18.4 -7.2 3.41 58.3 61.62
2012 10,109,000 269,000 86,000 183,000 26.6 8.5 18.1 -2.8 3.30 56.7 62.29
2013 10,261,000 268,000 86,000 182,000 26.1 8.4 17.7 -2.9 3.22 55.3 62.61
2014 10,413,000 269,000 86,000 183,000 25.8 8.2 17.5 -2.9 3.16 54.1 62.99
2015 10,564,000 270,000 87,000 183,000 25.5 8.2 17.3 -3 3.11 52.8 63.24
2016 10,714,000 271,000 88,000 183,000 25.3 8.2 17.1 -3.1 3.06 51.8 63.39
2017 10,864,000 272,000 87,000 185,000 25.0 8.0 17.0 -3.2 3.02 50.2 63.85
2018 11,012,000 271,000 88,000 183,000 24.6 8.0 16.6 -3.2 2.96 48.9 64.02
2019 11,160,000 272,000 89,000 183,000 24.3 8.0 16.4 -3.1 2.92 47.8 64.26
2020 11,307,000 271,000 93,000 178,000 23.9 8.2 15.8 -2.8 2.87 46.7 64.05
2021 11,448,000 269,000 99,000 170,000 23.5 8.7 14.8 -2.5 2.81 46.0 63.19

While limited, some evidence suggests that large scale disasters can cause human populations to increase in the long term, rather than decrease.[12] Accordingly, in Haiti's case, some sources reported that a tripled fertility rate was expected after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[13] However, data since then does not show a diversion from the pre-disaster trend of decreasing fertility rates.

millionyear24681012195019601970198019902000201020202030population (million)Haiti population (million)
View source data.
‰years9121518212427195019601970198019902000201020202030Natural change (per 1000)Haiti population natural change
View source data.
‰year01020304050195019601970198019902000201020202030birth ratedeath rateCrude birth and death rate
View source data.
‰years050100150200250195019601970198019902000201020202030Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)Haiti infant mortality
View source data.
TFRyears2.533.544.555.566.5195019601970198019902000201020202030Total fertility rateHaiti total fertility rate
View source data.

Demographic and Health Surveys

[edit]

The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[14]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1994–95 34 4.8 (3.0) 31 3.3 (2.2) 35 5.9 (3.7)
2000 32.6 4.7 (2.7) 29.4 3.3 (2.0) 34.0 5.8 (3.4)
2005–2006 28.7 4.0 (2.4) 26.2 2.8 (1.8) 30.1 5.0 (2.9)
2012 27.8 3.5 (2.2) 24.4 2.6 (1.9) 29.4 4.4 (2.6)
2016–17 24.3 3.0 (1.9) 21.1 2.1 (1.5) 26.3 3.9 (2.3)

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
Life expectancy at birth in Haiti
total population: 64.6 years
male: 61.9 years
female: 67.2 years (2018 est.)

Ethnic groups

[edit]

The population of Haiti is 95% of African descent, with the rest in Haitian society from marrying-in, immigrating through various times, or have origin since the Haitian Revolution.[15]

Languages

[edit]

Taíno was the major pre-Columbian language in the region of what is Haiti (or Ayti), a name referring to the entire island of Hispaniola.[16][17] The phrase means "land of high mountains."[18]

Today, the Republic of Haiti has two official languages, French and Haitian Creole. Haitian Creole is a French-based creole with 90% of its vocabulary derived from French and influenced by Portuguese, Spanish, Taíno, and various West African languages.[19] French is the primary written and administrative language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of Haitians.[20][21] The language is generally spoken by educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also spoken in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses.

Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France. Haitian Creole,[22] which was recently standardized, is spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti.[23] It is related to the other French creoles but most closely to the Antillean Creole and Louisiana Creole variants.

Spanish is spoken by some Haitians along the border with the Dominican Republic, as well as by some who have been deported from Spanish-speaking countries. English is used increasingly within the business sector, but only by a small proportion of the total population.[24]

Religion

[edit]

The most common religions in Haiti are Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism and Baptist. The state religion is Roman Catholicism, which is professed by 55–60% of the population. 30–35% of Haitians practice Protestantism, mostly Pentecostalism, which arrived in Haiti in the 1970s. Almost 99% of Haitians claim to be a part of at least one religion, with a fraction of them practicing some part of Vodou along with another religion.[25]

Vodou bears similarities to Cuban Santeria due to the large Cuban population in Haiti.[26] The practice of Vodou revolves around family spirits called Lwa that protect children. To repay the spirits, children perform two ceremonies where the Lwa are given gifts like food and drinks. The timing of the ceremonies depends on the monetary status of the family performing them; poorer families try to save money, waiting until there is a need to perform the rituals.[27] The practice of Vodou is rare among the urban elite.

Modern day Vodou has been shaped by both Protestant and Catholic Christianity. Under the rule of the Catholic French, the population was not allowed to practice Vodou. However, they were occasionally allowed to have dances on the weekends. These dances were actually disguised Vodou services. The underground practice of Vodou continued until Haiti gained its independence in 1804. Most Haitians see practicing both Vodou and Christianity as normal due to their significant similarities. The Catholic Church, however, was not always as accepting of Vodou. In 1941–42, a holy war was declared against Vodou, leading to the deaths of many high level religious officials in the Vodou religion. Persecution of the religion largely ended in 1950 when the Catholics gave up trying to prosecute those who practiced Vodou. Protestants, however, are still critical of the religion, often describing it as "devil worship".[28]

A fictionalized version of Vodou, commonly called "voodoo", has been used in American movies and by authors such as H.P. Lovecraft. Vodou and voodoo are not conceptually the same, although the idea of "voodoo" lives on in American pop culture.[29]

Migration

[edit]

Emigration

[edit]

Large-scale emigration, principally to the Dominican Republic, United States, and Canada (predominantly to Quebec) has created what Haitians refer to as the Eleventh Department or the diaspora. Significant numbers of Haitians have also emigrated to Cuba, France and French Guiana, Spain, Belgium, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, the Bahamas and other Caribbean countries. Approximately one in every six Haitians lives abroad.[30]

Immigration

[edit]

45,000 Americans live in Haiti. They represent 0.4% of Haiti's total population.[31]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Projections et estimations de la population 2024". ihsi.gou.ht. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  2. ↑ "International Migrant Stock". United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 12 June 2026.
  3. 1 2 "Haiti". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  5. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  6. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision". Esa.unorg. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  8. ↑ "Population ages 15-64 (% of total) - Data". Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  9. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  10. 1 2 "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  11. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 15413:15484, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
  12. ↑ Frankenberg, Laurito & Thomas, Duke University, 2014, The Demography of Disasters
  13. ↑ "Haiti's rate of fertility tripled - report". jamaica-gleaner.com. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  14. ↑ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  15. ↑ "The World Factbook (2022 Archive): Haiti". Archived from the original on December 13, 2025.
  16. ↑ Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006). "iii: Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear me, I am Taíno)". Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 0-8204-7488-6. LCCN 2005012816. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  17. ↑ Senauth, Frank (2011). The Making and Destruction of Haiti. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: AuthorHouse. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4567-5384-9. LCCN 2011907203.
  18. ↑ Haydn, Joseph; Vincent, Benjamin (1860). "A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire". p. 321. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  19. ↑ Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). "History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language" (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  20. ↑ La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF). Nathan. 2014. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  21. ↑ À ce propos, voir l'essai Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname, Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995
  22. ↑ Valdman, Albert. "Creole: The National Language of Haiti". Footsteps. 2 (4). Indiana University Creole Institute: 36–39. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  23. ↑ "creolenationallanguageofhaiti". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  24. ↑ "What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?". WorldAtlas. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  25. ↑ "Religious Beliefs In Haiti". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  26. ↑ "Religious Beliefs In Haiti". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  27. ↑ "Haiti - RELIGION". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  28. ↑ "Haiti: Introduction to Voodoo". faculty.webster.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  29. ↑ McGee, Adam (2012). "Haitian Vodou and voodoo: Imagined religion and popular culture". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. 41 (2): 231–256. doi:10.1177/0008429812441311. S2CID 40197372.
  30. ↑ IBP, Inc (August 2013). Haiti Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments, Volume 1. Lulu.com, 2013. p. 106. ISBN 978-1438774565. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  31. ↑ Jr, James C. Mckinley; Skipp, Catharine (18 January 2010). "For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending' - The New York Times". The New York Times.
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