1875 in science

The year 1875 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

Gallium is discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Later in this year he obtains the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide and names it. This is the first of Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements to be identified.^[1]^[2]^[3]
Phenylhydrazine is discovered by Hermann Emil Fischer.^[4]
Swiss chocolatier Daniel Peter working with Henri Nestlé's company perfects a method of manufacturing milk chocolate using condensed milk.^[5]

Earth sciences

March 23 – Challenger expedition first records Challenger Deep.^[6]

Genetics

Francis Galton publishes The History of Twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture.^[7]

Medicine

March 1 – The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) is founded in Canada.
The weekly medical journal, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, is established in Germany by Paul Börner.^[8]

Metrology

May 20 – International Bureau of Weights and Measures established by signature of the Metre Convention in Paris.

Awards

Copley Medal: August Wilhelm Hofmann^[9]
Wollaston Medal for geology: Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck

Births

January 10 – Issai Schur (died 1941), Belarusian-born Jewish mathematician
January 14 – Albert Schweitzer (died 1965), German-born French medical missionary
February 4 – Ludwig Prandtl (died 1953), German physicist
March 14 – Fran Jesenko (died 1932), Slovene botanist and plant geneticist
June 20 – Reginald Punnett (died 1967), English geneticist
June 28 – Henri Lebesgue (died 1941), French mathematician
July 26 – Carl Jung (died 1961), Swiss psychiatrist
September 11 – Edith Humphrey (died 1978), English chemist
October 23 – Gilbert N. Lewis (died 1946), American chemist; first to isolate deuterium
November 12 – Stanislaus von Prowazek, born Stanislav Provázek (died 1915), Bohemian parasitologist

Deaths

February 22 – Charles Lyell (born 1797), Scottish-born geologist
February 28 – Robert Willis, English mechanical engineer, phonetician and architectural historian (born 1800)
March 7 – John Edward Gray (born 1800), English taxonomist
March 31 – Friedrich Julius Richelot (born 1808), German mathematician
April 11 – Heinrich Schwabe (born 1789), German astronomer
October 2 – Petrache Poenaru (died 1799), Romanian inventor
October 19 – Charles Wheatstone (born 1802), English inventor
November 27 – Richard Carrington (born 1826), English astronomer

References

↑ de Boisbaudran, Lecoq. "Caractères chimiques et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal, le gallium, découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallée d'Argelès (Pyrénées)". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 81: 493. Retrieved 2008-09-23.; De Boisbaudran, Lecoq (1876). "Ueber die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Galliums" (PDF). Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 235 (12): 649–650. Bibcode:1876AnP...235..649D. doi:10.1002/andp.18762351216.
↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (9): 1605–1619. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1605W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1605.
↑ Ball, Philip (2002). The Ingredients: a Guided Tour of the Elements. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-19-284100-9.
↑ Fischer, E. (1875). "Ueber aromatische Hydrazinverbindungen" [On aromatic hydrazine compounds.] Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 8:589-594.
↑ Wilson, Philip K.; Hurst, W. Jeffrey (2012). Chocolate as Medicine: A Quest Over the Centuries. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 97–8. ISBN 978-1-84973-411-0.
↑ Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). From deep sea to laboratory. 1: the first explorations of the deep sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876). London: Iste-Wiley. ISBN 9781786303745.
↑ Fraser's Magazine 12: 566-76.
↑ Staehr, C. (September 1999). "Dr. Paul Börner, founder of the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 124 (38): 1119–20. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1233185. PMID 10576968.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[1] Boisbaudran, Lecoq. "Caractères chimiques et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal, le gallium, découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallée d'Argelès (Pyrénées)". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 81: 493. Retrieved 2008-09-23.; De Boisbaudran, Lecoq (1876). "Ueber die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Galliums" (PDF). Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 235 (12): 649–650. Bibcode:1876AnP...235..649D. doi:10.1002/andp.18762351216.

[2] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (9): 1605–1619. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1605W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1605.

[3] Ball, Philip (2002). The Ingredients: a Guided Tour of the Elements. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-19-284100-9.

[4] Fischer, E. (1875). "Ueber aromatische Hydrazinverbindungen" [On aromatic hydrazine compounds.] Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 8:589-594.

[5] Wilson, Philip K.; Hurst, W. Jeffrey (2012). Chocolate as Medicine: A Quest Over the Centuries. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 97–8. ISBN 978-1-84973-411-0.

[6] Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). From deep sea to laboratory. 1: the first explorations of the deep sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876). London: Iste-Wiley. ISBN 9781786303745.

[7] Fraser's Magazine 12: 566-76.

[8] Staehr, C. (September 1999). "Dr. Paul Börner, founder of the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 124 (38): 1119–20. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1233185. PMID 10576968.

[9] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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